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Structure And Growth Of Pacific Halibut Otoliths: Identifying Spatial And Temporal Variation, Peter Thomas Hagen
Structure And Growth Of Pacific Halibut Otoliths: Identifying Spatial And Temporal Variation, Peter Thomas Hagen
Fisheries
Otoliths are polycrystals of calcium carbonate and protein that grow through the process of biomineralization within the otic capsule of teleost fish. Otoliths of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) are routinely collected to provide age information, but other information has not been examined in detail. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether otolith structural patterns reveal information about otolith growth, and by inference, about fish growth and habitat during its early life. Variation in the increment widths of the first five annuli of adult halibut otoliths over a 26 year period were partitioned in two ways: the year the …
Assessment Of The Benthic Environment Following Offshore Placer Gold Mining In Norton Sound, Northeastern Bering Sea, Stephen Carl Jewett
Assessment Of The Benthic Environment Following Offshore Placer Gold Mining In Norton Sound, Northeastern Bering Sea, Stephen Carl Jewett
Fisheries
The effects of placer gold mining on the benthic environment of Norton Sound in the northeastern Bering Sea were assessed. Research focused on red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, a species with commercial and subsistence importance in the Sound and seasonal occurrence in the mining area. The study addressed mining effects on: (1) benthic macroinvertebrates, many serving as food for this crab, (2) crab relative abundance, distribution, and food, and (3) heavy metal concentrations in crabs. Mining on variable substrates in $<$20 m water depths occurred between 1986-90 during ice-free months when crabs were further offshore. Sampling nearly a year subsequent to mining revealed moderate substrate alteration. Benthic community parameters and abundance of numerically predominant families (e.g., owenid, spionid, and capitellid polychaetes and echinarachniid sand dollars) were reduced in mined areas. Many reduced taxa are known crab prey. Although young individuals of opportunistic taxa predominated, taxa were generally smaller at mined areas. Multi-year surveys of a once-mined area showed continued smoothing of bottom relief. Ordination of taxon abundance from mined (1 yr after mining), recolonizing (2-7 yrs after mining), and unmined stations reflected decreasing station disturbance. At least four years were required for benthos to recover from mining. Mining had a negligible effect on crabs. Crab catches, size, sex, and most prey groups in stomachs were similar between mined and unmined areas. Concentrations of eight heavy metals in muscle and hepatopancreas tissues were generally not different in mined areas. Furthermore, these metals were not different in sediments upcurrent and downcurrent of mining. Concentrations of most metals in tissues showed no temporal trend. Elemental concentrations in muscle tissues were below or within the range of concentrations in red king crabs from other North Pacific locations. Most metals from Norton Sound crabs were well below federal guidance levels for human consumption. Effects from mining were apparent for benthic macrofauna with virtually no effects observed for king crabs. Absence of any demonstrable effects of mining on this crab is primarily a result of the high natural dynamics of the Sound and opportunistic feeding behavior and high mobility of the crab.
Distribution Of Large Calanoid Copepods In Relation To Physical Oceanographic Conditions And Foraging Auklets In The Western Aleutian Islands, Kenneth Orval Coyle
Distribution Of Large Calanoid Copepods In Relation To Physical Oceanographic Conditions And Foraging Auklets In The Western Aleutian Islands, Kenneth Orval Coyle
Marine Biology
Acoustic measurements and net sampling were used to estimate zooplankton abundance and biomass relative to water mass types and flow fields in the western Aleutian Islands during June and July, 1992 and 1993. Observations are interpreted relative to the distribution and abundance of least auklets (Aethia pusilla), which forage on zooplankton. Highest zooplankton biomass (up to 7 g m$\sp{-3}$) occurred during June 1992, in the pycnocline separating the upper mixed layer from the cold intermediate layer north of a front separating Bering Sea and Alaska Stream water. The large calanoid Neocalanus flemingeri had highest abundance but the larger Neocalanus cristatus …
Physiology Of The Endocrine, Cardiorespiratory And Nervous Systems In Pinnipeds: Integrative Approach And Biomedical Considerations, Tania Zenteno-Savin
Physiology Of The Endocrine, Cardiorespiratory And Nervous Systems In Pinnipeds: Integrative Approach And Biomedical Considerations, Tania Zenteno-Savin
Marine Biology
This thesis explored several aspects of the hormonal and cardiovascular physiology in pinnipeds (seals and sea lions). Plasma concentrations of the vasoactive hormones angiotensin II (Ang II), arginine vasopressin (AVP, the antidiuretic hormone) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were studied in six species of seals and sea lions. Resting levels of AVP, ANP and Ang II in these pinnipeds were similar to those reported for other vertebrate species, including humans. Age-related differences were found in the concentrations of these hormones in seals and sea lions. Geographic differences in hormone concentrations were found in Steller sea lions and harbor seals. To …
The Steady Flow Between Reservoirs With Different Density And Level Through A Contraction, A. Odulo, J. C. Swanson, D. Mendelsohn
The Steady Flow Between Reservoirs With Different Density And Level Through A Contraction, A. Odulo, J. C. Swanson, D. Mendelsohn
Journal of Marine Research
This paper presents a complete analytical solution of steady gravity flow between two reservoirs connected by a channel of slowly varying breadth and containing fluids of different densities and levels. The hydrostatic approximation is used and dissipation is neglected. It is shown that seven different regimes are possible depending on the value of the parameter δ = γ/ε, which is the ratio of relative lighter and denser reservoir level difference, γ, to positive relative density difference, ε. The exact solution of the problem is obtained for all these regimes. If the level of the heavier fluid reservoir is higher than …
Large-Scale Processes In The Upper Layers Of The Indian Ocean Inferred From Temperature Climatology, A. S. Unnikrishnan, S. Prasanna Kumar, G. S. Navelkar
Large-Scale Processes In The Upper Layers Of The Indian Ocean Inferred From Temperature Climatology, A. S. Unnikrishnan, S. Prasanna Kumar, G. S. Navelkar
Journal of Marine Research
Determination of amplitudes and phases for the annual and semi-annual cycle of the temperature in the Indian Ocean north of 20S from Levitus temperature climatology (1982) gives maximum amplitudes of the seasonal cycle at 100 m with the dominance of semi-annual cycle in the equatorial region and annual cycle elsewhere in the domain. The Bay of Bengal shows characteristics of the westward-propagating Rossby waves of annual period, while the Arabian Sea shows the dominance of Ekman pumping in the central region and westward-propagating features in the eastern region. Qualitative evidences obtained from the distribution of depth of 20°C isotherm and …
Eigenanalysis Of The Two-Dimensional Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation Problem, V. A. Sheremet, G. R. Ierley, V. M. Kamenkovich
Eigenanalysis Of The Two-Dimensional Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation Problem, V. A. Sheremet, G. R. Ierley, V. M. Kamenkovich
Journal of Marine Research
A barotropic model of the wind-driven circulation in the subtropical region of the ocean is considered. A no-slip condition is specified at the coasts and slip at the fluid boundaries. Solutions are governed by two parameters: inertial boundary-layer width; and viscous boundary-layer width. Numerical computations indicate the existence of a wedge-shaped region in this two-dimensional parameter space, where three steady solutions coexist. The structure of the steady solution can be of three types: boundary-layer, recirculation and basin-filling-gyre. Compared to the case with slip conditions (Ierley and Sheremet, 1995) in the no-slip case the wedge-shaped region is displaced to higher Reynolds …
Eddy Formation On A Continental Slope, Janet M. Becker, Rick Salmon
Eddy Formation On A Continental Slope, Janet M. Becker, Rick Salmon
Journal of Marine Research
We consider a uniform-density ocean in which the depth-independent horizontal velocity is driven by a two-gyre wind. Numerical solutions of the governing vorticity equation reveal that the solutions with a flat ocean bottom differ greatly from those in which a continental shelf and slope are present along the western boundary. In the ocean basin with a western continental shelf, steady inertial circulations readily lose stability to unsteady inertial circulations that spawn eddies. However, eddies do not form in the corresponding solutions for the flat-bottom ocean. Reducing the friction leads to flat-bottom solutions that shed eddies far offshore, but still differ …
Mechanisms Of Infaunal Polychaete Dispersal And Colonization In An Intertidal Sandflat, David H. Shull
Mechanisms Of Infaunal Polychaete Dispersal And Colonization In An Intertidal Sandflat, David H. Shull
Journal of Marine Research
Changes in benthic infaunal population densities following disturbance may be influenced by colonization mechanisms. Accordingly, this study experimentally examined the relative importance of four colonization mechanisms for seven numerically dominant polychaete species in an intertidal estuarine sandflat in Connecticut, USA. The colonization mechanism an organism used depended upon species characteristics including larval developmental mode and depth distribution within the sediment. A spionid polychaete with planktonic larval development, Polydora cornuta, colonized experimental disturbance treatments primarily by larval settlement. A surface-dwelling syllid polychaete with nonplanktonic development, Streptosyllis arenae, colonized mainly by bedload transport. Two syllid polychaetes developmentally and morphologically similar …
Analysis Of The Mean Annual Cycle Of The Dissolved Oxygen Anomaly In The World Ocean, Raymond G. Najjar, Ralph F. Keeling
Analysis Of The Mean Annual Cycle Of The Dissolved Oxygen Anomaly In The World Ocean, Raymond G. Najjar, Ralph F. Keeling
Journal of Marine Research
A global climatology of the dissolved oxygen anomaly (the excess over saturation) is created with monthly resolution in the upper 500 m of the ocean. The climatology is based on dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity data archived at the National Oceanographic Data Center. Examination of this climatology reveals statistically significant annual cycles throughout the upper 500 m of the World Ocean, though seasonal variations are most coherent in the North Atlantic, where data density is greatest. Vertical trends in the phase and amplitude of the annual cycle are noted. The cycle in surface waters is characterized by a summer maximum …
Phytoplankton Patches At Fronts: A Model Of Formation And Response To Wind Events, Peter J. S. Franks, Leonard J. Walstad
Phytoplankton Patches At Fronts: A Model Of Formation And Response To Wind Events, Peter J. S. Franks, Leonard J. Walstad
Journal of Marine Research
A subsurface patch of chlorophyll is a feature common to many fronts. The dynamics underlying the patch formation are not well understood; however, there appears to be a strong link between the biological and physical dynamics. Here we test the hypothesis that patch formation is a result of wind-forced motions of the front. Frontal responses to transient wind events include acceleration of the surface layers, changes in mixed-layer depth, and excitation of nonlinear oscillations at the front. Such dynamics can affect nutrient fluxes across the pycnocline and the coupling between trophic levels. To test this hypothesis, we developed a two-dimensional …
Current Structure In The Rhine Region Of Freshwater Influence, A. J. Souza, J. H. Simpson, F. Schirmer
Current Structure In The Rhine Region Of Freshwater Influence, A. J. Souza, J. H. Simpson, F. Schirmer
Journal of Marine Research
Observation with HF radar, ADCPs and conventional current meters in the Rhine ROFI system in the North Sea indicate that the dominant currents are due to tidal flow, with important contributions from winds and density-driven circulation. The tidal currents are dominated by the semidiurnal components, principally the M2, with tidal ellipses parallel to the coast and a semimajor axis of the order of 1 m s−1 at the surface. The wind-driven flow varies between 1 and 3% of the wind speed and the rotation varies with depth in qualitative agreement with Ekman theory. After removal of the tidal and …
Describing Additional Fluxes To Deep Sediment Traps And Water-Column Decay In A Coastal Environment, David A. Timothy, Stephen Pond
Describing Additional Fluxes To Deep Sediment Traps And Water-Column Decay In A Coastal Environment, David A. Timothy, Stephen Pond
Journal of Marine Research
Sediment traps were moored at three stations in Sechelt Inlet, a fjord in southern British Columbia, Canada, for five one-month deployment periods from late January to late June, 1991. On each mooring were traps at three depths; total and constituent fluxes often increased with depth. We present the flux data and describe an analytical model that is based on a set of simultaneous equations for which two unknowns are the decay rate of material representatively caught by two vertically-separated sediment traps and the composition of material causing observed increases in flux with depth. The unknowns are solved in a least-squares …
Estimation Of Vertical Mixing In The Upper Ocean At Station P From Chlorofluorcarbons, R. J. Matear, C. S. Wong
Estimation Of Vertical Mixing In The Upper Ocean At Station P From Chlorofluorcarbons, R. J. Matear, C. S. Wong
Journal of Marine Research
Vertical mixing (Kv) in the upper ocean is estimated from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) F-11 and F-12 data collected on 5 cruises (1982, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1995) near Station P (50N, 145W). A one-dimensional advection-diffusion model was fitted to the data from each cruise to estimate vertical mixing (Kv) and upwelling velocity (w). With constant Kv and w, the average value of Kv and w was 0.4 ± 0.1 cm2 s−1 and 1.2 ± 0.4 m yr−1 respectively for the depth range 0–900 m below the base of …
The Dynamics Of An Equivalent-Barotropic Model Of The Wind-Driven Circulation, Pavel S. Berloff, Stephen P. Meacham
The Dynamics Of An Equivalent-Barotropic Model Of The Wind-Driven Circulation, Pavel S. Berloff, Stephen P. Meacham
Journal of Marine Research
Various steady and time-dependent regimes of a quasi-geostrophic 1.5 layer model of an oceanic circulation driven by a steady wind stress are studied. After being discretized as a numerical model, the quasi-geostrophic equations of motion become a dynamical system with a large dimensional phase space. We find that, for a wide range of parameters, the large-time asymptotic regimes of the model correspond to low-dimensional attractors in this phase space. Motion on these attractors is significant in determining the intrinsic time scales of the system. In two sets of experiments, we explore the dependence of solutions on the viscosity coefficient and …
Effect Of A Freshwater Pulse On Mesoscale Circulation And Phytoplankton Distribution In The Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, Claude Savenkoff, Alain F. Vézina, Yves Gratton
Effect Of A Freshwater Pulse On Mesoscale Circulation And Phytoplankton Distribution In The Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, Claude Savenkoff, Alain F. Vézina, Yves Gratton
Journal of Marine Research
As part of a multidisciplinary program to study the physical-biological interactions regulating carbon flows in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary (LSLE), three cruises were conducted in June–July 1990 during a neap-spring tidal cycle when biological production was expected to be maximal. Nutrient (nitrates and silicates), phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll), oxygen, temperature, salinity, and current fields were used to elucidate the effect of a freshwater pulse produced by the discharge of the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers on the current fields and the biological variability and productivity of the LSLE. A simple Rossby adjustment model is presented to explain the temporal (3–5 …
On The Eddy Transfer Of Tracers: Advective Or Diffusive?, Mei-Man Lee, David P. Marshall, Richard G. Williams
On The Eddy Transfer Of Tracers: Advective Or Diffusive?, Mei-Man Lee, David P. Marshall, Richard G. Williams
Journal of Marine Research
Geostrophic eddies have traditionally been viewed within oceanography as diffusing water masses and tracers in a down-gradient manner. However, eddies also have an advective role that may lead to an up-gradient transfer of tracers, as has been recognized in atmospheric tracer studies and recent eddy parameterizations developed for the ocean. Eddies provide an advective transfer or “bolus” velocity through the secondary circulation formed by the slumping of density surfaces in baroclinic instability. Here we use an eddy-resolving isopycnal ocean model to investigate the meridional transfer across a zonal jet. The jet undergoes baroclinic instability, forming a vibrant eddy field and …
Rapid Subduction Of Organic Matter By Maldanid Polychaetes On The North Carolina Slope, L. Levin, N. Blair, D. Demaster, G. Plaia, W. Fornes, C. Martin, C. Thomas
Rapid Subduction Of Organic Matter By Maldanid Polychaetes On The North Carolina Slope, L. Levin, N. Blair, D. Demaster, G. Plaia, W. Fornes, C. Martin, C. Thomas
Journal of Marine Research
In situ tracer experiments conducted on the North Carolina continental slope reveal that tube-building worms (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) can, without ingestion, rapidly subduct freshly deposited, algal carbon (13C-labeled diatoms) and inorganic materials (slope sediment and glass beads) to depths of 10 cm or more in the sediment column. Transport over 1.5 days appears to be nonselective but spatially patchy, creating localized, deep hotspots. As a result of this transport, relatively fresh organic matter becomes available soon after deposition to deep-dwelling microbes and other infauna, and both aerobic and anaerobic processes may be enhanced. Comparison of tracer subduction with estimates …
Solitary Rossby Waves With Baroclinic Modes, Z. Kizner
Solitary Rossby Waves With Baroclinic Modes, Z. Kizner
Journal of Marine Research
A class of exact solutions of the equation of conservation of the quasi-geostrophic vorticity in a continuously stratified ocean on the β-plane is studied. These are stationary solitary waves traveling east and having horizontal scale comparable with the Rossby deformation radius, which exist due to the balance between the nonlinearity and β-effect. The solutions look like a sum of a barotropic modon and a number of axially symmetric baroclinic components. The baroclinicity, represented in the form of vertical normal modes, introduces an extra “degree of freedom” into the problem (as compared with the barotropic model) and allows for the construction …
Analysis Of Diel Variability In Chlorophyll Fluorescence, John Marra
Analysis Of Diel Variability In Chlorophyll Fluorescence, John Marra
Journal of Marine Research
Examples of the diel variability in chlorophyll and beam attenuation are presented using data from moored in situ fluorometers and transmissometers, and from profiles of the beam attenuation coefficient and fluorescence. The data are discussed in terms of the three primary processes thought to influence the diel variability in chlorophyll: (1) fluorescence yield per unit chlorophyll a, (2) chlorophyll a changes per cell (or, carbon), and (3) changes in phytoplankton carbon (growth). A simple, provisional, model is presented which incorporates these three biological processes, under the assumption that the corresponding diel variability in particle attenuation represents the change in …
Propagation Of Near-Inertial Oscillations Through A Geostrophic Flow, W. R. Young, Mahdi Ben Jelloul
Propagation Of Near-Inertial Oscillations Through A Geostrophic Flow, W. R. Young, Mahdi Ben Jelloul
Journal of Marine Research
The method of multiple time scales is used to obtain an approximate description of the linear propagation of near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) through a three-dimensional geostrophic flow. This ‘NIO equation’ uses a complex field, M(x, y, z, t), related to the demodulated horizontal velocity by Mz = exp (if0t)(u + iv), where f0 is the inertial frequency. The three processes of wave dispersion, advection by geostrophic velocity and refraction (geostrophic vorticity slightly shifts the local inertial frequency) are all included in the formulation. The NIO equation has an energy conservation …
A One-Dimensional Physical-Biological Model Study Of The Pelagic Nitrogen Cycling During The Spring Bloom In The Northern North Sea (Flex ‘76), Wilfried Kuhn, Günther Radach
A One-Dimensional Physical-Biological Model Study Of The Pelagic Nitrogen Cycling During The Spring Bloom In The Northern North Sea (Flex ‘76), Wilfried Kuhn, Günther Radach
Journal of Marine Research
A one-dimensional model of the pelagic ecosystem was developed and applied to the spring bloom in the northern North Sea making use of the data set obtained during the Fladenground experiment FLEX '76. The physical submodel is the second-order turbulence closure model of level 2 type developed by Mellor and Yamada (1974, 1982). The biological submodel is a depth-resolved version of the nitrogen flux model of the lower trophic levels in the pelagic proposed by Fasham et al. (1990). The parameter set employed by Fasham et al. did not yield satisfying results. However, using a parameter set adapted …
Digestive Environments Of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Guts: Enzymes, Surfactants And Dissolved Organic Matter, Lawrence M. Mayer, Linda L. Schick, Robert F. L. Self, Peter A. Jumars, Robert H. Findlay, Zhen Chen, Stephen Sampson
Digestive Environments Of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Guts: Enzymes, Surfactants And Dissolved Organic Matter, Lawrence M. Mayer, Linda L. Schick, Robert F. L. Self, Peter A. Jumars, Robert H. Findlay, Zhen Chen, Stephen Sampson
Journal of Marine Research
Hydrolytic enzyme activity, surfactancy, and dissolved organic matter in the digestive lumens of 19 benthic echinoderm and polychaete species were examined, using consistent and quantifiable methods. Enzyme activities were compared with those of extracellular enzymes from ambient sediments. Enzyme activities ranged over five orders of magnitude, with averages decreasing in the order polychaetes > echinoderms > sediment. Highest activities in animals were usually associated with the fluid phase in midgut sections, with posteriorward decreases indicating little export to the external environment. At some phyletic levels, activity correlated inversely with animal size. Hydrolase patterns reflected food type; for example, high lipase:protease ratios in …
Instabilities Of A Steady, Barotropic, Wind-Driven Circulation, S. P. Meacham, P. S. Berloff
Instabilities Of A Steady, Barotropic, Wind-Driven Circulation, S. P. Meacham, P. S. Berloff
Journal of Marine Research
We explore the stability characteristics of a single, barotropic, wind-driven gyre as a function of the strength of the wind forcing and the size and shape of the basin. We find steady solutions for the barotropic flow in a basin driven by a steady wind stress over a range of values of the Reynolds number and the strength of the wind stress. For those solutions that are close to the stability boundary, we examine the form of the most unstable normal mode. We find that for sufficiently weak forcing, the form of the first instability seen is an instability of …
Agulhas Ring Dynamics From Topex/Poseidon Satellite Altimeter Data, Gustavo J. Goni, Silvia L. Garzoli, Andreas J. Roubicek, Donald B. Olson, Otis B. Brown
Agulhas Ring Dynamics From Topex/Poseidon Satellite Altimeter Data, Gustavo J. Goni, Silvia L. Garzoli, Andreas J. Roubicek, Donald B. Olson, Otis B. Brown
Journal of Marine Research
The transfer of warm water from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic subtropical gyre takes place in the form of rings and filaments formed when the Agulhas Current retroflects south of Africa between 15 and 25E. A survey of the rings formed from September 1992 until December 1995 in the Retroflection region was carried out using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data. A two-layer model was used to estimate the upper layer thickness from the altimeter-derived sea-surface height anomaly data. An objective analysis scheme was used to construct a map of upper layer thickness every ten days. Seventeen rings and their trajectories …
A Sediment Trap Experiment In The Vema Channel To Evaluate The Effect Of Horizontal Particle Fluxes On Measured Vertical Fluxes, Wilford D. Gardner, Pierre E. Biscaye, Mary Jo Richardson
A Sediment Trap Experiment In The Vema Channel To Evaluate The Effect Of Horizontal Particle Fluxes On Measured Vertical Fluxes, Wilford D. Gardner, Pierre E. Biscaye, Mary Jo Richardson
Journal of Marine Research
Sediment traps are used to measure fluxes and collect samples for studies in biology, chemistry and geology, yet we have much to learn about factors that influence particle collection rates. Toward this end, we deployed cylindrical sediment traps on five current meter moorings across the Vema Channel to field-test the effect of different horizontal particle fluxes on the collection rate of the traps— instruments intended for the collection of vertically settling particles. The asymmetric flow of Antarctic Bottom Water through the Vema Channel created an excellent natural flume environment in which there were vertical and lateral gradients in the distribution …
The Effect Of Brine On The Collection Efficiency Of Cylindrical Sediment Traps, Wilford D. Gardner, Youcheng Zhang
The Effect Of Brine On The Collection Efficiency Of Cylindrical Sediment Traps, Wilford D. Gardner, Youcheng Zhang
Journal of Marine Research
Cylindrical sediment traps are frequently used to measure the downward flux of particles in the upper ocean. Some protocols recommend filling these traps with brine (50 psu in excess of ambient) before deployment to better retain the collected sample. However, this also changes the aspect ratio of the traps—a critical parameter affecting the trapping efficiency. We conducted controlled experiments in a flume that demonstrate filling traps with a 5 psu brine decreases their trapping efficiency to 54% at a velocity of 5 cm sec−1, and to 75% at 15 cm sec−1 relative to the same trap with …
On The Development Of Thermohaline Correlations As A Result Of Nonlinear Diffusive Parameterizations, Raffaele Ferrari, W. R. Young
On The Development Of Thermohaline Correlations As A Result Of Nonlinear Diffusive Parameterizations, Raffaele Ferrari, W. R. Young
Journal of Marine Research
Some oceanographic mixing parameterizations assume that transports depend nonlinearly on the buoyancy gradient; e.g., diffusivities are proportional to some power of the buoyancy gradient. In this paper we examine the consequences of these nonlinear-diffusion parameterizations by solving an initial value problem in which the t = 0 thermohaline fields are prepared as random and uncorrelated distributions of temperature and salinity. Solutions of the nonlinear diffusion equation as a ‘rundown’ problem show that correlations develop between the temperature and salinity. These correlations are such that the evolving thermohaline gradients tend to be strongly compensating in their joint effect on buoyancy.
On The Parameterization Of Eddy Transfer Part I. Theory, Peter D. Killworth
On The Parameterization Of Eddy Transfer Part I. Theory, Peter D. Killworth
Journal of Marine Research
This is the first of three linked papers which develop an eddy parameterization scheme for mean flows which are wide compared with a deformation radius. The scheme is partly based on the behavior of potential vorticity and thickness fluxes in linear instability, where the former are downgradient (apart from a turning matrix, not present in channel models) and the latter are not precisely downgradient, except on an f-plane. The scheme leads to a diffusivity which varies quite strongly with depth and is smallest at surface and floor. Intrinsic delta-function fluxes also occur at surface and floor, and these are …
Irregular Flow Of Persian (Arabian) Gulf Water To The Arabian Sea, Karl Banse
Irregular Flow Of Persian (Arabian) Gulf Water To The Arabian Sea, Karl Banse
Journal of Marine Research
The bottom outflow from the Persian (Arabian) Gulf, which intrudes in the Gulf of Oman as an intermediate salinity maximum and spreads in the northern Arabian Sea, was inferred to be seasonal. Also, based on particular expedition, single values of temperatures, salinities, and oxygen concentrations were assumed as end members for this core layer. From historical data it is shown here that the salinity of the water exiting at depth from the Gulf is first reduced to <40 ppt by mixing with Gulf of Oman water in the shallow Strait of Hormuz with its strong tides. The core layer acquires its characteristics when the mixing product descends the outer shelf at the head of the Gulf of Oman and entrains upper-thermocline water with an intermediate to low oxygen content above the outflow. After leaving the seabed, when mixing with water also below the intrusion begins, the maximal values observed in the core layer for salinity, density (sigma-t), and oxygen saturation ranged between 37.5 and 38.0 ppt, 26.30 and 26.95 g dm−3, and approximately 20 and 60%, …