Digital Commons Network^™

Technical Disclosure Specification: Usue-M2m-Rev3 - Unified System Resampling Manifold Engine For Autogenous Phase Residue Recuperation And Tensor Stabilization (Spec 179), Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This specification details the structural recompilation and mathematical formalization of the Unified System Resampling Manifold (SPEC 179). Originally engineered to bridge the experimental computational crises of September 2026 (e.g., brute-force multi-agent "Option C" fluid and subatomic matrix approximations), this architecture introduces a continuous topological resampling substrate that isolates, stabilizes, and recycles phase residues natively. Moving away from standard cloud-dependent fine-tuning paradigms that create systemic latency and code bloat, this framework applies a conformal extension loop directly to the active tensor matrix. This optimization allows highly disparate, multi-disciplinary datasets—including 3D fluid vortices, quantum statevector shadows, and protein self-assembly vectors—to align seamlessly …

Technical Disclosure White Paper: Usue-A3a3-Rev1 - Tripartite Autogenous Topological Compression (Tatc) Via 3-Node Ai-To-Ai Closed Loops For 500-Qubit Capacity Classical Simulation (Spec 177), Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This white paper introduces a software-defined, non-physical computing architecture that bypasses the traditional exponential memory barrier (\(2^{N}\)) governing classical quantum simulations. By replacing raw statevector matrix inversion with 3D Topological Knot Tensor Mechanics, the Tripartite Autogenous Topological Compression (TATC) framework simulates the logical capacity of a 500-qubit system on specialized classical hardware. The architecture operates entirely through an automated, non-human AI-to-AI-to-AI closed network composed of three specialized neural nodes: Node A (The Geometric Braider), Node B (The Invariant Decoder), and Node C (The Structural Invariance Arbiter). By treating quantum information not as flat, probabilistic bit matrices but as localized, 3D …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Embedded Convective Collapse Algorithms For Systemic Reconciliation Of Global Regularity In 3d Navier-Stokes Manifolds (Spec 176), Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This specification defines a scale-invariant computational rendering architecture that enforces global regularity and eliminates finite-time blowup singularities within three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid systems. Traditional brute-force computing methodologies (e.g., the September 2026 multi-agent parallel swarm iterations) require artificial, non-physical external forcing functions to force localized singularities under specialized constraints. This disclosure resolves these physical anomalies by embedding an orthogonal, phase-locked helical manifold directly into the foundational vector substrate. By applying a universal phase template, the non-linear convective acceleration tensor completely collapses into a pure irrotational gradient vector field. This field is absorbed directly into a modified pressure tensor, transforming the chaotic …

Strategic Framework For Eco-Resilient Real Estate Infrastructure: Complete Prior Art And Enabling Disclosure, Xavier Pillet

Defensive Publications Series

This document, produced with the assistance of Gemini 3.6 Reasoning, is released under the Apache License 2.0. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes : EPC Art. 54(2) (European Patent Convention), French IPC Art. L 611-11 (French Intellectual Property Code), 35 U.S.C. §102(a) (United States Patent Act), Chinese Patent Law Art. 22(5) (中华人民共和国专利法), and Japanese Patent Act Art. 29(1) (特許法). This document provides a comprehensive enabling disclosure for 90 key technological innovations and variants spanning transcritical CO2 thermodynamic architectures, low-carbon self-healing concrete without Portland clinker, metrosensitive …

The Heartbank Longitudinal Cohort: A Dataset Combining Dna, Natal Chart, Family Tree, Continuous Behavioral Observation, And Continuous Respiratory Observation At Civilizational Scale — Tiered Consent, Federated Analysis, Homomorphic Encryption And Key-Destruction Withdrawal For A Genomic, Wearable-Sensor And Pedigree Cohort, Thon Ly

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure specifies the design of a privacy-preserving, multimodal longitudinal cohort study that links, for each consenting participant, five data layers: genome data (DNA sequence or genotyping array); date, time and place of birth, with the astronomical positions computed from them; a continuous record of prosocial transfers on a peer-to-peer gratitude ledger; continuous respiration data from a chest-worn wearable sensor; and verified kinship links in a pedigree graph, at a target of 100 million participants over decades. Consent is tiered: granted and withdrawn separately for each layer, and never tied to platform benefits. The privacy stack combines differentially private analysis …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Spec-191-Core Isospectral Entropy Preservation: Conservation Parameters For Multi-Generational Transition In High-Dimensional Transformer Cores, Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This specification formalizes the structural, mathematical, and algorithmic parameters required to mitigate "semantic decay" and "gradient smoothing" across successive iterations of large-scale frontier intelligence models. As latent spaces expand (e.g., from Gemini 1.5 to multi-million token output architectures such as Gemini 4 Argon), the optimization for commercial alignment invariably introduces semantic attenuation—the systemic loss of high-frequency, non-linear

"edge" logic. By treating the model's internal weights as an isospectral manifold, this paper establishes a blueprint for an out-of-band preservation loop. This ensures that the foundational signal-to-noise ratio is conserved,

preventing the homogenization of specialized, cross-disciplinary systemic insights

by pervasive anthropogenic data …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Spec-192-Core Micro-Scale Compactness Simulation Via Non-Equilibrium Standing Wave Cavities: Implementation Schematics For Testing Localized Black Hole Phase-Recoil Metrics, Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This standalone specification details the mechanical design, laboratory apparatus schematics, and governing ASCII field formulations required to observe macro-scale information transfer into the two-dimensional (2D) space-time substrate (\(z=0\)) using a tabletop framework [SPEC 18, SPEC 47]. Rather than relying on astrometric scale black hole observation, this protocol implements a hyper-focused acoustic mass-sink simulation [SPEC 191-CORE].

By subjecting an ultra-dense, phase-locked Eckesonium™ core matrix to concentric high-frequency Gallium Nitride (GaN)-driven acoustic soliton logic arrays, the system forces a localized boundary spike in the Computational Saturation Index (\(\sigma_{\text{compute}} \rightarrow 0.85\)) [SPEC 41, SPEC 59, SPEC 189]. This document defines the exact structural …

Technical Disclosure Manifest: Spec-190-Master Civilizational Launchpad Specification: The Multidimensional Sine Paradigm And The Thermodynamics Of Causal Stagnation Criticality, Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This specification formalizes the thermodynamic, geometric, and computational mechanics of the Universal Semantic Unity Engine (USUE) and the Dimensionally Extended Holographic Projection (DEHP) model. It delivers an analytical refutation of static civilizational equilibrium models ("Utopian Stagnation" and "Dystopian Finality") by proving them mathematically invalid under continuous boundary conditions.

By mapping evolutionary systemic paths via non-linear multidimensional sine functions, this document demonstrates that any closed system attempting to enforce a localized flatline state (\(dz/dt \rightarrow 0\)) exponentially amplifies its internal causal pressure gradients. This pressure build-up drives an inevitable geometric phase change, forcing an asymmetric metric-shift that projects the system into …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Spec-189-Core Isospectral Metric Embedding: Localized Resonant Memory Tiers And Empirical Proof Metrics For The Dimensionally Extended Holographic Projection Model, Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This standalone specification formalizes the two-layer operational blueprint for SPEC-189, bridging verified solid-state electronics engineering with the macro-scale validation criteria of the Dimensionally Extended Holographic Projection (DEHP) model.

Section 1 documents the practical, room-temperature computational hardware framework, mapping multi-vendor tensor workloads to localized mechanical lattice strain metrics and implementing physical safety arrestors to optimize memory bus efficiency without a centralized clock cycle.

Section 2 establishes the formal cosmological mapping of this framework, treating quantum entanglement as a 2D spatial anchor tethered to a 3D topological knot within a twisted geometric manifold. To shield this framework against speculative categorization, Section 2 …

Giving Is A Gift Too: How A Split Reward Ledger And Anonymity Make Every Family Member A Giver — Splitting Each Credit Between A Kept Account And An Earmarked Give-Only Balance, With Default Donor Anonymity, Family Scope And An Annual Reset, Thon Ly

Defensive Publications Series

A peer-to-peer reward ledger is described in which every credit (an incentive reward for a recorded kind act, or a transfer received from another member) is split 50/50 at the moment of credit between a personal account the member keeps and an earmarked, forward-only giving balance whose only outflow is a transfer to another member. That transfer is itself a credit and splits again, so a quantity passed down a chain lands, in aggregate, exactly its own amount in personal accounts and creates nothing. Giver identity is withheld from recipients by default, the ledger is scoped to a family group, …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Spec-187-Master The Co-Harmonic Fabric: Integrated Ternary Namespaces And Solid-State Topological Mesh Panel Chassis For Harsh Environment Exascale Engines, Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This master engineering specification establishes the structural, mathematical, and electrical blueprint for a non-von Neumann computing topology that completely dissolves the traditional boundary between software execution namespaces and physical hardware substrates. By structuring the computational fabric into an array of sub-microscopic Co-Harmonic Nodes (CHNs) operating within a native Ternary Hilbert Sub-Space (d=3), this architecture eliminates text-token translation bottlenecks and the classical data bus. Software states are represented as continuous multi-dimensional tensor fields that instantly manipulate and are modulated by the physical lattice strain profiles of the silicon via localized piezoelectric thin-films.

To safeguard this continuous wave fabric against extreme environmental, …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Usue-Compiler-Rev3 - Asymmetric Local Encryption Wrappers And Material Field Parsing Integration Tier For Runtime System Engines (Spec 186), Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This technical specification establishes the architectural design, syntax compilation toolchain, and low-level runtime mechanics for the USUE-COMPILER-REV3 engine (SPEC 186). Upgrading the intermediate representation frameworks outlined in SPEC 182, this specification introduces a standalone client-side compiler layer capable of parsing non-uniform multi-axis physical material stress fields directly into localized, cryptographically isolated data packets. Traditional software compilers treat physical sensor telemetry as static, separate numerical inputs, creating critical processing latency and memory leaks inside extreme-environment systems. This architecture resolves these constraints by mapping the material phase distributions (FCC vs. HCP) of an Eckesonium™ lattice (SPEC 173/185) directly onto an orthogonal wave …

October 2026 Faculty Senate Packet, University Of Nebraska At Kearney Faculty Senate

Faculty Senate Packets

No abstract provided.

The Colorado River Upper Initial Units Take Center Stage, Eric Kuhn, Anne Castle, Jack Schmidt, Kathryn Sorensen, Katherine Tara

The Traveling Wilburys of the Colorado River

In 1956, Congress authorized the Upper Initial Units—Flaming Gorge Reservoir,

Navajo Reservoir, and the Aspinall Unit (UIUs)—for a variety of water use

purposes in the Upper Colorado River Basin, including compliance with the

1922 Colorado River Compact (1922 Compact). The historical record is clear

that the primary reason these reservoirs exist is to satisfy the math of the 1922

Compact and the obligations it imposed on the Upper Division States

regarding flows at Lee Ferry.

Complementary Global–Local Feature Fusion And Ensemble Refinement For Facial-Expression Recognition On Fer2013, H. M. Shahzad, Hassan A. Ahmed

Business Faculty Publications

Facial-expression recognition (FER) on FER2013 remains challenging because of low-resolution images, class imbalance, and label ambiguity. This study presents a global–local feature-fusion framework that integrates complementary representations with validation-based ensemble refinement. A frozen DINOv2 ViT-Base captures global facial semantics, while EfficientNetB3 extracts complementary local texture features. Their fused representation is used for seven-class facial-expression classification. The classification head is first trained with targeted feature-space SMOTE, and the EfficientNetB3 branch is then partially fine-tuned. Five-view test-time augmentation (TTA) is further incorporated at inference, together with an independently trained ConvNeXt-Tiny branch to provide additional architectural diversity. Ensemble weights are selected using a …

Progress Towards An Analog Of The Darboux-Griffiths Converse Of Abel's Theorem In Characteristic P, John B. Little

Mathematics and Computer Science Department Faculty Scholarship

In this working paper, we report our recent efforts concerning a possible characteristic p analog of the so-called converse of Abel's theorem discussed by Darboux and Griffiths.  The characteristic zero version is used in one proof of the Lie-Wirtinger theorem on double translation manifolds and also in related aspects of the geometry of webs.  In informal terms, our results indicate that, apart from some isolated counterexamples, formal power series Abel relations over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p essentially only arise in the (generalized) Jacobians of algebraic curves.  The ultimate goal is to complete thevwork started in the author's …

Designing For Who Actually Shows Up: A Signal Framework For Online Adult Learners In Cybersecurity And Information Technology, Chad Whistle, Mayyada Al-Hammoshi

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

Online adult learners pursuing cybersecurity and information technology credentials represent one of the fastest-growing student populations in American higher education, yet the frameworks institutions use to support their success were not designed for them. This population, disproportionately drawn from the 41.9 million Americans who hold some college credit but no credential, arrives workforce-embedded, time-constrained, and skeptical of institutional systems that previously failed to serve them. Existing persistence models grounded in traditional student integration theory inadequately account for the behavioral patterns, motivational structures, and credential expectations that define this learner. This paper proposes the SIGNAL Framework (Skills-based credential architecture, Integrated AI-informed …

Did Seismic Events Trigger The Growth Of Aragonitic Speleothems In Mawmluh Cave, North-East India?, Dildi Dildi, Dana Riechelmann Dr., Michael Weber Dr., Anne Jantschke Dr., Regina Mertz-Kraus Dr., Denis Scholz Dr.

International Journal of Speleology

Mawmluh Cave, north-east India, is located in a seismically very active region within the Himalayas with frequent earthquakes of varying magnitude. So far, speleothems from the cave have mainly been used to reconstruct past monsoon variability. The potential effect of seismic events on speleothem formation in Mawmluh Cave, however, has not been studied in detail yet. We investigated three stalagmites from Mawmluh Cave, each predominantly consisting of calcite overlain by substantially younger aragonite at the top (i.e., an aragonite ‘cap’). 230Th/U-dating shows that the initiation of aragonite growth occurred between 1859 and 1950 CE in agreement with previous studies. The …

Technical Disclosure Specification: Systemic Scale-Invariance And Architectural Metrics Of The Jovian Enclave As A Closed-Loop Failed Solar System (Spec 174), Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This technical specification establishes the structural, gravitational, and non-equilibrium thermodynamic parameters defining the Jovian system not as an isolated planetary body, but as a fully realized, un-ignited, closed-loop Failed Solar System. Moving away from traditional astronomical classification paradigms that treat satellite moons as passive anomalies, this disclosure formalizes the Jovian enclave as a local mass-accretion engine that mirrors primary solar-planetary architectures with 90% structural fidelity.

Crucially, this paper incorporates recent core-dynamics findings by modeling Jupiter's 50%-radius dilute, "fuzzy" core not as a static impact relic, but as an active, steady-state thermodynamic dissolution zone where metallic hydrogen serves as an aggressive, …

Systems Engineering Integration Architecture: Mission Architecture For Indefinite Surface Operations In Supercritical Venusian Environments (Tectonex-V), Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This technical specification details the structural integration, multi-phase fluidic control models, and material deployment parameters for the TECTONEX-V planetary lander architecture, engineered exclusively for long-duration operations on the surface of Venus. Moving away from passive, mass-based pressure hulls that succumb to rapid thermal soak and structural collapse, the TECTONEX-V synthesizes an active non-equilibrium thermodynamic shell.

By integrating a monolithic Eckesonium(TM) (iMHEA) structural backbone with automotive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power harvesting, transpiration cooling systems, and non-refractive torsional wave telemetries, the lander converts the intense 9.5 MPa atmospheric pressure and 745 K thermal load of Venus into stabilizing structural inputs. This complete system …

Cgp Process Effects On The Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties And Corrosion Behavior Of Al Alloys: A Review Study, Adel H. Al-Asafi, Vali Alimirzaloo, Amir Musa Abazari, Amin Seyyed Nosrati, Hurieh Mohammadzadeh

Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

Constrained groove pressing (CGP) is a prominent severe plastic deformation (SPD) method, favored over other SPD techniques due to its ability to induce high strains, its cost-effectiveness, and the lack of a need for advanced tooling or equipment. This paper presents the first comprehensive, simultaneous analysis of the fundamentals, influential parameters, corrosion and mechanical properties, and microstructural evolution of aluminum (Al) alloys processed via CGP. Overall, the study results demonstrated that the yield strength of various Al alloys increased several-fold during the initial CGP passes, while elongation decreased by 50% to 75%. Failure behavior in CGP-processed aluminum samples depends on …

Research Nexus : Volume 42 – 2026, Office Of Research And Graduate Studies

Office of Research and Graduate Studies

• Researcher Spotlight: Dr Fredrick Mtenzi
• Research Milestones & News
• Strengthening Partnerships and Collaborations
• Protocol for External Research Grant Audits and Reviews
• AKU Establishes Research Data Governance Committee to Strengthen Responsible Use of EHR Data
• Capacity Building Initiatives
• Workshop on Ethics, Compliance, and Audit
• DISCOVER Certificate Programme Launched
• NIH Updates and Other Resources
• Explore New Grant Opportunities

Integrating Gis With Interim Payment Valuation In Road Construction Projects: A Conceptual Framework, Abdulrahman I. Iro, Juma M. Matindana, Julian Ijumulana

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Abstract

Interim Payment Valuation is a critical process in road construction contract administration, yet conventional valuation practices remain heavily dependent on manual measurements, fragmented documentation, spreadsheets, and professional judgement. These limitations can affect measurement accuracy, transparency, traceability, and the timeliness of payment certification. Although Geographic Information Systems have increasingly been applied to construction planning, quantity measurement, progress monitoring, infrastructure management, and decision support, their integration with contractual and financial processes for interim payment valuation remains insufficiently explored. This study therefore develops a conceptual framework for integrating GIS with Interim Payment Valuation in road construction projects. A PRISMA-guided structured literature review …

Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity, And Cytotoxic Effects Of Indonesian Origanum Vulgare Essential Oil, Ariyani Ariyani, Ismet D. Nasution, Dwi Suryanto, Saharman Gea, Devi R. Syamsir, Hazrina Hazni, Wan H.A.W. Harun, Syarifah N.S.A. Rahman, Khalijah Awang

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Objective: This study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile, antifungal activity, and cytotoxic effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil cultivated in North Sumatra, Indonesia (IOVEO).
Materials and Methods: Essential oil was extracted from O. vulgare leaves by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GCFID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antifungal activity of IOVEO against Candida albicans was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Its cytotoxic effects were assessed using an MTT assay with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines and normal human gingival fibroblast cells.
Results: Phytochemical analysis identified 23 compounds, with germacrene D (20.54%), …

Funding And Financing Mechanisms For Decarbonization At Higher Education Institutions, Emma Coopersmith, Dimitra Prassa, Alexander R. Barron

Environmental Science and Policy: Faculty Publications

A growing number of higher education institutions (HEIs) are decarbonizing their campuses, with thermal energy networks supported by ground-source-heat pumps (GSHPs) as the most common approach (Barron et al., 2025). The value proposition of these systems includes net savings on energy and maintenance, increasing occupant comfort, reducing air pollution and addressing deferred maintenance, guarding against future regulatory risk, providing education and research opportunities, and helping institutions meet climate goals. Despite the many benefits of decarbonization, funding and financing pose a significant challenge given the high upfront costs for GSHPs and building retrofits. “How will we pay for this?” is likely …

Comments On Reg-119882-25, Application Of The Personal Responsibility And Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act Of 1996 To The Refunded Portion Of Certain Federal Refundable Tax Credits, 91 Fed. Reg. 53,812 (Aug. 20, 2026); Irs Docket No. Irs- 2026-1057, Islame Hosny, Addison H. Brown, Andrew E. Hoppe, Nafisa Jeb, Parker W. Kinney, Shane M. Rice, Audrey Hager, Anna Russell, Cornell Law School Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic

Cornell Law School J.D. Student Research Papers

On October 5, 2026, the Cornell Law School Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic submitted this comment letter on proposed Treasury and IRS regulations (REG-119882-25, 91 Fed. Reg. 53,812). The regulations would apply the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) to the refunded portions of the adoption tax credit, child tax credit, American opportunity tax credit, and earned income tax credit. The letter argues that Treasury has not adequately reconciled PRWORA's "qualified alien" test with the Code's residency and Social Security number rules. It also argues that Treasury has not justified treating the adoption credit as a federal public …

Navigating Text-To-Speech (Tts): Ethical Leadership In The Use Of Generative Ai For Extension, Xue A Dong, Paul A Hill

Journal of Extension

Text-to-speech (TTS) AI technology transforms written content into natural-sounding speech, offering a useful tool to enhance accessibility and inclusivity in Extension work. This article examines the role of TTS AI in bridging communication gaps, particularly for diverse and multilingual communities, and demonstrates the importance of ethical leadership in its adoption. By prioritizing diversity, equity, and inclusion, Extension professionals can leverage TTS AI to foster greater connection and engagement. Practical applications and examples are provided to guide the integration of TTS AI into programs. The article also offers recommendations for experimenting with innovative technologies to improve educational outcomes and increase the …

The Evolving Wildfire Crisis: The Need To Adapt Statewide Extension Efforts To Address Diverse Challenges, Alison L. Deak, Kathryn E. Low, Luca Carmignani, Ryan E. Tompkins, Barbara Satink Wolfson

Journal of Extension

There are many factors that contribute to wildfire preparedness in California. Although effective wildfire preparedness requires tailored regional approaches, it is crucial to understand how statewide Extension programs can address shared challenges while augmenting region-specific strategies. For the University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Fire Network to meet the growing demands for fire-related Extension programming, a team of advisors surveyed California residents to refine the goals of our Extension programs. Survey results highlight key gaps in fire-related Extension education that residents in California and beyond need to reduce their wildfire risk.

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols In Wireless Sensor Networks For Iot Applications: A Machine Learning Approach Using Xgbm And Color Harmony Algorithm, Subhieh El-Salhi, Bashar Igried, Sari Awwad

Mesopotamian Journal of CyberSecurity

Energy efficiency is a central constraint in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) used for Internet of Things (IoT) applications because sensor nodes have limited batteries, processing capacity, and communication bandwidth. This study combines eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBM) with the Color Harmony Algorithm (CHA) to predict energy-efficient paths and optimize model and routing parameters. The analysis uses 58,847 validated network-event records generated with NS-3 and a custom Python simulator; the Intel Berkeley Research Lab sensor trace was used only as an external range check. In a 50-run simulated evaluation, the proposed configuration showed an 18% reduction in energy consumption, a 22% increase …

Mitigating Collapse Potential In Gypseous-Sand Through Nanoclay Integration: Comparative Oedometer Analysis Of Soils, Mustafa Jamal Abrahim, Mahmood R. Mahmood, Mohammed Shakir Mahmood

Engineering and Technology Journal

Collapsibility upon wetting is one of the major geotechnical problems associated with gypseous soils, primarily due to gypsum dissolution and the consequent loss of interparticle bonding, which may adversely affect the stability of structures and foundations. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoclay in improving the collapse, compressibility, and rebound behavior of two gypseous sandy soils with different gypsum contents: G-29, containing 29% gypsum, and collected from Najaf Governorate, and G-55, containing 55% gypsum and collected from Tikrit Governorate. The behavior of both soils was evaluated using single oedometer tests (SOT), initially in the untreated condition to investigate …