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Disparities In Utilization Of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists And Sglt2 Inhibitors Across Social Determinants Of Health: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Nisarg Shah

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Background: SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) significantly reduce cardiovascular and metabolic risk in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Yet real-world utilization remains inconsistent, and emerging evidence suggests that social determinants of health (SDOH) may contribute to unequal access and prescribing.Research Aims: The extent and drivers of these disparities have not been systematically characterized, so we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether SDOH—socioeconomic status (SES), insurance status, education, geography, and neighborhood deprivation index (NDI)—and demographic factors—race and sex—are associated with differential utilization of SGLT2i or GLP-1RA. Question: To what extent are SES, insurance …

What You See Is What You Learn: National Variation In Emergency Medicine Residency Environments, Carlisle Topping

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Background: The evolution of Emergency Medicine (EM) residency programs over the past two decades has been marked by significant growth and changes in clinical practice environments. Concerns have emerged regarding whether recently founded programs, non-teaching status programs, and for-profit institutions provide adequate training for EM residents. This study evaluates EM training programs using clinical education outcomes such as clinical volumes, acuity exposure, and board pass rates based on key program characteristics including founding year, teaching status, hospital ownership, and program duration.Methods: We conducted an observational analysis of linked datasets encompassing EM residency data from the Accreditation Counsil for Graduate Medical …

The Strength Of Association Between Surrogate Markers And Clinical Outcomes Used By The Fda For Chronic Disease Indications, Samuel Yoon

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has traditionally required the use of clinical outcome measures as clinical trial endpoints to support the approval of new drugs. However, clinical outcome trials are typically large, lengthy, and expensive. To expedite this process, Congress has enacted several regulatory programs to facilitate FDA approval of new drugs on the basis of surrogate markers, endpoints that are reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, as trial endpoints. However, the evidence demonstrating the validity and reliability is mixed, creating uncertainty for patients and physicians about the true clinical benefits of new drugs approved on the basis …

Department Of English Newsletter, Winter 2025-2026, Illinois State University, Department Of English

Department of English Newsletter

Newsletter of the Illinois State University Department of English

School Of Biological Sciences News, 2026, School Of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University

School of Biological Sciences News

Alumni newsletter of Illinois State University's School of Biological Sciences.

Estimating Prep And Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Prevalence In Three High Hiv Burden Countries, Rose Grace Bender

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Understanding the impact of specific biomedical interventions is crucial for optimizing HIV prevention strategies. In this study, we estimate of the prevalence of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and lay out a framework for estimating preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the three high-burden sub-Saharan African countries of Malawi, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. For VMMC, we use a cohort-based simulation framework to model circumcision prevalence in all males over time, allocating VMMC count data to cohorts over time. Model outputs are compared with survey and campaign data, and two parameters, the initial background circumcision prevalence and the age distribution of VMMC procedures, …

Epidermal Differentiation Disorders Across The Lifespan: Growth, Ophthalmologic, And Perinatal Manifestations, Caroline Echeandia-Francis

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Epidermal differentiation disorders (EDDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited skin diseases characterized by impaired epidermal barrier function, scaling, and erythema. Although substantial progress has been made in identifying the genetic causes of EDD, long-standing clinical observations—including impaired growth, ectropion, and increased rates of preterm birth—remain poorly characterized across genotypes. The prevalence, severity, and clinical significance of these manifestations have not been systematically evaluated in large, genotype-stratified cohorts, limiting the ability to provide anticipatory guidance and tailored clinical care. This thesis seeks to (1) characterize growth trajectories in children with EDD and determine genotype-specific patterns of growth impairment; (2) assess …

Influence Of Demographics On Research Participation In Female Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery, Tiana Fernandez

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Background: Historically, research on women and minorities has consisted of unethical experimentation, human rights violations, and crimes against humanity. Numerous examples can be found throughout the past two centuries, including the exposure of pregnant women to radioactive iron in the Tennessee-Vanderbilt Nutrition Project (TVNP), failure to treat cervical carcinoma in situ in the Unfortunate Experiment, surgical experimentation on female slaves by Dr. J. Marion Sims, failure to treat syphilis in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, intentional exposure to and subsequent failure to treat sexually transmitted diseases in Guatemala, collection of biospecimens from Henrietta Lacks, and nontherapeutic experimentation on minority children in …

Repurposing Ezetimibe As A Therapeutic For Parkinson's Disease: Evaluating The Therapeutic Potential And Probing For A Mechanism, Brian Hilton

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Neurologic disease is the leading cause of disability globally and Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been the fastest growing neurologic brain disease over the last several decades. Despite the immense burden of PD on patients and society, there has yet to be an efficacious disease-modifying therapy. Investigation of candidate pharmaceuticals that have already been approved by the FDA for other conditions might provide an expedited path to the advent of disease-modifying therapy. There is a rich history of drug repurposing for symptomatic therapy for PD, with amantadine as the preeminent example. In order to identify candidate therapeutics for possible repurposing, an …

Trends, Predictors, And Cerebrovascular Outcomes Of Vertebral Artery Injury In Cervical Fractures, Rahul Jayaram

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Background and Scientific Premise: Cervical spine trauma is a common emergencydepartment presentation, and vertebral artery injury (VAI) is a potentially occult but serious complication associated with posterior circulation stroke. Identification of patients at risk remains challenging due to subtle presentations, variable screening practices, and limited prior data. Research Aims: The aims of this study were to characterize temporal trends in VAI detection among adult patients presenting to the emergency department with cervical spine fractures between 2010 and 2022, identify independent demographic, clinical, and injury-related predictors of VAI, and evaluate the association between VAI and ischemic stroke within ninety days of …

Prevalence, Predictors, And Consequences Of Postoperative Dysphagia After Aortic Surgery, Andrew Joseph Johnson

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Prevalence, Predictors, and Consequences of Postoperative Dysphagia After Aortic SurgeryAndrew Johnson and Ronny Munoz-Acuna, M.D., Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510. Abstract Background: Postoperative dysphagia is an underrecognized complication following cardiothoracic surgery and is associated with aspiration, prolonged hospitalization, and adverse clinical outcomes. Patients undergoing complex aortic surgery may be at particularly high risk due to prolonged mechanical ventilation, extensive airway instrumentation, and neurologic vulnerability. Data describing the prevalence, predictors, and clinical consequences of postoperative dysphagia in this population remain limited. Research Aim: This study consisted of three aims: first, to determine the prevalence and …

Mr Perfusion In Acute Ischemic Stroke And Neurovascular Conditions: Utilization, Diagnostic Yield, And Implications For Management From An 11-Year Health System Analysis, Richard Julian Lozano

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Purpose: Cerebral ischemic infarct results in a rapidly developing core of infarcted brain tissue surrounded by hypoxic but potentially salvageable tissue known as a penumbra. MR perfusion (MRP) is an uncommonly used technique that can be used to define ischemic core and penumbra; its utilization, diagnostic yield, and impact on management, however, are not well-described. This study aims to delineate the use of MRP in acute ischemic stroke and related neurovascular conditions.Methods: This retrospective study examines approximately 11 years of patient encounters (January 1, 2014- November 11, 2024) from a single health system to identify all cases where MR perfusion …

The Deepfake Dilemma: Fake Images, Real Victims, And The Legal Void In Addressing Non-Consensual Deepfake Pornography, Elizabeth A. Safaryn

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

This Note evaluates the various legal remedies available to victims of non-consensual deepfake pornography. As deepfakes are a relatively new but rapidly advancing technology, it is difficult for the law to keep up with the mass creation and distribution of AI-generated images on the Internet. With the competing interest of constitutionally protected speech, current deepfake laws fail to address non-consensual intimate image sharing (NCII) explicitly and lack the necessary deterrent effect to curb their proliferation. With an initial background on deepfakes and machine learning, this Note then explores the strained relationship between the First Amendment and the available civil remedies …

Passive Communication Across Diverse Swarm Formations And Scales Utilizing Wake Signatures For Messaging And Object Inference, Bryan Varela

Open Access Master's Theses

Passive wake signatures in fluid flows can support perception and low-rate communication in swarms. In cluttered or contested underwater environments, conventional acoustic, radio, and optical links can be power-hungry, intermittent, or undesirable when low observability is required. Wake-mediated cues offer a local, directional channel that does not require line of sight because each agent naturally sheds coherent vortices that persist downstream and can be sampled by followers with only a small number of probes.

This study evaluates whether sparse downstream probes are sufficient to infer agent attributes and decode simple messages from wakes generated by established source shapes. Computational fluid …

Sauce For The Gander: The False Symmetry Of Myths And Stereotypes Against The Accused In Sexual Assault Trials, Janine Benedet

Dalhousie Law Journal

As sexual assault laws evolved to be expressed in sex-neutral language, so too have arguments relating to myths and stereotypes in the context of sexual offences. This article evaluates the argument that myths and stereotypes, traditionally a reflection of systemic discrimination against female complainants in rape trials, also operate against male accused. Understood correctly, this trend repackages anti-feminist backlash to early equality reform efforts, ultimately working to revive the belief that women’s accusations of sexual assault are often false. The Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in R v Kruk affirms that this historical context matters when it comes to claims …

The Criminalization Of Black Friendship, Kinship And Belonging, Reakash Walters

Dalhousie Law Journal

This paper posits that the Canadian state's attempt to target organized crime through the Criminal Code's criminal organization provisions has led to the criminalization of everyday expressions of Black life, including the criminalization of Black friendship. The statutory architecture of the regime incentivizes criminal legal actors with limited contiguity to Black culture to conflate bids for connection, association, and friendship within Black communities as gang activity.

Before the criminal organization provisions were enacted, Canada had no legacy of directly criminalizing organized crime. Localized violence in Quebec during the mid-1990s led to rushed amendments to the Criminal Code to target biker …

Healthcare Discrimination Under The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms, Mélisande Charbonneau-Gravel, Sébastien Jodoin, Siobhan O’Connell

Dalhousie Law Journal

This paper explores the role that the Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms could and should play in addressing and redressing discrimination in the context of healthcare in Canada. Drawing on landmark as well as recent jurisprudence, we analyze how sections 7 and 15 of the Charter apply to three types of healthcare discrimination: (1) lack of access to healthcare and health services; (2) lower quality of services, and attitudes and biases faced in diagnosis and treatment; and (3) physical, verbal, psychological, and sexual abuse experienced by patients. Our analysis highlights the ongoing, problematic nature of the prevailing interpretations of …

Chapter 13 - Defense Procedures After The Filing Of The Charging Paper And Before Arraignment, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Randy A. Hertz

Trial Manual for the Defense of Criminal Cases

Contains "Checklist of the Steps To Take During the Period Between the Filing of the Charging Paper and Arraignment", with further elaboration in subsequent sections.

Chapter 26 - Motions To Suppress Confessions, Admissions, And Other Statements Of The Defendant, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Randy A. Hertz

Trial Manual for the Defense of Criminal Cases

The doctrines described in this chapter supply grounds for suppressing not only confessions but any statement by the defendant – “whether inculpatory or exculpatory – that the prosecution may seek to introduce at trial” (Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301 n.5 (1980) (emphasis in original); see also Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 476-77 (1966)).

Chapter 35 - Opening Statements, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Randy A. Hertz

Trial Manual for the Defense of Criminal Cases

Immediately after the attorneys announce that they are ready to begin trial and before the first witness is called, the prosecuting and defense attorneys (in that order) are permitted to make opening statements, sometimes called opening arguments or opening speeches.

Chapter 36 - Evidentiary Issues That Are Likely To Arise At Trial, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Randy A. Hertz

Trial Manual for the Defense of Criminal Cases

General rules of evidence applicable in civil cases are also controlling in criminal cases. This chapter’s discussion of evidentiary matters will be limited to a few of the most important problems specific to criminal trials.

Chapter 43 - Closing Arguments, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Randy A. Hertz

Trial Manual for the Defense of Criminal Cases

As a general matter, the closing arguments of the attorneys recapitulate the theories of each party and attempt to justify the inferences and conclusions that each feels should be drawn from the evidence. In almost all jurisdictions, the prosecutor argues first and defense counsel second. In some jurisdictions the prosecutor is always permitted to rebut and thereby have the last word; in other jurisdictions the prosecutor is permitted to rebut only if the defense has presented evidence. Some judges will permit surrebuttal argument by the defense when the prosecutor has obviously sandbagged and reserved most of his or her substantive …

“For Rescuing His Horse”: An Anthrozoological Approach To Dissent In Seventeenth-Century New England, Richard Mcgee

Open Access Master's Theses

The seventeenth-century colonization of New England entailed varying social, political, economic, cultural, and religious processes that were driven by and impacted several peoples. However, the presence of animals is undermentioned. This thesis forms an animal history of seventeenth-century New England, explains how different peoples understood human-animal relations, and evaluates how human-animal connectivity impacted how people conceptualized and conducted settler-colonialism. This thesis especially interrogates why some Puritan colonists limited different understandings of human-animal relations in the 1600s, namely from Indigenous Peoples, Quakers, and dissenting colonists deemed criminals. This thesis proposes that some Puritans restricted different concepts of human-animal relations because those …

Herbivore Cues And Plant Damage-Associated-Compounds Jointly Alter Seed Germination And Seedling Herbivory, Katherine Overstrum

Open Access Master's Theses

While plant defense against herbivory is primarily thought to occur following attack, there is also evidence that plants can detect and respond to pre-attack cues. These cues include chemicals released from damaged conspecifics and kairomones, non-attack-related substances emitted by an herbivore that plants can detect and use to their benefit. It is unknown, however, whether or how plants react to the interaction of these pre-attack cues. We measured germination, growth, and herbivore susceptibility of B. nigra seedlings in an experiment that crossed the presence/absence of crushed B. nigra leaves with the presence/absence of mucus of a generalist herbivore, A. subfuscus …

Adolescent Relationships With Digital Actors And Their Influence In A Classroom Setting: An Interpretive Case Study, Kerry A. Hancock

Theses and Dissertations--Curriculum and Instruction

In this post-COVID-19 society students are strongly influenced by their use of digital text and electronic devices. The assumption of the study was that if students spend time with devices and digital text that it might be possible for them to develop relationships with the non-human actors that exist as part of the learning environments in schools. This  interpretive case study rooted, in Posthumanist ideology, used Latour’s Actor Network Theory to approach data collection.

A comparative approach was adopted for this interpretive case study research and data were collected in three stages: initial classroom observation and analysis to determine the …

Noninvasive Optical Assessment Of Tissue Hemodynamics In Preterm Infants And Mastectomy Skin Flaps, Samaneh Rabienia Haratbar

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

Adequate tissue blood flow and oxygenation are essential for maintaining cellular viability and normal organ function. Disruptions in microvascular perfusion and oxygen delivery contribute to ischemia- and hypoxia-related diseases, including stroke, cancer, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and mastectomy skin flap necrosis. Reliable, noninvasive approaches for assessing tissue hemodynamics are therefore critical for improving diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making, particularly in settings where conventional methods are limited. This dissertation investigates the clinical and physiological importance of measuring tissue blood flow and oxygenation across neonatal and surgical applications using both clinical monitoring and advanced optical imaging techniques. In the first study, high-speed pulse …

The Ache Of Modernism: Death, Affect, And Intersubjectivity In Twentieth-Century American Literature, Alex Gergely

Theses and Dissertations--English

This dissertation suggests that we can locate, describe, and experience death as an aesthetic mood called the ache of modernism. The ache is an atmosphere found in twentieth-century literature that goes beyond simply “positive” or “negative” feeling and encourages audiences to come to an affective and existential relationship with their mortality. As an intersubjective mood deriving from an attunement on death, it illuminates the historical and philosophical moment of many twentieth-century authors while clarifying their texts’ continued resonance today. This project therefore draws on the thought of major philosophers like Emmanuel Levinas, Martin Buber, Gabriel Marcel, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, …

Role Of Estrogen Receptor Alpha In Modulating The Circadian System In Female Mice, Victoria Alvord

Theses and Dissertations--Biology

Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour cycles of physiology and behavior. Circadian rhythms of eating, or meal timing, are linked to cardiometabolic dysfunction in humans. Mistimed eating, such as breakfast skipping and eating late at night, increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in humans. Likewise, disrupted eating rhythms cause obesity in mice. This dissertation investigates how estrogens regulate eating behavior rhythms and tissue clock timing in female mice. Chapter 1 reviews three key components critical to this work. The first is an overview of the field of chronobiology and the function of the circadian system. The second is …

(En)Counter Cartographies: Data Collection, Interpretation, And Visualization In Lexington’S Urban Forest, Claire Hilbrecht

Theses and Dissertations--Geography

This thesis examines how urban forestry data practices shape relationships between people, trees, and knowledge in Lexington, Kentucky. Drawing on political ecology, science and technology studies, and critical making, it argues that conventional methods of data collection, interpretation, and visualization privilege Western scientific and market-based frameworks that often exclude affective, embodied, and more-than-human ways of knowing. Using autoethnography and six semi-structured interviews with urban forestry professionals, the study explores how practitioners experience tensions between treating trees as measurable commodities and engaging them as relational beings. It finds that while urban foresters rely on dominant discourses such as ecosystem services to …

Spatial Marginalization Of Emotional Support: Understanding Animal-Human Dynamics Of Care On College Campuses, Aleksandra Craine

Theses and Dissertations--Geography

In 2015 Kearny-Nebraska court case determined that student campus housing is considered a dwelling and is therefore covered by housing antidiscrimination laws. Since then, increasing numbers of students across U.S. campuses applied to bring an emotional support animal to live with them. Emotional Support Animals (ESAs) are defined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development as “trained or untrained animals that do work, perform tasks, provide assistance, and/or provide therapeutic emotional support for individuals with disabilities.” Persons requesting ESA accommodations usually must provide documentation from a medical provider or therapist. ESAs remain a legally and socially contested category …