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Preserving Farmland, Creating Farms, And Feeding Communities: Opportunities To Link Farmland Protection And Community Food Security, Neil D. Hamilton

Northern Illinois University Law Review

This essay was prepared for the Northern Illinois University College of Law's eighth annual symposium on land use entitled Building Cooperation Across Communities. The essay initially identifies three premises, specifically, farmland preservation, the structural changes in farm organization, and the changes in society's relation to food and agriculture. The essay then goes on to consider how the goals and values involved in each of these three areas overlap, and the resulting policy issues and questions that arise from the interplay of these issues.

What Kind Of World Do We Want?, V Kurien

IIMB Management Review

Let the market resolve it' is India's new mantra, ever since globalisation and liberalisation ushered in a new economy, and with it, a new philosophy. Our bureaucrats have shifted from the jargon of doctrinaire socialism to the far more glamorous jargon of the bornagain capitalist. But is the market really as omniscient and just as we have begun to believe it is? The market has operated for most of this century in a world where poverty, hunger, disease and need are endemic; a world poised on the precipice of war, civil disorder and anarchy. Padma Vibhushan V Kurien, India's milkman …

Studies Of Supply Responses In Indian Agriculture: Some Models For Planning Rational Food Supply., Nilabja Ghosh Dr.

Doctoral Theses

This thesis deals with food supply in a less developed country.In a world where social awareness together with technical progress is offering advances in all spheres of life, the persisting presence of hunger and malnutrition in any corner of the earth casts a shadow on all human achievements. It is said that over 800 million human beings in this world are suffering from hunger and a great majority of them live in Asia. Food problem has many dimensions (Timmer et al, 1983), but the solution lies mostly in adequate supply of foodgrains and proper distribution of the same. Any shortfall …

The Inkwell, Armstrong Atlantic State University

The Inkwell

No abstract provided.

Reduction Of Endogenous Bacteria Associated With Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) Fillets Using The Grovac Process., Milton Ruben Ramos

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Fresh catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets (CF) can serve as vehicles for spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Concern for the microbiological safety of chilled CF has grown lately because psychrotrophic pathogens can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures. The Grovac method, a new, patented (U.S. 5,543,163) process is being used in an attempt to reduce the growth of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in CF. This process involves the using of a process solution of ascorbic acid (AA) and sodium chloride (NaCl), vacuum and tumbling. Specific objectives of this study included the isolation and identification of endogenous microflora associated with fresh whole catfish …

Sire Selection And Mating Practices In United States Dairy Herd Improvement Association Holstein Herds., Asiye Yilmaz

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Over two million Holstein mating records was used to investigate selection and mating practices. Population statistics revealed non-random mating and selection. Herd production level was associated with higher breeding value sires and price paid per unit of semen. The decision to use an Artificial Insemination (AI) sire or natural service sire was studied and a discriminant function was derived that accurately categorized matings in a test data set of 117,000 observations, with an error rate less than 2.5 percent. Discriminating variables were herd production level, lactation number, service number, breeding month, cow status code, and days in milk at breeding. …

Increased Nutritional Value And Oxidative Stability Of Restructured Beef Roasts With Purified Extracts From Rice Bran., Joo-Shin Kim

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The effects of semi-purified extracts of rice bran were studied in restructured beef roasts to increase nutritional value and oxidative stability. Crude rice bran oil at 0, 1, and 2% (w/w) was added to restructured beef roasts that were stored at 4°C and analyzed at 0, 7, and 14 d. Saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) ratio decreased, vitamin E vitamers increased (p < 0.05), and cholesterol decreased in the beef roasts with rice bran oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) numbers were lower (p < 0.05) in the beef roasts with rice bran oil after 7 days of storage and the cholesterol oxidation product, 7-ketocholesterol, decreased in a similar manner. The addition of 2% rice bran oil (RBO) was effective in increasing nutritional value and reducing the level of oxidative degradation. Beef roasts containing either rice fiber (RF) or RF/RBO had higher oxidative stability (p < 0.05) during storage (0, 4, and 8 d) compared to control roasts, with no additive. TBARs value and 7-ketocholesterol of beef roasts with RF and RF/RBO were lower (p < 0.05) than those of the control during storage. SFA/UFA ratio was significantly reduced in beef roasts with additives, whereas vitamin E vitamers and UFA were higher (p < 0.05) in the roasts with RF/RBO. Beef roasts containing RF and RBO were acceptable to consumers in sensory attributes. Cholesterol autoxidation was examined in an aqueous meat model system with different levels of nonsaponifiable fraction from rice bran (0, 700, 1400, and 2100 ppm). The effect of nonsaponifiable fraction was determined at 4 h intervals for 16 h at pH 5.5 and 80°C. Increased oxidation time reduced (p < 0.05) total vitamin E vitamers and cholesterol concentration. Oryzanol was not significantly reduced with the 2100 ppm treatment after 4 h cholesterol oxidation. An increase in the nonsaponifiable fraction resulted in a decrease (p < 0.05) in the formation of 7-ketocholesterol. The highest level of additive (2100 ppm) was the most effective in inhibiting cholesterol autoxidation; the order of inhibition was 91.7% (2100 ppm) > 81.8% (1400 ppm) > 63.1% (700 ppm).

Development Of Efficient Rice Dna Transformation Methods And Rapid Evaluation Of Transgenic Lines., Junda Jiang

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

A rapid and efficient method was developed for production and field evaluation of transgenic herbicide resistant elite U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines and cultivars. Six elite U.S. rice lines, including the cultivar Cocodrie, were transformed for glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicide resistance by particle bombardment of mature seed-derived embryogenic calli with a synthetic pat gene or the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. By utilizing optimized media for embryogenic callus induction and bialaphos or hygromycin B as a selection agent, 258 independent transformed calli, producing 1268 transgenic plants, were recovered from 5201 bombarded calli. Transformation efficiency ranged from 5% for breeding line …

Cryopreservation Of Gametes And Larvae Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica., Carmen G. Paniagua-Chavez

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Storage of gametes and larvae offers benefits for research and commercial oyster production and should be applicable in the hatchery at a commercial scale. We optimized refrigerated storage of eastern oyster sperm. Significant differences were found in the motility of sperm suspended in artificial sea water (ASW) of different osmotic pressures (P < 0.001). The highest motility was found in undiluted sperm and the lowest in 1:31 dilution. The greatest larval survival at 12 h (48%) was obtained with sperm diluted in calcium-free Hanks' balanced salt solution (C-F HBSS). Thus, for storage of longer than 1 d, it is best to leave samples undiluted. However, when sperm samples are diluted, it is best to maintain high sperm concentrations and to use C-F HBSS as an extender. Samples were frozen at -2.5°C/min, held for 5 min at -30°C, and plunged in liquid nitrogen using 10% propylene glycol (PG) as the cryoprotectant for sperm and 10% or 15% PG for trochophore larvae. Motility and fertilizing ability of thawed sperm were affected by cryoprotectant concentration and thawing temperature (P = 0.0001). Larval survival was affected by the concentration of larvae per straw (P = 0.0011). Frozen samples were transported to an oyster hatchery at Grand Isle, Louisiana. After 4 months, 1,000 oysters from the control group, 230 oysters produced from thawed sperm, and 850 oysters from thawed larvae were found. Oysters produced from thawed larvae developed normally in the hatchery, demonstrating opportunities for use of cryopreservation in research and aquaculture. Flow cytometry with the fluorescent dyes Sybr-14 and propidium iodide (PI) was used to assess membrane damage of thawed sperm, and rhodamine 123 and PI were used to assess mitochondrial function. Preliminary studies of cryopreservation of oyster eggs were performed. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was used to identify viable eggs. Dimethyl sulfoxide (0.88 M and 1.75 M) and sucrose (0.12 M and 0.25 M) were the least toxic cryoprotectants evaluated. The cooling rate yielding least damage to eggs was -1.5°C per min. However, only an average of 14 eggs (out of 200) were stained with FDA in thawed samples and none were fertilizable.

The Effects Of Rumen Undegradable Choline In The Nutrition And Metabolism Of Dairy Cows., Fernando Vazquez

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study was conducted to determine whether supplemental rumen protected choline could improve lactation performance and lipid metabolism in cows in negative energy balance. In experiment 1, 19 primiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of either a control ration or control plus 15 g/d of supplemental rumen-protected choline (60 g/d of Cap-Shure, Balchem Corp., Slate Hill, NY). Close-up and early lactation rations were formulated from a grass hay and corn silage forage base, respectively, with a corn-soy concentrate, whole cottonseed. and alfalfa hay included as appropriate to meet nutrient requirements. Cows were milked twice daily. Cows …

Effect Of Rice Cultural Practices On Rotational Crop Herbicide Carryover And Imazethapyr Efficacy., Wei Zhang

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the possible interaction between rotational crop herbicides and herbicides used in water-seeded rice culture. Rice growth and yield reduction with rotational crop herbicides were not affected by the rice herbicides. However, the combination of molinate or thiobencarb with fluometuron, imazethapyr, metolachlor, or norflurazon at low residue levels further reduced rice heading compared with the corresponding rotational crop herbicide alone. Fluometuron and metolachlor residues at 1 to 2 half-lives have potential to injure rice and reduce rice yield in a water-seeded culture. Norflurazon injured rice and reduced rice yield at a residue level as …

The Potential Of High Oryzanol Rice Bran Oil As An Antioxidant In Whole Milk Powder., Jackin Njagi Nanua

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Lipid autoxidation of whole milk powder (WMP) during storage lowers its organoleptic quality and causes accumulation of oxidation products. This study evaluated the effectiveness of high-oryzanol (2.5%) rice bran oil (RBO) as an antioxidant in WMP. The powder was fortified with 0.1% and 0.2% RBO and its oxidation studied during accelerated storage at 45°C and 0.31 water activity for 40 days. Free radicals were determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Oxidation was estimated by determining thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and cholesterol oxidation products using gas chromatography. The effect of RBO on flavor and consumer preference of freshly manufactured milk …

Effects Of Winter Burning And Structural Marsh Management On Bird And Plant Communities Of The Gulf Coast Chenier Plain., Steven Walter Gabrey

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Many Gulf Coast Chenier Plain marshes are managed through a combination of winter burning and structural marsh management (SMM) to improve habitats for waterfowl and furbearers and reduce wetland loss. These practices are controversial because of concerns regarding ability to achieve goals coupled with potential negative effects on other marsh processes or organisms. I investigated the effects of winter burning and SMM on bird and plant communities of Chenier Plain marshes in southwest Louisiana. I recorded bird and plant species abundance and vegetation structure in experimental burned and unburned marshes over two winters and three breeding seasons. Vegetation structure (visual …

In Vivo And In Vitro Stimulation Of Murine Splenocytes With Brevetoxin-2 Immunogenic Conjugates For The Preparation Of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Ciguatoxin-Related Compounds., Sonia Edith Guzman Perez

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The proliferation of toxic algae is a natural phenomenon known as a harmful algal bloom. Ciguatera fish poisoning and neurotoxic fish poisoning are syndromes associated with this phenomenon. Current methods for the detection of their toxins (ciguatoxins and brevetoxins) are expensive, time-consuming, require trained personnel and special laboratory equipment. In the case of ciguatoxins, the lack of standard material worsens the problem. Specific objectives of this study included the use of brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2) for the preparation of antibodies which could cross-react with ciguatoxins, the use of different PbTx-2 immunogenic conjugates, the use of in vivo versus in vitro stimulation of …

Development Of Immunochemical Methods For Gossypol Analysis., Xi Wang

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Gossypol is a reactive polyphenolic compound present in the cotton plant. During cottonseed processing, gossypol can react with other compounds to form bound gossypol. Gossypol analyses using chemical methods do not always agree with its bioavailability to animal possibly because of various bound forms of gossypol with different stabilities in vivo and the (+/-)-gossypol enantiomers with different biological activities. The objectives of this research were to produce anti-gossypol antibodies and use antibodies to study gossypol chemistry and to analyze gossypol in cottonseed samples and cottonseed by-products. Polyclonal antibodies were produced from rabbits after they were immunized with gossypol-LPH (Limulus polyphemus …

Isolation Of Antimutagenic Compounds In Corn And Cottonseed., Henry Njapau

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Food, which ensures the sustenance of life, has also been implicated in the development or prevention of numerous diseases including cancer. Cancer may be a result of hereditary factors or genomic instability induced by DNA damage, from the intrinsic chemistry of cells or extrinsic factors like aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is a common contaminant of corn and cottonseed and a proven mutagen and animal carcinogen. Increased scientific knowledge and establishment of regulation have reduced but not eliminated exposure to aflatoxin B1. Complete elimination may be uneconomical for producers and may deprive consumers of …

Sire Differences For Growth And Carcass Traits Of Purebred Brahman Steers., Trent Smith

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Purebred Brahman steers (n = 169) sired by 23 Gray and 8 Red Brahman bulls were evaluated for postweaning growth and carcass traits. Spring-born paternal half-sib male calves were purchased from private producers at weaning, backgrounded, and grazed on ryegrass for an average of 161 d. Following grazing, the steers were shipped to a commercial feedlot in south Texas for feeding. Steers were slaughtered in groups of about 45 head when they reached an approximate average endpoint weight of 530 kg and 1 cm backfat. All carcasses were subjected to high voltage electrical stimulation during slaughter. After a 24 hr …

Studies On Shrink -Wrapping And Low-Oxygen Storage Of 'Beauregard' Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.)., Anthony Wathome Kilili

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The applicability of using shrink-wrap films in sweetpotato storage was investigated. 'Beauregard' sweetpotatoes were individually wrapped in either Cryovac D955, Clysar EHC50, Clysar EHC60 or Clysar EHC75 shrink-wrap film and a nonwrapped control. Roots were also overwrapped in 2.3-kg packages using Cryovac D955 or Clysar EHC75 films. Wrapped and nonwrapped roots were stored at either 7°C, 15.6°C or 22°C for five weeks followed by one week at 22°C. Shrink-wrapped roots exhibited increased sprouting. Roots wrapped in EHC75 film had less weight loss and increased sucrose compared to the other films. Shrink-wrapped roots were higher in sucrose content but were not …

Survival, Behavior, And Movements Of Captive -Reared Mallards Released In Dorchester County, Maryland., David Benjamin Smith

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Private landowners with regulated shooting areas (RSA) and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) have released up to 120,000 hand-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) a year. Duck harvest on Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) included 30, 18, and 6 percent state mallards and 6, 10, and 4 percent RSA mallards in 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for radio-marked mallards released on RSAs were 81--85% for mid-August to mid-October, but declined to 32.5% +/- 13.7 (95% C.I.) by the end of the hunting season in 1992 and 54.3% +/- 22.8% in 1993. Hunting accounted for 71% of all mortalities …

Bromegrass In Alaska. Vii. : Heading, Seed Yield, And Components Of Yield As Influenced By Seeding-Year Management And By Time And Rate Of Nitrogen Application In Subsequent Years, Leslie J. Klebesadel

Bulletin

No abstract provided.

Ec98-793 Farm*A*Syst Nebraska’S System For Assessing Water Contamination Worksheet 16: Crop Pesticide Application Management, Robert Grisso, Delynn Hay, Paul J. Jasa, Richard K. Koelsch, Sharon Skipton, Wayne Woldt

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Why should I be concerned? Pesticides are important agricultural production tools that provide many benefits. Pesticides have been developed and used because human beings compete with insects, weeds, diseases and rodents for food, fiber and habitation. Proper management of these pests requires a responsible, systematic approach, which Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provides.

Bioavailability Of Nutrients And Metals Following Land Application Of Organic Wastes, Jianqiang Zhao

Doctoral Dissertations

Field, greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effects of soil-incorporated organic wastes on nitrogen release patterns, groundwater nitrate-nitrogen levels, nutrient/metal uptake, and plant yield.

Three field studies with corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted during 1993 to 1997 at three locations in New Hampshire using a randomized complete block design with three or four replications, two or three waste materials as main plots, and various application rates as subplots. Compared to dairy manure, Concord biosolids showed a slower release rate measured as soil NO$\sb3$-N concentrations in early season but higher post-harvest levels of soil NO$\sb3$-N.

Groundwater NO$\sb3$-N …

G98-1358 Feeding To Maximize Protein And Fat, Rick J. Grant

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide describes feeding guidelines to increase milk fat and protein production.

Proper feeding management of dairy herds can both improve the economy of production and provide a healthier cow. To achieve these goals, producers must feed to increase production of milk with maximum levels of milk fat and protein.

Milk solids components include fat, protein, lactose and minerals. Normal values for milk fat range from 3.7 percent (Holstein) to 4.9 percent (Jersey); milk protein ranges from 3.1 percent (Holstein) to 3.8 percent (Jersey). Lactose is usually 4.6–4.8 percent for all breeds; minerals (ash) average .74 percent. Because current milk …

Measurement And Inheritance Of Resistance To Sheath Blight Caused By Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn In Rice., Xueyan Sha

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, has been the most destructive rice disease in Louisiana. To breed ShB resistant varieties, an effective procedure for screening progenies of segregating populations is required and detailed knowledge of the mode-of-inheritance of partial ShB resistance is also necessary. In this study four inoculation methods; rice hull/grain mixture (MIX), rice straw, toothpick, and brown rice, along with five assessment systems; 0-9 rating scale (RAT9), relative lesion height (RLH), disease severity (DS), disease incidence, and lesion height were compared on nine rice genotypes showing different resistance levels to ShB. Progenies of segregating populations from …

Dietary Nitrogen And Energy Metabolism In The Ruminant: Effect Of Source Of Nitrogen., Angelica Maris Chapa

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary nitrogen on the energy status of ruminants and the feasibility of using L-carnitine to prevent the negative effects associated with overfeeding nitrogen. The objectives of the first experiment were to monitor the nitrogen and energy status of cows grazing ryegrass pastures through the measurement of key blood metabolites and insulin and to determine the protein supplementation scheme which would maximize milk yield and maintain plasma urea nitrogen levels below dangerous levels. In the first experiment, the protein supplement that supplied excess total protein exerted negative effects on body condition and …

Quantifying Sustainability In Aquaculture Production., Rex Hall Caffey

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Despite increasing institutional focus in aquaculture, sustainability remains an amorphous and much debated concept. Little consensus has been identified on the issue beyond the general recognition that the concept should contain environmental, economic, and sociological considerations. This study addressed the specific, relevant question of whether politically diverse aquacuiture interests can collectively develop and agree on production-level goals and indicators of aquaculture sustainability. The research partitioned sustainability into its three subcategories: environmental, economic and social. This division facilitated the use of existing conventions of measurement and expression in each subcategory. Employing a modified Delphi technique, over 100 aquaculture stakeholders in the …

Apoptosis, Pcna, And P53, In Fundulus Grandis Fish Liver After In-Vivo Exposure To Mnng And 2-Af., Uriel Blas-Machado

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Dysfunction in homeostatic mechanisms of cell death and proliferation are considered to be important in carcinogenesis. The p53 gene has been implicated in the regulation of cell death and proliferation. The host response was measured through sequential immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of apoptosis, PCNA, and p53 in livers of Fundulus grandis fish exposed to MNNG or to 2-AF, two known carcinogens. Studies performed determined the stability of MNNG in saltwater, the suitability of different fixatives on IHC detection of apoptosis, PCNA-PC10, and p53 (various clones), and frequencies of expression of apoptosis, PCNA, and p53. A total of 996 fish specimens were …

Prevention Of Hydrolytic And Oxidative Rancidity And Nutrient Losses In Rice Bran During Storage., Fatemeh Malekian Ramezanzadeh

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Freshly milled raw rice bran was stabilized with microwave heat for 3 min. Half of raw and treated bran were packed in Ziplock(c) bags and the other half vacuum packed. Half of the samples were stored at 4--5°C and the other half at 25°C for 16 weeks. The free fatty acid (FFA) content increased rapidly in raw rice bran samples vacuum packed and samples packed in Ziplock(c) bags store at 25°C from an initial amount of 2.5% to 54.3% and 48.1%, respectively. FFA level increased significantly in raw samples vacuum packed and packed in Ziplock (c) bags stored 4--5°C from …

Supplemental Organic Chromium For Dairy Calves., Christopher L. Depew

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In Exp. 1, 42 calves were fed milk replacer and then starter either with or without 1 ppm supplemental chromium (Cr) as Cr-picolinate. Neither Cr nor sex affected growth performance. With the exception of plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (NEFA), weekly plasma metabolites were not affected by Cr or sex. Pre- and postfeeding plasma NEFA concentrations were lower in Cr-fed calves, but were not affected by sex. AU calves seemed to become less insulin sensitive with age, as plasma glucose became lower and insulin higher as calves became older. During i.v. glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), calves cleared glucose faster at …

Influence Of Diet And Genetic Strain On Desirable Flavors In Farm-Raised Catfish., Carol Ann Kelly

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This farm-raised catfish quality study measured desirable flavor attributes, Chickeny, Nutty, Fat Complex, Corn, Sweet, with the objective to determine effects of feed ingredients, time-on-diet and genetic strain. Overall flavor impact differences were tested by triangle tests. The diets were Casein-base reference feed by itself or partially substituted with: 10% catfish meal, 10% meat and bone meal, 10% rice bran, or 3% menhaden oil and commercial feed formulation. Fish were grown indoors to minimize environmental flavors for 70, 160, 210 and 318 days. The genetic strains evaluated were channel, albino channel, blue, hybrid channel x blue, and black bullhead catfish. …