Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2026

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 481 - 510 of 52218

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Mission Seemingly Impossible: Student Satisfaction With Time For Self-Directed Learning, Sara Bradley, Robyn Bockrath, Mara Johnson, Celia Laird O'Brien Nov 2026

Mission Seemingly Impossible: Student Satisfaction With Time For Self-Directed Learning, Sara Bradley, Robyn Bockrath, Mara Johnson, Celia Laird O'Brien

Journal of Accreditation and Quality Improvement in Medical Education

Background. Medical schools accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) are often required to demonstrate improvement on accreditation elements in a relatively short amount of time. In October 2021, the LCME cited our institution as Unsatisfactory for the self-directed learning (SDL) element after 21.3% of second-year medical (M2) students reported dissatisfaction with unscheduled time for SDL. The LCME required us to demonstrate improvement in a status update due December 2022. In this paper, we describe a rapid continuous quality improvement (CQI) approach that successfully increased student satisfaction and achieved full compliance within 1 year.

Methods. We employed a …


2026-11-01 Caudill Connection, Morehead State University. Caudill College Of Arts, Humanities And Social Sciences. Nov 2026

2026-11-01 Caudill Connection, Morehead State University. Caudill College Of Arts, Humanities And Social Sciences.

Caudill Connection

Caudill Connection newsletter for November of 2026.


Emotional Urgency And Lack Of Perseverance Are Linked To Anxiety Sensitivity And Improve During Early Recovery From Opioid Use Disorder., Breanna A. Mcnaughton-Long, Abigail J. Pleiman, Carmen Buchfink, Chrysantha B. Davis, Rayus Kuplicki, Martin P. Paulus, Hung-Wen Yeh, Maëlle C M Gueguen, Jennifer L. Stewart Nov 2026

Emotional Urgency And Lack Of Perseverance Are Linked To Anxiety Sensitivity And Improve During Early Recovery From Opioid Use Disorder., Breanna A. Mcnaughton-Long, Abigail J. Pleiman, Carmen Buchfink, Chrysantha B. Davis, Rayus Kuplicki, Martin P. Paulus, Hung-Wen Yeh, Maëlle C M Gueguen, Jennifer L. Stewart

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Few studies have identified how facets of impulsivity relate to recovery in opioid use disorder (OUD). Treatment-enrolled individuals with OUD (n = 167) and healthy controls (CTL; n = 46) completed the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency (UPPS-P) Impulsive Behavior Scale along with demographic and clinical measures at visit 1. Over the next three months, abstinence and return to use were documented for participants with OUD (via self-report, alcohol breathalyzer, urine drug screen, and secondary contact communication). Participants with OUD who returned to use (n = 59) did not complete further study visits, whereas those who remained abstinent …


Climate Transition Stress Testing For Corporate Credit Risk: A Replicable Data-Mining Pipeline Using Esg Risk Scores, Huynh Long Hung Nguyen, Alan @ Ali Madjelisi Megargel, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Paul Robert Griffin Nov 2026

Climate Transition Stress Testing For Corporate Credit Risk: A Replicable Data-Mining Pipeline Using Esg Risk Scores, Huynh Long Hung Nguyen, Alan @ Ali Madjelisi Megargel, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Paul Robert Griffin

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We present a replicable data-mining pipeline for illustrative, scenario-conditioned corporate distress analysis under feature decoupling. The pipeline links Compustat financial statements with Sustainalytics ESG Risk Rating records for 2,144 U.S. non-financial public firms, constructs a standardized Transition Risk Index (TRI), estimates a contemporaneous accounting-distress classifier, and applies transparent transition-cost sensitivities. Distress is defined as annual operating income insufficient to cover annual interest expense; interest coverage itself is excluded from the predictors. The resulting model is not a forward default forecast or a regulatory probability-of-default model. On a held-out cross-sectional test set, the logistic specification obtains AUC 0.909, PR-AUC 0.822, and …


Tiny Large Language Models For Iot Networks: Potentials And Challenges, Muhammed Golec, Suhib Bani Melhem, Yaser Khamayseh, Abdulmalik Alwarafy, Naofal Al-Dhahir Nov 2026

Tiny Large Language Models For Iot Networks: Potentials And Challenges, Muhammed Golec, Suhib Bani Melhem, Yaser Khamayseh, Abdulmalik Alwarafy, Naofal Al-Dhahir

All Works

Large Language Models (LLM), which have gained great momentum in recent years, have revolutionized the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI); while their applicability for hardware-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) environments has begun to be questioned. This has led to the emergence of compact architecture and resource-efficient Tiny LLM models. This survey paper systematically examines Tiny LLMs for IoT networks and classifies existing approaches in five basic dimensions: model architectures, optimization strategies, transfer learning methods, deployment paradigms, and explainability-security integration. By applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, 139 related studies published between 2020 and 2025 …


Nov. 2026 Government And Insurance Update - Sen. Jeff Irwin On Sb 105 And Advocacy, James Budd Mpp Nov 2026

Nov. 2026 Government And Insurance Update - Sen. Jeff Irwin On Sb 105 And Advocacy, James Budd Mpp

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This article features an interview with Michigan State Senator Jeff Irwin discussing Senate Bill 105, the Virtual Credit Card Payments bill. SB 105 mandates that dental providers have access to at least one fee-free method of receiving insurance reimbursements, preventing double processing fee deductions by insurers. Senator Irwin explains the bipartisan effort behind the bill's success, the importance of protecting local dental practices from unfair financial burdens, and actionable advice for dentists to engage with lawmakers.


Nov. 2026 Staff Matters - What Documents Should Every Dental Practice Collect And Maintain For Its Employees?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp Nov 2026

Nov. 2026 Staff Matters - What Documents Should Every Dental Practice Collect And Maintain For Its Employees?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This human resources column addresses onboarding compliance for dental practices. Author Jodi Schafer outlines essential employment documentation that practices must collect and maintain for new hires beyond Form I-9, including tax forms, payroll records, licensure verification, emergency contacts, and signed handbook acknowledgments, ensuring legal compliance and organized practice administration.


Nov. 2026 - Characteristics Of An Effective Mda Leader, William Chase Dds, Maom Nov 2026

Nov. 2026 - Characteristics Of An Effective Mda Leader, William Chase Dds, Maom

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

In this commentary, former MDA President Dr. William R. Chase examines core attributes essential for effective leadership within organized dentistry. He praises the MDA's Leadership Exploration and Development (LEAD) Program and outlines key traits required of trusted volunteer leaders across boards and committees, emphasizing passion for the profession, integrity, active listening, strategic vision, and commitment to serving members.


Analysis Of The Dental Emergency Visits At Fqhcs In Michigan And Recommendations For Change, Xuesi Hua, Martha Mccomas, Elizabeth Hatfield Nov 2026

Analysis Of The Dental Emergency Visits At Fqhcs In Michigan And Recommendations For Change, Xuesi Hua, Martha Mccomas, Elizabeth Hatfield

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This mixed-methods study evaluates emergency dental operations across Michigan's Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). Utilizing clinician interviews, surveys, and state usage data, the authors examine care delivery models, identify clinician and patient barriers to access, and analyze reasons why patients utilize hospital emergency departments rather than community health centers. System-level recommendations are proposed to optimize emergency triage, expand capacity, and improve outcomes for underserved populations.


Nh Ece Data Collection Efforts Running Inventory, Jess Carson, Evan England, Tyrus Parker Nov 2026

Nh Ece Data Collection Efforts Running Inventory, Jess Carson, Evan England, Tyrus Parker

New Hampshire Early Care and Education Research Consortium

The NH ECE Research Consortium maintains an inventory of current and complete NH ECE-relevant data collection efforts. Included are surveys, interviews, focus groups, needs assessments, and other ways people in the field collect information. The inventory strengthens public access for data users, improves awareness and coordination among researchers, and minimizes duplication.


Organizing Imperial Diversity: The Institutional Logics Of Roman Provincial Government And The Western Han Commanderies–Kingdoms System, Lesong Chen Nov 2026

Organizing Imperial Diversity: The Institutional Logics Of Roman Provincial Government And The Western Han Commanderies–Kingdoms System, Lesong Chen

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

Comparison of Roman provincial government from the late Republic through the second century CE with the Western Han (202 BCE–9 CE) commanderies–kingdoms system shows that imperial legitimacy shaped the institutional forms of local rule. In the Western Han, All-under-Heaven represented commanderies and kingdoms as components of a single dynastic and moral order. In Rome, governors and military command maintained imperial supremacy, while differentiated legal statuses and municipal institutions allowed cities and local elites to retain substantial corporate responsibilities. Both empires relied on coercion, intermediaries, and negotiated cooperation, but contrasting conceptions of legitimate authority helped produce different institutional balances between imperial …


Behind The Peacock Throne: Rethinking Imperial Ethnicity In The Mughal Empire, Torre Nordgren Nov 2026

Behind The Peacock Throne: Rethinking Imperial Ethnicity In The Mughal Empire, Torre Nordgren

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

The Mughal Empire was one of the most ethnically diverse early modern states to have ever ruled, containing an array of states that are currently at the center of a geopolitical tug of war today. This brings forth the two main questions of how the Mughal Empire effectively administered their domains, and to what extent are signs of an early ethnic conflict present in the Empire? Utilizing an imperial framework with Anatoly Iseanko’s model to observe translated primary sources, a swath of rich secondary sources, and Mughal art; the early stages of an ethnic conflict reveals a rift between Hindu …


Beyond The Mountain: Rethinking Decolonization In Quisqueya Through Complementarity Of Haiti And The Dominican Republic, Mihailo Vučetić Nov 2026

Beyond The Mountain: Rethinking Decolonization In Quisqueya Through Complementarity Of Haiti And The Dominican Republic, Mihailo Vučetić

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

By moving beyond familiar binaries, French/Spanish, Black/white, colony/nation, the paper challenges comparative frameworks that isolate Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Drawing on Achille Mbembe’s genealogical approach to decolonization, Frantz Fanon’s account of liberation as violent and world-making, and Mary Louise Pratt’s “contact zones,” it traces how colonial divergence and revolution produced not two isolated national stories but a shared terrain of forced unifications, mutual influence, and contested memory.


Rewriting The Nation: Collective Memory And The 1776 Commission, Dashiell K. Brown Nov 2026

Rewriting The Nation: Collective Memory And The 1776 Commission, Dashiell K. Brown

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

This paper examines the ongoing struggle over the historical memory in the United States through an analysis of the 1776 Commission and its 2021 report. It argues that the report represents a deliberate effort to construct and control collective memory in order to promote a particular vision of national identity. By placing the 1776 Commission within a broader historiographical and political context, the paper shows how efforts to shape public understanding of history are closely tied to struggles over power, education, and national identity.


German Jewish Integration And The Illusion Of Permanence, 1781–1933, Matthew M. Larian Nov 2026

German Jewish Integration And The Illusion Of Permanence, 1781–1933, Matthew M. Larian

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

This paper argues that German Jewish integration from the late eighteenth century through the Weimar Republic was a genuinely successful project, and it was that success itself, not failure of foresight, that left the community unprepared for the Nazi rupture. The paper reframes the standard question: instead of asking why German Jews failed to predict Nazism, it asks how the success of integration itself narrowed the imagination of what was possible.


Developing The North: The Matachewan Region Mines And Northern Development In Ontario, 1916-1954, Simon Baer Nov 2026

Developing The North: The Matachewan Region Mines And Northern Development In Ontario, 1916-1954, Simon Baer

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

This article examines northern Ontario’s Matachewan mining district as a case study in the environmental consequences of twentieth‑century northern development. Centering on the Young‑Davidson and Matachewan Consolidated gold mines, it traces how provincial policies, low taxation, and permissive claim laws encouraged a rapid extension of Ontario’s extractive economy into the Canadian Shield. By juxtaposing the interwar political economy of “opening the North” with the long‑term impacts on land, water, and fish populations, the article argues that Ontario’s eagerness to promote northern mining produced a regime of de facto deregulation whose environmental costs only became fully visible decades after the initial …


Reparative Soil Science: Soil, Colonialism, And Environmental Justice Between Scientific Knowledge And Local Cultures, Gian Franco Capra, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Cassio Hamilton Abreu-Junior, Arun Dilipkumar Jani, Eleonora Grilli, Antonio Ganga Nov 2026

Reparative Soil Science: Soil, Colonialism, And Environmental Justice Between Scientific Knowledge And Local Cultures, Gian Franco Capra, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Cassio Hamilton Abreu-Junior, Arun Dilipkumar Jani, Eleonora Grilli, Antonio Ganga

Biology, Agriculture and Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

Soil is a repository for historical accounts of power, dispossession, and cultural continuity. This paper proposes the development of “reparative soil science,” a new paradigm that combines soil remediation with theories of environmental justice, decolonization, and multi-knowledge systems. We define it as an orientation within soil science that treats the discipline’s own concepts, classifications, and survey conventions as historical products, and that couples the biophysical repair of degraded soils with repair of the rights, relations, and forms of knowledge that colonial land regimes displaced. By analyzing examples from around the world, the paper shows how colonialism and postcolonial land governance …


A Word From The Writing Team (November 2026), Pam Walter, Mfa, Laura Deloretta, Phd Nov 2026

A Word From The Writing Team (November 2026), Pam Walter, Mfa, Laura Deloretta, Phd

A Word From the Writing Team (Newsletter)

No abstract provided.


Uncovering The Genetic Landscape Of Pediatric Hearing Loss Along The Texas–Mexico Border, Desiree Lanehart, Michelle Gray, Roberta Sierra, Camille Maldonado, Daniel Brooks, Hongzheng Dai, Aaly Rahimtoola, Sandy Magallan, Alberto Allegre, Lori Berry Nov 2026

Uncovering The Genetic Landscape Of Pediatric Hearing Loss Along The Texas–Mexico Border, Desiree Lanehart, Michelle Gray, Roberta Sierra, Camille Maldonado, Daniel Brooks, Hongzheng Dai, Aaly Rahimtoola, Sandy Magallan, Alberto Allegre, Lori Berry

School of Medicine Publications

Children in Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs), including the US border regions, experience delays in the diagnosis of hereditary hearing loss (HL), driven primarily by limited access to specialized genetic services. Although approximately 60% of congenital HL has a genetic etiology, many affected children in these communities remain undiagnosed, delaying timely intervention. Project GIVE is an NIH-funded virtual genomics program that expands access to genome sequencing (GS) for children with undiagnosed multisystemic conditions along the Texas–Mexico border in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) and El Paso regions of Texas, USA. Children (0–18 years) with suspected rare diseases were referred by …


Emergency Reinfusion Of Vaginally Salvaged Red Cells After Vacuum-Assisted Vaginal Delivery In A Jehovah's Witness: A Case Report, William Hughes Nov 2026

Emergency Reinfusion Of Vaginally Salvaged Red Cells After Vacuum-Assisted Vaginal Delivery In A Jehovah's Witness: A Case Report, William Hughes

Peninsula Medical School

Perinatal blood management is critical for all obstetric patients as peripartum haemorrhage is common, unpredictable, and consequences can be severe. Patients who do not consent to allogeneic transfusion of blood products introduce additional complexity and are at greater risk of morbidity and mortality. There is growing evidence that reinfusion of autologous blood salvaged from vaginal deliveries is safe and can be lifesaving. Delivering this potentially lifesaving care requires that staff well trained in intraoperative cell salvage are always resident on the delivery suite, and that the delivery suite multidisciplinary team is familiar with the procedure. Here we present a case …


Decades Of National Health Strategy In England On Intellectual Disability And The Drift From Evidence-Based Practice, Rohit Shankar Nov 2026

Decades Of National Health Strategy In England On Intellectual Disability And The Drift From Evidence-Based Practice, Rohit Shankar

Peninsula Medical School

No abstract provided.


Inclusive Education In Diverse Societies: Three Decades After The Salamanca Statement, From Disability Inclusion To The Recognition Of Student Diversity, Farida Kurniawati Oct 2026

Inclusive Education In Diverse Societies: Three Decades After The Salamanca Statement, From Disability Inclusion To The Recognition Of Student Diversity, Farida Kurniawati

Psychological Research on Urban Society

Inclusive Education in Diverse Societies: Three Decades after the Salamanca Statement, from Disability Inclusion to the Recognition of Student Diversity


Unlocking Affixes In The Esl Community College Classroom: The Language Of Law, Science, And Technology, Patricia George-Hunter Edd Oct 2026

Unlocking Affixes In The Esl Community College Classroom: The Language Of Law, Science, And Technology, Patricia George-Hunter Edd

Journal of English Learner Education

Since vocabulary plays a significant role in second language acquisition, expansive vocabulary targets should be set and pursued. This paper explores the results of introducing affixes to develop vocabulary and increase motivation for beginner to intermediate-level English language learners (ELLs) pursuing academic disciplines in law, science, and technology at a New York City community college. Participants included 23 ELLs with diverse linguistic, educational, and sociocultural backgrounds enrolled in an online synchronous Integrative Language Seminar (ILS) designed to develop all areas of English language proficiency. Pre‑, post‑, delayed tests, questionnaires, and post‑intervention interviews were conducted and analyzed to establish the language …


Math Language Acquisition And Improving English Language Learners’ Ability To Understand And Solve Math Word Problems, Crystal L. Gammon, Jillian Skelton Oct 2026

Math Language Acquisition And Improving English Language Learners’ Ability To Understand And Solve Math Word Problems, Crystal L. Gammon, Jillian Skelton

Journal of English Learner Education

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore third- through fifth-grade teachers’ perceptions of effective vocabulary instruction and collaboration practices used to support English Language Learners (ELLs) in understanding, discussing, and solving math word problems. The problem addressed was that ELL students in rural southeastern U.S. school districts were not achieving mathematics proficiency at the same rate as their native English-speaking peers, particularly when solving word problems requiring academic language comprehension. The findings revealed that teachers viewed math vocabulary instruction as essential for closing academic gaps while also identifying vocabulary as a major barrier when it was not explicitly …


Making The Implicit Explicit For Multilingual Learners: A Language-Based Framework For Literacy Development, Luciana C. De Oliveira Oct 2026

Making The Implicit Explicit For Multilingual Learners: A Language-Based Framework For Literacy Development, Luciana C. De Oliveira

Journal of English Learner Education

Literacy is fundamentally an act of meaning-making that requires bridging micro-level linguistic choices with macro-level text structures across genres. Current literacy policies dominated by Science of Reading (SoR) mandates often overemphasize isolated, word-level foundational skills. This narrow focus creates a one-size-fits-all model that reduces reading to the level of individual words, not appropriate for multilingual learners (MLs) who require access to dense, specialized disciplinary discourse. This article proposes an intentional, language-based literacy framework designed to build high-challenge, high-support classrooms for MLs without lowering academic expectations. Integrating genre-based pedagogy through the Teaching and Learning Cycle (TLC) with the mode continuum, the …


Race, Embodiment, And Professionalism: A Critical Intersectional Analysis Of Brazilian Sign Language Interpreting, Roberto César Reis Da Costa, Sheila Santos Oct 2026

Race, Embodiment, And Professionalism: A Critical Intersectional Analysis Of Brazilian Sign Language Interpreting, Roberto César Reis Da Costa, Sheila Santos

Journal of Interpretation

This paper investigates the intersections of race, corporate professionalism, and somatic regulation within Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) translation and interpretation. While traditional translation scholarship prioritizes linguistic neutrality, this study employs an interdisciplinary critical methodology combining Critical Race Theory (CRT), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and Translation and Interpreting Studies (TIS) to deconstruct how standard professional aesthetics inadvertently sustain systemic racism and Eurocentric cultural erasure. Utilizing a textual deconstruction of Article 5 of the National Libras Code of Ethics alongside an autoethnographic mapping of workplace visual ergonomics, we examine how racialized aesthetic expectations regulate and pathologize cultural markers such as braided hairstyles, …


An Exploratory Case Study Of Accredited Interpreter Education Programs In The United States, Len Roberson, Sherry Shaw, Carolyn Ball, Sierra A.W. Rance Oct 2026

An Exploratory Case Study Of Accredited Interpreter Education Programs In The United States, Len Roberson, Sherry Shaw, Carolyn Ball, Sierra A.W. Rance

Journal of Interpretation

This exploratory qualitative case study examines how undergraduate signed language interpreter education programs accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Interpreter Education (CCIE) maintain programmatic distinctiveness while complying with shared accreditation standards. Drawing on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with program directors from all 19 CCIE-accredited programs in the United States, the study investigates institutional, curricular, and contextual variables that contribute to successful accreditation and program sustainability. The study analyzed publicly available documents alongside interview data to identify commonalities and variations across programs in areas such as curriculum design, faculty composition, admissions and progression requirements, field experience, and institutional support. Findings …


Sequential And Global Learning In Signed Language Interpreter Education, Heather A. Turell Oct 2026

Sequential And Global Learning In Signed Language Interpreter Education, Heather A. Turell

Journal of Interpretation

Cognitive styles (Joughin, 1992) have been described as the means by which human beings prefer to learn. While cognitive styles and activities to support specific cognitive styles have been explored in various arenas of adult learning, they have yet to be applied to interpreter education. To explore this further, a pilot test was conducted to determine if the interpreting training activities designed for global and sequential learners aligned with their expressed preference for global or sequential learning tasks. Four student interpreters participated in the study. To establish the participants’ cognitive styles, they completed a learning styles questionnaire. Participants were then …


Toward Cross-Cultural Assessment Of Career Anxiety: Psychometric Validation Of The Career Anxiety Scale In Indonesia, Arifah Wulandari, Raudha Nur Hidayah Al Jannah, Gracianus Edwin Tue P. Lejap, Elwas Berdha Krismona, Santy Andrianie, Anisah Muflihatul Latifah, Merikan Aren Oct 2026

Toward Cross-Cultural Assessment Of Career Anxiety: Psychometric Validation Of The Career Anxiety Scale In Indonesia, Arifah Wulandari, Raudha Nur Hidayah Al Jannah, Gracianus Edwin Tue P. Lejap, Elwas Berdha Krismona, Santy Andrianie, Anisah Muflihatul Latifah, Merikan Aren

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

Career anxiety has become an important psychological concern among university students amid rapid technological transformation, labor market uncertainty, and increasingly complex school-to-work transitions. However, evidence regarding the factor structure of the Career Anxiety Scale (CAS) in the Indonesian context remains limited. This study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Indonesian Version of the Career Anxiety Scale (CAS-IV). A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 287 Indonesian university students aged 18–25 years. The instrument was translated in accordance with International Test Commission guidelines and evaluated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), inter-factor correlations, and …


The Effect Of Project Based E-Learning Models Toward Learning Outcomes And Critical Thinking Skills Of Vocational High School Students, Made Delina Rusnawati, I Wayan Santyasa Oct 2026

The Effect Of Project Based E-Learning Models Toward Learning Outcomes And Critical Thinking Skills Of Vocational High School Students, Made Delina Rusnawati, I Wayan Santyasa

Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran

Learning outcomes and critical thinking skills are main competencies that students must achieve in Digital Simulation subjects. This study aimed to describe the differences in learning outcomes and critical thinking skills together between students who learned by using project-based e-learning model and students who learned by using direct e-learning in Digital Simulation subjects. This research used quasi experiment method. The research design used was a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample consisted of 4 classes or 133 students by using a simple random sampling technique. This study used two test instruments namely, the learning outcomes test in the form …