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Influence Of The Dame 8 Basketball Shoes On Jump Kinetics After 150 Miles Of Simulated Running, Jeremy Portillo, Giorgio Zucca, Karah Bell, Ernie Rimer, Adam Petway

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Basketball involves high-mileage running and repeated jumps. The goal of this study was to compare pre- and post-kinetic variables involved in jumping between basketball shoes with different inflicted mileage. Eleven NCAA Division I basketball athletes (20.5±1.4 years, 195.1±5.7 cm, 86.7±10.9 kg) performed a countermovement jump (CMJ), a rebound countermovement jump (CMJ-R), and a Multi-Rebound (MR) for four rounds on force platforms. Each round, athletes switched between brand-new (New) and worn (Worn) Dame 8 basketball shoes. Kinetic variables associated with each jump task were compared across shoe type. Several kinetic variables differed significantly between shoe type; however, the magnitude of difference …

The Relationship Between Stride Mechanics And Shoulder Distraction Force In Collegiate Softball Pitchers, Gretchen D. Oliver, Nicole M. Bordelon, Yuki Yanagita

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stride mechanics and shoulder distraction force in softball pitchers. Sixty-three collegiate softball pitchers (age: 20.1 ± 1.3 yrs, height: 173.3 ± 7.4 cm, weight: 79.7 ± 11.7 kg) participated and threw three maximal effort fastballs for a strike. Kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic tracking system with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between stride length and shoulder distraction force [R² = .11; F (1, 61) = 7.345, p = .009], where stride length accounted for 11% of the variation …

Efficiency Index Used To Assess Shoulder Stress In College Softball Pitchers Throughout A Simulated Game, Adam R. Nebel, Anthony W. Fava, Nicole M. Bordelon, Gretchen D. Oliver

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Shoulder distraction forces in softball pitching are known to have a positive impact on performance yet a negative impact on musculoskeletal health. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in shoulder stress across innings pitched using Efficiency Arm-Stress Index (EASI) scores. Motion capture was used on collegiate softball pitchers pitching a simulated game. Peak shoulder distraction force was obtained using inverse dynamics procedures and used to calculate an EASI score (fastball velocity divided by peak shoulder distraction force in percent body weight). A RM·ANOVA revealed inning had no effect on EASI score (F[6,7]=1.28, p=0.286). Understanding a pitcher’s efficiency …

Pilot: Pitching Stride Characteristics Across An Apperance During A Division-I Collegiate Baseball Game, Bryson Nakamura

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Stride phase characteristics have been identified as contributors to pitch velocity. The aim of this study was to determine how in-game pitching stride phase characteristics and pitch velocity changed across a pitching appearance. Five (5) male Division-I pitchers were measured across an appearance during a collegiate baseball game. Five (5) biomechanical characteristics during the stride phase and pitch velocity were assessed. Biomechanical and pitch metrics were collected for each pitch and averaged per inning. Center of Mass Anterior/Posterior Velocity at Foot Contact was observed to significantly increase across time, though pitch velocity did not change across time. This may suggest …

”Super Spikes” Increase 40-M Sprint Performance In National-Level Women Athletes, Alba Herrero Molleda, Ángela García-Sancho, Juan Garcia-Lopez

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The aim of this work was to quantify the effect of adding carbon fiber plates in the midsole of spike shoes (i.e., "super spikes") on 40-m sprint performance. Eight female national level athletes completed four 40-m sprints using two different types of footwear (i.e., traditional spikes and “super spikes”). The main results showed an improvement of 0.6% in performance when the athletes wore "super spikes" (i.e., 0.031 s in 0-40 m), mainly in the flying phase (i.e., 0.026 s in the 20-40 m), which could be due to an increase in leg …

Running To The Beat: Does Listening To Music Affect Running Cadence And Lower Extremity Biomechanics?, Carolyn Meinerz, Jessica Fritz, Cody Dziuk, Kristof Kipp, Carole Vetter, Janelle A. Cross

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This aimed to determine if music with specific target beats per minute (bpm) could be used for treadmill running cadence training to alter lower extremity biomechanics and, thus, reduce injury risk. Motion analysis and a synchronized triaxial accelerometer collected data from eighteen runners during treadmill running. Participants ran at a self-selected speed (SS) to determine their baseline cadence. They also ran to music where the bpm of the songs was increased by 5% and 10% over SS cadence. Post hoc tests showed significant differences in heart rate from SS. There were no significant differences between cadence or peak acceleration. In …

Impulse Generation And Initial Velocity Differences In Two-Foot Running Jumps With And Without A Basketball, Jun M. Liu, Antonia Zaferiou

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to (1) identify the roles of each leg in impulse generation and (2) determine differences in impulse generation and initial centre of mass velocities in two-foot running jumps with and without a ball. Eight recreational to collegiate basketball players performed three to ten repetitions of two-foot running jumps with and without a ball. We found that the first leg generated more backward and vertical impulse than the second leg in both two-foot running jumps with and without a basketball. Two-foot running jumps with a ball resulted in lower jump height and less vertical impulse generated by the …

The Influence Of Court Surfaces On Lower Limb Muscle Activation Of Tennis Run-And-Stroke, Zi-Jun Lin, Jiun-Bo Chang, Kai-Lung Chang, Wen-Tzu Tang

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of lower extremity muscle activity between different tennis court surfaces. Six male right-handed elite tennis players were recruited, and their electromyography activity (EMG) during open stance running forehand were collected. Average activity level of rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius (GAS), tibialis anterior (TA) from the lead leg, which normalized by maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) was recorded under different situation (hard court, grass court, clay court). Our study demonstrates that GAS was significantly different and the activation level was greater on a hard court than on clay (p = .005). …

Load Carriage Alters Tibiofemoral Kinematics During Slow Jogging In Adult Men And Women, Kellen T. Krajewski, Camille C. Johnson, Qi Mi, Shawn D. Flanagan, William J. Anderst, Chris Connaboy

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of load carriage on tibiofemoral kinematics during running. Nineteen healthy, recreationally active adults completed dynamic biplane radiography trials of the dominant limb knee with no load (BW), and an additional 55% of body weight (+55%BW) while running 10% above gait transition velocity. A volumetric model-based tracking technique was utilized to derive medial translation excursion, proximal (inferior-superior) translation excursion, anterior translation excursion, flexion, internal rotation and abduction. At heel strike, running with +55%BW exhibited a more flexed knee compared to BW. However, BW exhibited more proximal translation excursion compared to +55%BW. …

Does A Single Pitching Session Induce Lower Extremity Muscular Fatigue In High School Baseball Pitchers?, Wesley Kokott, Cody Dziuk, Janelle A. Cross

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to assess hip strength changes and provide a quantifiable measurement to show muscular fatigue after pitching a single pitching session. Fifteen adolescent male baseball pitcher‘s hip external rotator, internal rotator, and extensor strength, along with a functional test were measured before and after a single pitching session. After an average of 19 pitches, all hip strength measures in both legs significantly decreased in post-pitching tests. This study showed pitching increased muscular fatigue of the hip muscles after a small number of pitches thrown. With overall fatigue being a large indicator of injury risk in …

Manipulating Implement Weight During Warmup To Improve Shot Put Performance, Leah Klein, Megan Peach, Justin Whitten, Katie Mckibben, David Graham, James Becker

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to evaluate kinematics and kinetics of the shot put when participants warmup using standard, overweight, or underweight implements. Ten collegiate shot putters warmed up using regulation, heavy, or light implements then completed six maximal effort competition throws. Whole body kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded on each throw. Consistent with the literature, throw distance was significantly further after warming up with the heavy implement (p = .002). However, there were no differences in critical kinematic factors or ground reaction forces between conditions. While using overweight implements during warmup improves shot put performance, the …

Effects Of Vibration Combined With Unstable Surface Training On Somersault Athletic Performance Of Artistic Gymnasts, Yu-Hsuan Kao

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Purpose: The effect of 4 and 8 weeks of combined training on the somersault performance of artistic gymnasts. Methods: 16 male college gymnasts were randomly paired and divided into combined (CT) and vibration (VT) groups for eight weeks of training. One force plate was used to collect the front and back somersault data before, after four, and eight weeks of training. The significance level was set at α = .05. Results: Back somersault, the take-off force and somersault height of CT were better than pre-test, and the somersault height was better than VT. Front somersault, the take-off force, impulse, and …

The Predictive Model Of Interval Time Based On Pacing Strategy In A 400 M Hurdles Race, Ryo Iwasaki, Hiroyuki Nunome

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of the present study was to verify the reliability of the prediction equation for interval time (the times between hurdles) established from the hierarchical model in the 400 m hurdles. From 155 data samples of previous studies (record range: 47.42–50.99s), regression equations were established to predict each interval time throughout the race (model #1), during the first and latter halves (model #2) and during the first, middle, and last parts (model #3). Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to avoid overtraining for each regression equation. Models #2 and #3 showed better goodness of fit and generalization for each interval time …

Differences In Temporal Variables And Their Effect On Kinetics In High School Pitchers With High And Low Pitch Velocities, Bryce T. Hrudka, Cody Dziuk, Janelle A. Cross

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to compare temporal parameters between high and low velocity high school (HS) pitchers and investigate the influence these parameters have on both pitch speed and upper extremity kinetics. 30 healthy right-handed HS male pitchers with no recent injuries, and clearance to play were included. A 3D motion analysis system was used. Analysis included 15 kinetic and 35 temporal variables. Statistical tests conducted in SPSS. Correlation strength was interpreted as weak, moderate, or strong. High velocity and low velocity throwers showed differences in the timing to progress through the pitching cycle and these temporal variables …

Energy Flow And Ground Reaction Force Predictors Of Bat Swing Speed During Pitched Ball Batting In Professional Baseball Players, Jason Hashimoto, D. Taylor La Salle, Avery Takata, Arnel Aguinaldo, Kyle Wasserberger

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purposes of this study are to determine how mechanical energy is absorbed, generated, and transferred during baseball hitting for professional athletes. This study also aims to identify which ground reaction force and energy flow variables influence bat speed. The findings of this study suggest that energy flows from the trunk to the lead leg as the pelvis rotates towards the pitcher. The results of this study emphasize the crucial role of the back leg and trunk during acceleration as well as eccentric contraction of muscles in the lead leg and trunk to decelerate during follow-through. Training strategies that improve …

What Would It Take To Break The World Record In The Men’S Triple Jump, Philip Graham-Smith, Paul Brice

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to bring together 30 years of athlete support and applied research into the horizontal jumps and develop a strategy for an elite athlete to challenge the World Record which has stood for over 27 years. Data on an elite triple jumper who has jumped over 18m was collected in a Diamond League competition and in training. Approach speed, phase distances, technical analysis and anthropometrical data were utilised to develop an interactive 7 segment model from which a new World Record was reconstructed. This study demonstrates a process of how to utilise biomechanical data and …

Pose Estimation Or Manual Digitising: Can Automating Technologies Change The Current In-Field Assessment Of High Jump?, Molly Goldacre

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Biomechanists spend significant time completing the time-consuming task of manually digitising 2D videos to derive kinematic spatiotemporal parameters. Recent advances in 2D pose estimation models (PEMs) hold promise for automating the determination of parameters in sport. This study developed an automated PEM digitising and analysis pipeline (AAP) for high jump. We investigated differences in four spatiotemporal and joint angle outputs from traditional manual processing pipelines (MAP) and the AAP using paired t-tests, intra-class correlations and effect size analysis. Statistical analysis revealed that knee angles derived from the MAP and AAP were not different, whereas penultimate foot contact time and both …

Force Profile Of Functional Leg Muscle Groups In Curve Sprinting - Preliminary Results, Johannes Funken, Marvin Zedler, Svea Lüdorff, Tobias Alt, Kai Heinrich, Wolfgang Potthast

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Research on lower extremity joint and muscle kinetics in athletic curve sprinting is under-represented in the scientific literature. This is an issue due to its importance for training and rehabilitation protocols as well as for injury prevention. In this study, we analysed six male sprinters regarding their force profile of functional lower extremity muscle groups in curve sprinting. Three-dimensional motion capture (Vicon) and four force plates (Kistler) were used to capture kinematic and kinetic data. Inverse dynamic calculations (Anybody), including muscle forces, provide first insights into potential side differences of leg muscle group force profiles between the inside and the …

Inter-Joint Differences Exist In Kinetic Demand For Performance In High Jump, Toshihide Fujimori, Naoto Tobe, Natsuki Sado

ISBS Proceedings Archive

We aimed to clarify the lower-limb kinetic determinants of inter-individual variability in flight height in the high jump. We hypothesised that although the take-off of the high jump requires great external power, the proximal (hip) joint is required to function as a stabiliser rather than as a power generator for higher performance. We analysed high jump motions by 16 male high jumpers. For the hip joint, only maximum torque significantly correlated with the flight height. Meanwhile, for the knee joint, both peak positive power and peak torque were correlated with the flight height, with a stronger correlation for power than …

Joint Movement Patterns Differ Among Male Recreational Runners With Different Running Style, Pablo Floria, Alberto Sánchez-Sixto, Francisco M. Melgarejo-Meseguer, Jose Luis Rojo, Andrew J. Harrison

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to analyse the differences in joint patterns among runners with different spatiotemporal characteristics in the running cycle. Lower extremity kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters were collected for ninety-two recreational runners during a treadmill run at a self-selected speed. A K-means clustering analysis was conducted on normalized stride cadence and Duty Factor to identify running style. The runners were distributed into three clusters with different combinations of spatiotemporal parameters. Only the runners who displayed a high stride cadence and long stance times showed a different movement pattern compared to the rest of the clusters. This study …

The Effect Of Lower-Limb Wearable Resistance On Anterior Pelvic Tilt During High-Speed Running: A Pilot Study, Erin Feser

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study determined the effect of two different lower-limb wearable resistance loads on anterior pelvic tilt during high-speed (4.72 – 6.71 m/s) treadmill running. Nine athletes completed a series of 10-second intervals at a self-selected speed for each experimental condition. Compared to unloaded running, the heaviest wearable resistance load (0.91 – 1.24 kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced anterior pelvic tilt at the instants of maximal hip extension and maximal hip flexion by -3.54⁰ (ES = 0.80) and -3.30⁰ (ES = 0.55), respectively. Individual responses showed a primary trend towards a reduction in anterior pelvic tilt when running with wearable resistance (6/9 athletes). This study provides initial evidence for the use of lower-limb wearable resistance as a training stimulus to induce pelvic kinematic changes over time.

Comparison Of Kinematics And Emg In The Last Repetition During Different Maximum Repetition Sets In The Bilateral Back Squat, Hallvard Falch Phd, Roland Van Den Tillaar

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study compared kinematics and electromyography (EMG) in the lower extremities during different phases of the last repetition, when performing the squat of different repetition maximums. Thirteen strength trained men performed a 1-, 3-, 6-, and 10-RM squat, in a randomized order. The main findings were that kinematics was very similar, except for a smaller inclination of the trunk at V₀ in the 1-RM compared to other repetitions, and at V_max1 compared to 10-RM. Furthermore the 1-RM revealed significantly higher EMG amplitude in the vastus lateralis in the sticking- and post-sticking region when compared to 10-RM. It was …

Mapping Out The Response Sequence Of The Sprint Start, Evan D. Crotty Dr, Laura-Anne M. Furlong Dr, Andrew J. Harrison, Matthieu Milloz

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Establishing the limits of sprint start response time (SSRT) requires the mapping of the muscular sequence of activation and mechanical response delays and was the aim of the current study. Sprint start performance of 15 sprinters was examined with kinematic, EMG, and block force data collected. A general muscle activation sequence was identified, with both deltoid muscles, the rear leg rectus femoris, and the rear leg tibialis anterior the first muscles to increase activation from the set position. With ankle dorsiflexion the initial motion during the block push, examining the period between tibialis anterior muscle onset and block force onset …

Correlation Between Jump Height And Biomechanical Variables In Chilean Athletes Of Team Sports, Alejandro Bustamante, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Paulina Fuenzalida, Hugo Cerda-Kohler, Christopher Moya-Jofre, Mauricio Araya-Ibacache, Diego Garcia De La Pastora, Magdalena Torres

ISBS Proceedings Archive

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In elite team sports technical skills and explosiveness are essential to get the optimum performance, being the vertical jump one of the most important motor skills in competition, usually assessed by countermovement jump (CMJ). The main aim of our study is to determine the correlation between jump height and kinetic and kinematic variables using force platforms, and secondly to describe CMJ values of elite Chilean team sports athletes. The results obtained in our study showed a positive correlation between jump height and concentric mean power, concentric peak velocity, concentric peak power and total concentric impulse. These results are fundamental …

Simplifying The High-Performance Biomechanical Assessment Of High Jump Technique, Zachery Born, Molly Goldacre, Marion Mundt, Emma L. Millett, Elissa Phillips, Jacqueline Alderson

ISBS Proceedings Archive

A multitude of technical performance parameters are used to quantify high jump technique in the Australian high-performance environment, which can be time-consuming to measure and interpret. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of principal component analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression to simplify high-performance high jump biomechanical reports. Five non-intuitive principal components were derived, and three technical performance parameters (difference in knee angles during take-off contact, lean angle through hip at take-off contact, take-off foot contact time) influenced the height cleared by elite high jump athletes. This study establishes a method for simplifying high jump biomechanical …

The Relationship Between Trunk Energy Flow And Collegiate Softball Hitting Performance, Nicole Bordelon, Kyle Wasserberger, Jessica Downs Talmage, Adam R. Nebel Mat, Atc, Kenzie Friesen, Kevin Giordano, Gretchen Oliver

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between trunk energy flow and performance (exit velocity) during collegiate softball hitting. Nineteen collegiate softball athletes (age: 19.6 ± 1.0yrs) performed three maximal effort swings off a pitching machine. Kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic tracking system. A segmental power analysis was performed to quantify peak rates of trunk energy flow (proximal inflow (IF) and distal outflow (OF) on front and back sides). Regression analyses determined exit velocity was best predicted by peak rate of distal trunk energy OF on the front side. On average, the model showed exit …

Determining Relationships Between Kinematic Sequencing And Baseball Pitch Velocity Using Markerless Motion Capture, Ryan W. G. Bench, Colin D. Mckinnon, Anthony Brady, Casey Mulholland, Michael Sonne, Mike Holmes

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to determine how the timings and magnitudes of peak pelvis rotational velocity, peak trunk rotational velocity, peak elbow extension velocity, and peak shoulder internal rotation velocity affect pitch velocity. Eighty pitchers (187.2 ± 8.2cm, 89.3 ± 13.0kg, 20.1 ± 3.3yrs) had a minimum of 3 fastballs recorded and video was processed using pitchAI^TM. Average pitch velocity was 38.1 ± 2.5 m/s. A multilinear regression generated a significant prediction for pitch velocity (R² = 0.368 and p < 0.01). Pitcher weight (β = 0.535, p < 0.001), peak pelvis rotational velocity timing (β = -0.157, p = 0.001), peak elbow extension timing (β = 0.122, p = 0.006), and …

Ball Size And Weight Effects On Throwing Kinematics And Kinetics In Youth Baseball Athletes, Charles J. Arnold, Natalie Hosmer, Miles Moore, Garrett Bullock, Kristen Nicholson

ISBS Proceedings Archive

In baseball, youth players play on smaller fields with shorter base path distance, pitching distance, and smaller mounds. Despite this, the baseball itself remains unchanged for youth athletes. This prospective cohort analyzed the kinematics and kinetics of 38 youth baseball pitchers while using modified sized and weighted baseballs. An ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance amongst ball modifications. ANOVA results show significance between the 3oz-5oz baseball with the 3oz baseball decreasing elbow varus torque. This is a preliminary study on the effects of modified baseballs on youth athletes.

Incidences Of Stiffness On Squat Jump Variables, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Alejandro Bustamante-Garrido, Roberto Garcés, Pablo Merino-Muñoz, Hugo Cerda-Kohler, Benjamin Rioseco, Jorge Cancino-Jiménez, Bianca Miarka, Jorge Perez-Contreras, Bárbara Arancibia-Iturbe, David Ariagada

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to relation level the stiffness of the patellar tendon and three portions of the Achilles tendon; inferior, middle, and superior location with performance variables in the squat jump. The sample was composed of 25 belonging to Chilean elite male handball players. It assesses stiffness tendinous patellar and Achilles tendon using to MyotonPro® device. During the squat jump assessment, two force platforms Pasco and ForceDecks® software for analysis. The main results were RFD 0-50 ms (r=0.611), RFD_N 0-50 ms (r=0.550), RFD 0-100 ms (r=0.615), and RFD_N 0-100 ms (r=0.624) presented a relationship with …

Principal Component Analysis Of Free Throw Shot Trajectories In Relation To Shooting Performance, William R. Adler, Kristof Kipp, Nayun Ahn

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to analyze free throw (FT) shot trajectories of individual basketball players using principal component analysis (PCA) and investigate whether variation in trajectories correlated with FT shooting performance. A markerless motion capture system was used to record three-dimensional FT shot trajectories of seven basketball players during practice. Horizontal and vertical positioning of the wrist joint center of the shooting hand were captured in both the sagittal and frontal planes for all trials. These coordinates were used as the input to the PCA. Positive correlations between the amount of variation accounted for by the first principal …