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2026

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Prom: Protection Against Reverse Engineering Attacks Through Programmable Logic Macros, Pravin Gaikwad, Aritra Dasgupta, Sudipta Paria, Peyman Dehghanzadeh, Jonathan Cruz, Swarup Bhunia Jan 2026

Prom: Protection Against Reverse Engineering Attacks Through Programmable Logic Macros, Pravin Gaikwad, Aritra Dasgupta, Sudipta Paria, Peyman Dehghanzadeh, Jonathan Cruz, Swarup Bhunia

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications

The modern supply chain ecosystem exposes hardware intellectual property (IP) blocks to diverse confidentiality attacks aimed at reverse engineering (RE), piracy, or the extraction of design secrets. An emerging and potent design solution for IP protection against these attacks, particularly against RE, is the fine-grained redaction of security-critical logic and replacing the redacted logic with lookup tables (LUTs). The LUTs are then programmed in-field, similar to FPGAs, using protected bitstreams, thereby preventing untrusted foundries or test/assembly facilities from mounting RE attacks. The LUT-based redaction paradigm incurs a substantial hardware cost, with area overhead ranging from 70x to 100x and delay …


Digital Reuse And Online Availability Of Visual Artworks, Paul J. Heald, Matthias Sahli, Alexander Cuntz Jan 2026

Digital Reuse And Online Availability Of Visual Artworks, Paul J. Heald, Matthias Sahli, Alexander Cuntz

Scholarly Works

We study how copyright impacts the distribution and reuse of images in the visual arts sector, exploiting the discontinuity at the 1926 US public domain cutoff together with cross-country variation between US and European museums. We find that public domain status raises artist-level image availability on Useum, a major image aggregator, by approximately 19 percent relative to comparable copyrighted artworks. Onward reuse of Useum images across the web is substantial - an artwork image appears on 76 additional web pages on average - and is higher for public domain artworks, though estimates are statistically significant only in some specifications. Moreover, …


May It Please The Artificial Intelligence: Experimental Ai-Authored Jurisprudence And Authentic Human-Authored Counterparts, Justin Huston, Thomas E. Simmons Jan 2026

May It Please The Artificial Intelligence: Experimental Ai-Authored Jurisprudence And Authentic Human-Authored Counterparts, Justin Huston, Thomas E. Simmons

South Dakota Law Review

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly intruding into many professions, from publishing and healthcare to engineering, graphic design, and the law. Law firms are adopting AI for discovery, factual summaries, and briefing. Many courts are embracing AI to streamline docket management and filings. Even some judges are experimenting with AI. This article describes an experiment with the use of an AI Judge to decide both an expert witness issue embedded in a South Dakota Supreme Court appeal and a South Dakota Circuit Court legal malpractice issue. We then compare the AI-generated opinion with the opinions penned by the Judge and Justice, …


Criminal Incidence In Indian Country: Evidence From The Fbi Uniform Crime Reporting Program, K. Aleks Schaeffer, Brian E. Whitacre Jan 2026

Criminal Incidence In Indian Country: Evidence From The Fbi Uniform Crime Reporting Program, K. Aleks Schaeffer, Brian E. Whitacre

South Dakota Law Review

This article examines patterns of criminal incidence in Indian Country using longitudinal, county-level data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (“UCR”) Program.  Public discourse and policy debates frequently assume that areas containing tribal lands experience systematically higher levels of crime—particularly violent crime—yet these assumptions are often based on anecdotes, selective statistics, or aggregated victimization reports rather than comprehensive comparative evidence.  Against this backdrop, this article asks a straightforward but underexplored question: how do reported crime rates in counties that include tribal lands compare to those in counties without tribal lands, once socioeconomic and demographic differences are accounted for?

Using data …


Deborah Morton Reviews Her Star Pupils, Deborah Morton Jan 2026

Deborah Morton Reviews Her Star Pupils, Deborah Morton

Westbrook College Alumni Reminiscences

Notes regarding several  former students collected by Deborah Morton.


Summer Research Fellowship Project Descriptions 2026, Clark Science Center's Summer Research Fellows Program Jan 2026

Summer Research Fellowship Project Descriptions 2026, Clark Science Center's Summer Research Fellows Program

SURF Abstracts (Women in Science)

A summary of research done by Smith College’s 2026 Summer Research Fellowship (SURF) Program participants. Ever since its 1967 start, SURF has been a cornerstone of Smith’s science education. Supervised by faculty mentor-advisors drawn from the Clark Science Center and connected to its eighteen science, mathematics, and engineering departments and programs and associated centers and units. At summer’s end, SURF participants were asked to summarize their research experiences for this publication.


Implications Of Quantum Computing For Enterprise Cybersecurity And Data Integrity, Manikantha Varaprasad Inakollu Jan 2026

Implications Of Quantum Computing For Enterprise Cybersecurity And Data Integrity, Manikantha Varaprasad Inakollu

Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications

Quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in computational capabilities that poses both unprecedented threats and opportunities for enterprise cybersecurity. This research examines the implications of quantum computing advancement on current cryptographic systems, data protection mechanisms, and organizational security frameworks. Through analysis of quantum computing developments from 2019-2024 and surveys of 280 cybersecurity professionals across various industries, this study identifies critical vulnerabilities in existing encryption standards and explores emerging quantum-resistant solutions. The findings reveal that approximately 78% of enterprises remain unprepared for quantum threats, with current RSA and ECC encryption systems facing potential compromise within the next 10-15 years. The research …


Pt/Zno-Decorated Laser-Induced Graphene For Nonenzymatic Glucose Monitoring Under Physiological Conditions, Reagan Aviha, Gymama Slaughter Jan 2026

Pt/Zno-Decorated Laser-Induced Graphene For Nonenzymatic Glucose Monitoring Under Physiological Conditions, Reagan Aviha, Gymama Slaughter

Center for Bioelectronics Publications

Diabetes continues to impose significant global health and economic burdens, driving the demand for robust, enzyme-free glucose sensors capable of reliable operation under physiological conditions. Here, we report the development of a high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) and platinum (Pt) nanostructures. ZnO was electrodeposited onto LIG with modulation potential and deposition duration systematically optimized. The ZnO/LIG electrodes were characterized electrochemically using potassium ferricyanide and evaluated for glucose oxidation in phosphate-buffered solution. Subsequent electrodeposition of Pt under analogous optimized conditions yielded a ternary Pt/ZnO/LIG architecture with enhanced electrocatalytic activity. Sensor performance was …


Effect Of Substrate Dispersion Method And Particle Size On In Vitro Digestibility, Gas Production Kinetics And Composition, And Fermentation Characteristics In Different Feed Types, Luiz C. O. Sousa, Ellem M. A. Matos, Ronald J. Trotta, Edenio Detmann, David L. Harmon Jan 2026

Effect Of Substrate Dispersion Method And Particle Size On In Vitro Digestibility, Gas Production Kinetics And Composition, And Fermentation Characteristics In Different Feed Types, Luiz C. O. Sousa, Ellem M. A. Matos, Ronald J. Trotta, Edenio Detmann, David L. Harmon

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Our objective was to evaluate the influence of substrate dispersion method and particle size on in vitro digestibility, gas production kinetics and composition, and fermentation characteristics of different feed types. Alfalfa hay, tall fescue hay, ground corn, soybean meal, and a total mixed ration (TMR) were used as substrates. Treatments were designed according to a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement: two substrate dispersion methods (loose substrate and in filter bags), two particle sizes (1 mm and 2 mm), and five feeds. Filter bags decreased (P ≤ 0.001) digestibility and gas production compared with loose samples. Filter bags decreased …


Soybean Meal Mitigates Vasoconstriction And Serotonin Suppression During Fescue Toxicosis In Beef Cattle, Luiz C.O. Sousa, Brittany E. Davis, David L. Harmon, Ronald J. Trotta Jan 2026

Soybean Meal Mitigates Vasoconstriction And Serotonin Suppression During Fescue Toxicosis In Beef Cattle, Luiz C.O. Sousa, Brittany E. Davis, David L. Harmon, Ronald J. Trotta

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

Legume supplementation has been shown to mitigate fescue toxicosis in beef cattle. However, no studies have directly compared the use of soybean-based feeds to alleviate symptoms of fescue toxicosis under controlled environmental heat and equalized feed intake. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of soybean hulls, whole soybeans, or soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on the mitigation of vasoconstriction, heat stress, and inflammatory responses in beef cattle during fescue toxicosis. Ten ruminally-cannulated Angus × Holstein steers were used in a 5 × 10 Latin rectangle design. Five treatments were evaluated: 1) non-toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue seed (NTE), 2) toxic endophyte-infected …


Working Memory In The Pigeon: An Alternative Paradigm, Daniel Peng Jan 2026

Working Memory In The Pigeon: An Alternative Paradigm, Daniel Peng

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

One of the most widely used measures of working memory in non-human animals is the delayed matching to sample (DMTS) design. While this design can assess for duration of working memory, alternative accounts can be made to explain decrements in retention. In addition, DMTS does not assess capacity of working memory in terms of number of items able to be held. The works in this dissertation aims to design a paradigm to measure capacity of number of items held in memory for non-human animals by asking animals to make a specific response after presentation of a random spatial sequence. While …


A Proposed Tort To Address The Negligent Enablement Of Cloud Data Breaches, Michael L. Rustad Jan 2026

A Proposed Tort To Address The Negligent Enablement Of Cloud Data Breaches, Michael L. Rustad

American University Business Law Review

[INTRODUCTION] The term “cloud computing” means the remote storage of software applications, tools, and data accessed through the internet. Cloud customers enter into subscription agreements with providers who give 24/7, on-demand, as-needed access to software, storage, and networking services owned and managed by providers through a web browser. “Many businesses are transitioning to the cloud for data storage, remote work, and collaboration.” Cloud providers operate their software as a software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) model, under which customers pay a subscription fee to access the software. Netflix and Amazon Prime Video are examples of subscription services that deliver television programs and videos through …


Preserving Platform Innovation With A Narrow Exception: Section 230(C)(1) Immunity For Algorithmic Recommendations, John "Jack" Di Masi Jan 2026

Preserving Platform Innovation With A Narrow Exception: Section 230(C)(1) Immunity For Algorithmic Recommendations, John "Jack" Di Masi

American University Business Law Review

This Comment examines Section 230(c)(1)’s immunity for online platforms that use machine-learning algorithms to recommend third party content and proposes a narrow exception for truly “bad-actor” cases. It reviews Section 230’s text, as well as its early cases, showing that Congress intended broad protection for editorial functions such as content organization. It then traces how recommendation algorithms evolved and how courts treat algorithmic sorting as a neutral tool. This Comment addresses conflicting interpretations and defends broad immunity for routine curation. This Comment argues that immunity should be stripped only after a balancing test under a three-factor “bad-actor” framework—one that evaluates …


The Tech-Nuclear Renaissance: A New Critical Juncture For American Nuclear Energy Policy, Henry P. Otte Jan 2026

The Tech-Nuclear Renaissance: A New Critical Juncture For American Nuclear Energy Policy, Henry P. Otte

CMC Senior Theses

Nuclear energy has re-emerged as a central priority in American energy policy. This thesis examines the Trump administration’s efforts to support nuclear energy development and plant restarts, and asks whether today’s nuclear renaissance represents a critical juncture for nuclear energy policy. By analyzing American, French, and Swedish nuclear energy history, this thesis applies a three-variable analytical framework, state autonomy and administrative structure, political permeability, and crisis influence, to identify the institutional conditions necessary for durable policy change and evaluate the structural characteristics of this new environment. The central finding is that today’s push is distinct from prior attempts at expansion, …


Promoting Occupational Harmony With High School Students Transitioning To College, Megan Maekawa Jan 2026

Promoting Occupational Harmony With High School Students Transitioning To College, Megan Maekawa

Occupational Therapy | OTD Capstone Projects

Background: Many students struggle to balance their occupations, especially in their first year of college. One reason they struggle may be that they are unprepared for the demands of college life as they transition out of high school. They may struggle with adjusting to different academic standards, adapting to their new social life, transitioning to a new environment or living situation, and managing their mental health. Occupational therapists support high school students in learning and implementing occupational harmony. Occupational therapists can support pre-college students in a summer bridge program as students learn to balance their academics, manage their social …


Factors Associated With Successful Publication Of Pharmacy Resident Research Projects, Victoria Michel-Milian, Amy Taylor, Eric Shaw Jan 2026

Factors Associated With Successful Publication Of Pharmacy Resident Research Projects, Victoria Michel-Milian, Amy Taylor, Eric Shaw

South Atlantic Division GME Research Days 2026

No abstract provided.


Measuring Academic Momentum: A Quantitative Study Of Supplemental Instruction As A Community College Student Support Strategy, Cornelia Slater Jan 2026

Measuring Academic Momentum: A Quantitative Study Of Supplemental Instruction As A Community College Student Support Strategy, Cornelia Slater

Dissertations of Practice

ABSTRACT

MEASURING ACADEMIC MOMENTUM: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SUPPLEMENTAL INSTRUCTION AS A COMMUNITY COLLEGE

STUDENT SUPPORT STRATEGY

Cornelia Vanessa Slater, Ed.D.

Department of Counseling and Higher Education

Northern Illinois University, 2026

Quortne R. Hutchings, Director

Community colleges serve as critical access points to higher education for diverse populations of students where completion rates are an ongoing challenge. Supplemental Instruction have been used as an academic intervention to improve success largely in four-year institutions. This quantitative study, guided by Xueli Wang’s momentum theory analyzed two research questions: (1) how supplemental instruction (SI) participation is associated with student academic success, course retention …


Brief #2 White Paper: Collaborative Aggregation & Marketing Of Local Farm Food: A Qualitative Analysis Of Customer Relations Strategies, Evan England, Rachel Filippone, Hannah Stokes-Ramos, Cindy (Luyue) Zheng, Olivia Burton, Analena Bruce Jan 2026

Brief #2 White Paper: Collaborative Aggregation & Marketing Of Local Farm Food: A Qualitative Analysis Of Customer Relations Strategies, Evan England, Rachel Filippone, Hannah Stokes-Ramos, Cindy (Luyue) Zheng, Olivia Burton, Analena Bruce

Food Practice Research

No abstract provided.


Brief #2: Collaborative Aggregation & Marketing Of Local Farm Food: A Qualitative Analysis Of Customer Relations Strategies, Evan England, Rachel Filippone, Hannah Stokes-Ramos, Cindy (Luyue) Zheng, Olivia Burton, Analena B. Bruce Jan 2026

Brief #2: Collaborative Aggregation & Marketing Of Local Farm Food: A Qualitative Analysis Of Customer Relations Strategies, Evan England, Rachel Filippone, Hannah Stokes-Ramos, Cindy (Luyue) Zheng, Olivia Burton, Analena B. Bruce

Food Practice Research

No abstract provided.


Exploring The Potential Use Of Tead Inhibition As Part Of A Combination Therapy For Nf2-Deficient Schwannoma And Meningioma., Jamie Blake Jan 2026

Exploring The Potential Use Of Tead Inhibition As Part Of A Combination Therapy For Nf2-Deficient Schwannoma And Meningioma., Jamie Blake

Peninsula Medical School Theses

NF2-related Schwannomatosis is a genetic cancer predisposition syndrome, resulting in the development of schwannoma, meningioma and ependymoma tumours. Although surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy can be used, new avenues of therapeutic development are essential to target inoperable and recurrent tumours. Previous studies evaluating small molecule TEAD auto-palmitoylation inhibitors have distinguished their anti-proliferative effect in NF2-deficient cancers. Here we aim to identify compounds that could be utilised in conjunction with TEAD inhibition, to target aberrant Hippo signalling and secondary resistance mechanisms. We utilised immortalised and primary cells to evaluate the efficacy and potential synergism of TEAD inhibitors VT3989 and VT107 in …


Building A Cell Specific System For In Vivo Rna Imaging Of The Endogenous Actin Gene In C. Elegans, Jasmine A. Huerta Canete Jan 2026

Building A Cell Specific System For In Vivo Rna Imaging Of The Endogenous Actin Gene In C. Elegans, Jasmine A. Huerta Canete

Theses and Dissertations

Messenger RNA (mRNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and cellular processes, important for the development of cells such as neurons. When dysregulation occurs, it can lead to outcomes such as aberrant translation, causing neurodegenerative conditions to arise. Unfortunately, the localization of mRNA in an in vivo cell specific manner is still not understood. To address this, we decided to develop a cell-specific system to image RNA in vivo, within the organism known as C. elegans with a focus on the actin gene. The Actin gene encodes for an important cytoskeleton protein expressed ubiquitously, vital for the cell …


The Persistent Shock Of The Old: Making The Case For The Responsive Development Of Artwork Deploying Historical Museological Display Techniques., Duncan Cameron Jan 2026

The Persistent Shock Of The Old: Making The Case For The Responsive Development Of Artwork Deploying Historical Museological Display Techniques., Duncan Cameron

School of Art, Design and Architecture Theses

My sculpture work and thesis investigate the potential of historical museological practices—particularly Victorian and Edwardian display technologies—in contemporary art-making and sculptural practice. I ask three central questions: how can the collection and display of natural history materials be ethically defended in the present day; how might traditional exhibition orthodoxies be reconfigured to privilege the prosaic, domestic, and handmade over the novel and precious; and what role does the idiosyncratic and beautiful play in narrating material stories within an ethical, Anthropocene-aware framework?The study employs a practice-led methodology combining iterative art-making, critical reflection, and active fieldwork. Working from a studio in Somerset, …


Machine Learning Prediction Of Federal Appellate Court Outcomes: A Multi-Circuit Analysis With Administrative Law Implications, Nicky Nuertey Apenahier Jan 2026

Machine Learning Prediction Of Federal Appellate Court Outcomes: A Multi-Circuit Analysis With Administrative Law Implications, Nicky Nuertey Apenahier

Dissertations and Theses

Federal appellate courts are the final arbiters in many cases, yet systematic machine learning analysis across all twelve circuits remains largely absent from the computational law literature. With courts of appeals deciding tens of thousands of cases annually and the Supreme Court reviewing only a fraction, understanding what predicts reversal outcomes has both theoretical importance and practical consequences for litigants, attorneys, and judicial administrators. This study addresses that gap using eleven years of federal appellate decisions from the Federal Judicial Center’s Integrated Database. A systematic comparison of twenty-five machine learning models, spanning five algorithms and five class-imbalance correction strategies, identifies …


The Effects Of Hyperthyroidism On Mouse Corneal Innervation: Implications For Human Cornea Re-Innervation, Anjali Malali Jan 2026

The Effects Of Hyperthyroidism On Mouse Corneal Innervation: Implications For Human Cornea Re-Innervation, Anjali Malali

Research Honors

To test the effects of elevated TH during cornea development, our lab has collaborated with Dr. Juan Davila (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) to develop an embryonic mouse model of hyperthyroidism. Embryos were exposed to high levels of TH in utero by adding TH to the pregnant mother’s drinking water. Upon collection of the embryos, elevated blood thyroid levels in the pregnant mother were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and eye tissues were collected and preserved for analysis of corneal nerve innervation patterns. By utilizing immunohistochemistry in order to visualize corneal innervation in mouse embryos, this project studied whether …


Analysis Of Volatility Between Macroeconomic Variables And Busan Port Cargo Throughput According To Global Risks, Sang Ho Cho Jan 2026

Analysis Of Volatility Between Macroeconomic Variables And Busan Port Cargo Throughput According To Global Risks, Sang Ho Cho

Plymouth Business School Theses

This study investigates how container (BPC) and non-container (BPB) cargo throughput at Busan Port responds to structural shocks in global and domestic macroeconomic variables, and how their relative importance changes over time. The selection of variables was based on a combination of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and semi-structured interviews (SSI). The econometric analysis applied a stepwise framework, employing cumulative Impulse Response Functions (IRF) and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) based on Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) estimations, as well as Historical Decomposition (HD) for specific crisis periods. While IRF and FEVD were used to capture dynamic properties under general …


Examining The Nexus Between Social Capital, Value Co-Creation And Entrepreneurship In Nigeria: Assessing The Moderating Role Of Social Media In A Resource-Constrained Context, Ben Omoruyi Jan 2026

Examining The Nexus Between Social Capital, Value Co-Creation And Entrepreneurship In Nigeria: Assessing The Moderating Role Of Social Media In A Resource-Constrained Context, Ben Omoruyi

Plymouth Business School Theses

This research provides a transformative perspective on how Social Capital (SC), Value Co creation (VCC), and Social Media (SM) interact to shape Entrepreneurial Outcomes (EOs) in institutionally weak, resource-constrained contexts. Positioned within a positivist ontology and grounded in Social Capital Theory, the research reconceptualises SC not as a passive stock of relationships but as a dynamic entrepreneurial capability, strategically mobilised to access resources, legitimacy, and opportunities. Focusing on Nigeria’s fashion industry, a sector characterised by informality, weak institutions, and heavy network reliance, the study adopts a quantitative, deductive design. Data from a cross-sectional survey of 580 entrepreneurs aged 18–55, in …


Driving Venture Success: A Collaborative Framework For The Consumer Goods Industry, Mohammad Alhusaeini Mohammad Jan 2026

Driving Venture Success: A Collaborative Framework For The Consumer Goods Industry, Mohammad Alhusaeini Mohammad

Plymouth Business School Theses

This thesis addresses the persistent gap between the strategic promise of external corporate venturing (ECV) and its frequently disappointing outcomes in the global consumer goods industry, with a specific focus on the non-durable consumer goods sub‑sector. Despite ECV’s recognised importance for innovation—particularly in a sector characterised by rapid consumer preference shifts, tight margins, and complex supply chains—collaborations with external start-ups are often undermined by cultural misalignment, strategic ambiguity, and ineffective performance measurement. Through an abductive, mixed-methods research design within an interpretivist paradigm—integrating archival analysis, six in-depth corporate case studies (P&G, PepsiCo, Unilever, Danone, Henkel, and L’Oréal), and 32 interviews with …


Graduate Catalog 2026-2027, Southwestern Oklahoma State University Jan 2026

Graduate Catalog 2026-2027, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

Graduate Catalogs

No abstract provided.


Rare Manifestation Of Scapular Cutaneous Larva Migrans Infection Among Sand Porters In Warm Climate: A Case Report, Prio Hangudi Sampurno, Tri Wisesa Soetisna Jan 2026

Rare Manifestation Of Scapular Cutaneous Larva Migrans Infection Among Sand Porters In Warm Climate: A Case Report, Prio Hangudi Sampurno, Tri Wisesa Soetisna

Occupational and Environmental Medicine Journal of Indonesia

Background Cutaneous larva migrans is a serpiginous helminthic infection common among certain occupations dealing with contaminated soil especially in warm climate. Most common predilections include the feet, legs, and buttocks with only a fraction of cases found on the trunk and upper extremities.

Case Presentation A rare scapular cutaneous larva migrans manifestation on a thirty-six years old sand porter with high occupational exposure was described. Physical examination revealed progressive pruritic and warm rash in a serpiginous pattern on the left shoulder.

Results Diagnosis was established based on characteristic serpiginous rash physical findings supported by history of contact. This case needed …


Incident Of Sensorineural Hearing Disorder In Toll Road Workers Exposed To Noise And Lead, Fitria Rimadhanty Setyaningtyas, Muhammad Ilyas, Dewi Yunia Fitriani, Suryo Wibowo Jan 2026

Incident Of Sensorineural Hearing Disorder In Toll Road Workers Exposed To Noise And Lead, Fitria Rimadhanty Setyaningtyas, Muhammad Ilyas, Dewi Yunia Fitriani, Suryo Wibowo

Occupational and Environmental Medicine Journal of Indonesia

Background Toll road workers are exposed to traffic noise and lead, both of which may increase the risk of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This study aimed to examine the association between noise and lead exposure and the occurrence of SNHL among toll road workers.

Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data derived from medical check-up records of 1,445 toll road workers in 2022. Study variables included age, sex, length of employment, past medical history, smoking status, job position, blood lead levels and SNHL incidence. Descriptive analyses were performed, followed by bivariate analysis using the chi square test and …