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2025

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The Historic Superfund Listing Of The Lukachukai Mountains Mining District, Nadine Padilla Jan 2025

The Historic Superfund Listing Of The Lukachukai Mountains Mining District, Nadine Padilla

Faculty Scholarship

President Biden’s 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law included, among its many provisions, a historic investment of $3.5 billion to be allocated toward cleanups under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as Superfund. This investment will help in addressing the problem of legacy pollution that impacts communities across the country. Approximately $1 billion will go towards clearing the backlog of 49 previously unfunded Superfund sites and will accelerate cleanup at over 85 current Superfund sites. Remaining funds will go towards launching cleanup efforts at 25 new Superfund sites. In a development that aligns with these broader cleanup …


Pattern Integration And Differentiation: Dual Process Model Of Episodic Memory, Hallvard Røe Evensmoen, Lars M. Rimol, Henning Stople Rise, Tor Ivar Hansen, Hamed Nili, Anderson M. Winkler, Asta K. Håberg Jan 2025

Pattern Integration And Differentiation: Dual Process Model Of Episodic Memory, Hallvard Røe Evensmoen, Lars M. Rimol, Henning Stople Rise, Tor Ivar Hansen, Hamed Nili, Anderson M. Winkler, Asta K. Håberg

Human Genetics Publications

The role of precise timing in episodic memory remains obscure. We showed 139 participants episodes consisting of objects, and tested subsequent memory for the precise timing and order of the objects and episodes. Temporal compression of the episode enhanced memory for relative but not absolute timing of the objects’ presentation and their order. Conversely, temporal expansion between neighboring episodes was associated with successful memory for episode order. fMRI in 36 participants revealed that temporal compression of the episode was associated with more similar activation patterns within episodes in several brain regions including the posterior hippocampus. However, the activation pattern in …


Understanding The Mechanisms Of Interpretative Change, Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl Jan 2025

Understanding The Mechanisms Of Interpretative Change, Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl

Faculty Publications

Interpretive methodology changes over time, and we appear to be in a period of particular ferment. In federal statutory interpretation, which is the focus of this Article, several important changes in interpretive methods have occurred in recent decades or are underway. There has been a gradual, decades-long shift away from intentionalist tools like legislative history. In addition, as the culmination of a series of smaller steps, the Supreme Court has just reshaped the doctrine governing deference to agency interpretations, a move that will require years of further clarification. And, although this shift is still taking shape, it appears that some …


A Comparative Analysis Of Hedging And Safe-Haven Properties Of Cryptocurrencies And Commodities, Tari M. Karimo, Ochoche Abraham Jan 2025

A Comparative Analysis Of Hedging And Safe-Haven Properties Of Cryptocurrencies And Commodities, Tari M. Karimo, Ochoche Abraham

CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS)

No abstract provided.


Enhancing Cybersecurity In Smart Education With Deep Learning And Computer Vision: A Survey, Guma Ali, Aziku Samuel, Maad M. Mijwil, Kholoud Al-Mahzoum, Malik Sallam, Ioannis Adamopoulos, Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Indu Bala, Klodian Dhoska, Engin Melekoglu Jan 2025

Enhancing Cybersecurity In Smart Education With Deep Learning And Computer Vision: A Survey, Guma Ali, Aziku Samuel, Maad M. Mijwil, Kholoud Al-Mahzoum, Malik Sallam, Ioannis Adamopoulos, Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Indu Bala, Klodian Dhoska, Engin Melekoglu

Mesopotamian Journal of Computer Science

The rapid digital transformation of education, driven by the widespread adoption of smart devices and online platforms, has ushered in the era of smart education. While this shift enhances learning experiences, it also introduces significant cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of educational resources, student data, and institutional systems. This survey examines how deep learning (DL) and computer vision (CV) techniques can enhance cybersecurity in smart education environments. By reviewing 202 peer-reviewed research papers published between January 2022 and June 2025 across leading publishers such as ACM Digital Library, Frontiers, Wiley Online Library, IGI Global, Nature, Springer, …


Automated Video Colorization Techniques For Enhanced Visual Realism And Computational Efficiency, Zahoor M. Aydam, Nidhal K. El Abbadi Jan 2025

Automated Video Colorization Techniques For Enhanced Visual Realism And Computational Efficiency, Zahoor M. Aydam, Nidhal K. El Abbadi

Mesopotamian Journal of Computer Science

Automatic video colorization remains a challenging computer vision task, particularly when ensuring semantic accuracy and temporal coherence across dynamic, multi-scene content. Existing methods often rely on a single fixed reference image, which fails to adapt to abrupt scene changes or variations in lighting and texture. This study presents a hybrid deep learning framework that dynamically selects multiple reference images per scene using adaptive thresholds derived from the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and deep features extracted via a ResNet50 backbone with Generalized Mean Pooling (GeM). The framework integrates three specialized modules pre-processing, reference image processing, and attention-based colorization—operating in the …


Green Regionalism In World Trade Law, Pasha L. Hsieh Jan 2025

Green Regionalism In World Trade Law, Pasha L. Hsieh

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Multifaceted geopolitical conflicts have led to disruptions in the trade regime and multilateral negotiations. As a paradigm shift, green regionalism has emerged as a new normative process for regional economic frameworks to integrate and operationalize environmental sustainability. The article offers the first interdisciplinary analysis of green regionalism in world trade law. It argues that green regionalism, which has evolved amid various waves of global regionalism, constructs the normative foundation for 'Trade and Sustainability 2.0'. The article employs the concept of recognition in international relations to unveil the motivations and actions of major states in catalyzing green regionalism. Legal and political …


Through The Looking Glass: We All See Ideational Objects Here, J.G. Allen Jan 2025

Through The Looking Glass: We All See Ideational Objects Here, J.G. Allen

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

In this chapter, I explore the property law treatment of cryptoassets—and, presumably, other digital artefacts that are not clearly rights to anything or against anyone. I argue that such artefacts are well described as “ideational objects” and draw together insights from private law theory and social ontology to explore how we should think about complex objects with a social and a technical dimension. I then examine how the law of property can accommodate ideational objects as objects of property rights (including the right of ownership) and dealing such as transfer, and what challenges and implications this poses for the traditional …


Kinesis. La Forma Como Gesto De Transformación, Rosa Pidal Gómez Jan 2025

Kinesis. La Forma Como Gesto De Transformación, Rosa Pidal Gómez

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

Reforma y cambio de uso de la Vivienda con clínica para un médico del arquitecto Luis Blanco-Soler como residencia y lugar de trabajo de un profesional.

La vivienda objeto del presente proyecto, se encuentra situada en el número 10 de la cal le Jorge Manrique, en la ciudad de Madrid. Se trata de una construcción proyectada originalmente por el arquitecto Luis Blanco- Soler durante la década de los años treinta del siglo XX, en el contexto del auge del racional ismo arquitectónico en la capital . La intervención planteada tiene como objetivo principal el acondicionamiento del interior del inmueble para …


Mired In Meyer'S Mischief A Century After Fabrication Of Constitutional Parents' Rights, James G. Dwyer Jan 2025

Mired In Meyer'S Mischief A Century After Fabrication Of Constitutional Parents' Rights, James G. Dwyer

Faculty Publications

The seminal Supreme Court decisions Meyer v. Nebraska and Pierce v. Society of Sisters, now commemorated on their centenary anniversary, are odd doctrinal ducks. They are both still routinely cited as the foundation for ascribing to persons on whom the state has conferred legal parent status a right under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. (According to Westlaw, judicial citation count for Meyer now nears 3000, and secondary-source citations have surpassed 7000.) It is a constitutional right to force states to confer on them greater legal power than the state is otherwise inclined to …


The Alchemist, Ana Heredero Millán Jan 2025

The Alchemist, Ana Heredero Millán

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

La casa fue construida originalmente en la década de 1930 como residencia y clínica para un médico, ubicada en la planta baja con su propia puerta de entrada, separada de la entrada a la vivienda familiar. Según el arquitecto en la revista Nuevas Formas, la casa tuvo que resolver ciertas dificultades decisivas: la relación entre los servicios de la clínica y la vivienda; la forma del terreno, que era desproporcionada en anchura (15,30 metros) en comparación con su longitud (43 metros), y la pendiente longitudinal que presentaba. Debido a su reducida dimensión transversal y la necesidad de separar la …


Reflexión: La Luz Al Servicio De La Materia; Vivienda Para Personas Con Discapacidad Visual, Claudia Manuela De La Cierva Carballo Jan 2025

Reflexión: La Luz Al Servicio De La Materia; Vivienda Para Personas Con Discapacidad Visual, Claudia Manuela De La Cierva Carballo

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo la reforma de una vivienda preexistente, adaptándola a las necesidades de personas con discapacidad visual, mediante el uso consciente y estratégico de la luz y la sombra como recursos fundamentales de diseño. A través de este enfoque, se pretende desarrollar una propuesta arquitectónica que trascienda lo meramente visual, y que incorpore cualidades sensoriales capaces de enriquecer la experiencia espacial de quienes perciben el entorno de forma distinta. Para alcanzar este objetivo general, se plantean una serie de objetivos específicos que guían el desarrollo del proyecto. En primer lugar, se busca …


Troubling Trends: Ada Definition-Of-Disability Cases 2019-2023, Nicole Buonocore Porter Jan 2025

Troubling Trends: Ada Definition-Of-Disability Cases 2019-2023, Nicole Buonocore Porter

Faculty Publications

This empirical Article continues my every-five-year tradition of examining every federal case discussing the definition of disability since the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was amended, effective 2009. The results of this research from the third five-year period (2019–2023) are disappointing in both familiar and surprising ways. Similar to the 2014–2018 period, we continue to see way too many courts incorrectly applying (or not even citing to) the ADA Amendments Act. Moreover, I discovered several new troubling trends in this dataset that raise the possibility that we might be heading toward another backlash against ADA plaintiffs. This Article presents my …


Rebuilding The Foundation: Addressing A Crisis In Juror Participation, Paula Hannaford-Agor Jan 2025

Rebuilding The Foundation: Addressing A Crisis In Juror Participation, Paula Hannaford-Agor

Faculty Publications

Courts are experiencing dramatic decreases in juror response and appearance rates, threatening the future of jury trials and the legitimacy of the American justice system. Effective strategies exist to reverse this trend, if justice system stakeholders are willing to employ them.


Preserving The Future Of Juries And Jury Trials, Paula Hannaford-Agor Jan 2025

Preserving The Future Of Juries And Jury Trials, Paula Hannaford-Agor

Faculty Publications

Amid rapid technological and social change, a new initiative explores how judges, court staff, trial lawyers, and other justice system stakeholders can preserve juries and jury trials, strengthen public trust, and remain a pillar of democracy.

In 2024, the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) launched Preserving the Future of Juries and Jury Trials, a project that built on Just Horizons’ methodological foundation of strategic foresight and its premise that data-driven public services and sociopolitical discord have the greatest potential impact on court operations. For this project, NCSC imagined how these trends would affect juries and jury trials in each …


In Through The Side Door: Anti-Asian Nativism, U.S. Immigration, And Foreign Policy—A Legal History And Case Study, Deenesh Sohoni, Vivian E. Hamilton, Chinua Thelwell Jan 2025

In Through The Side Door: Anti-Asian Nativism, U.S. Immigration, And Foreign Policy—A Legal History And Case Study, Deenesh Sohoni, Vivian E. Hamilton, Chinua Thelwell

Faculty Publications

The 19th- and early 20th-centuries were marked by pervasive anti-Asian sentiment, and antipathy towards people of color more generally. Giving legal effect to the anti-Asian nativism prevalent at the time, U.S. policies prohibited most Asian immigration and naturalization. In particular, immigration laws sought to exclude Asian laborers and working-class immigrants from entry. During the same period, however, the federal government determined that other Asian visitors—especially Chinese government officials, merchants, religious leaders, and students—could be useful in advancing U.S. political and economic interests abroad. Thus, in marked contrast to its inhospitable treatment of their working-class counterparts, U.S. policy facilitated the entry …


Patent Law: An Open-Access Casebook, Sarah Fackrell, Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec, Andres Sawicki Jan 2025

Patent Law: An Open-Access Casebook, Sarah Fackrell, Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec, Andres Sawicki

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Entre.Patios, Alejandro Catelli Jan 2025

Entre.Patios, Alejandro Catelli

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

El diseño biofílico y la Teoría de la Restauración de la Atención ofrecen un marco valioso para comprender cómo la naturaleza puede influir en nuestra salud y bienestar. A medida que la urbanización continúa en aumento, es esencial considerar la integración de elementos naturales en nuestros entornos para promover una vida más saludable y equilibrada. La evidencia sugiere que la naturaleza no solo mejora la estética de los espacios, sino que también tiene beneficios clínicos y psicológicos significativos. La conexión con la naturaleza puede ser un antídoto eficaz contra el estrés, la ansiedad y otros problemas de salud mental, lo …


Entresijos, Carolina Uribe Gómez Jan 2025

Entresijos, Carolina Uribe Gómez

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

El objetivo principal de este proyecto es revisitar las ideas convencionales relacionadas con la cocina y los espacios domésticos desde la perspectiva de la gastronomía. Se plantea el acto de cocinar y comer no solo como una tarea rutinaria y doméstica, sino también como una práctica experimental y comunitaria.

El punto de partida del proyecto toma como referencia dos obras clave: New Babylon, de Constant Nieuwenhuys, y Abitacolo, de Bruno Munari.

  • New Babylon representaba un mundo en el que el trabajo es reemplazado por el juego y la creatividad, y donde la arquitectura se convierte en una estructura …


A Drummer’S House, Elena Ramírez Salas Jan 2025

A Drummer’S House, Elena Ramírez Salas

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

Mi proyecto explora la composición de una casa y un estudio diseñados para un baterista profesional de una banda de rock, inspirado en mi padre y en su grupo.

El diálogo conceptual que elegí representar en el proyecto se basa en los “Llenos y Vacíos”, una inspiración que surgió tras investigar al artista y escritor italiano Bruno Munari (1907-1998) y su juego entre el espacio positivo y negativo, un tema recurrente en su obra. El espacio positivo simboliza objetos y formas reales, mientras que el negativo se asemeja al espacio restante y no utilizado que rodea a esos elementos positivos. …


(Sub)Sequence, Leyre Peña Cañete Jan 2025

(Sub)Sequence, Leyre Peña Cañete

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

(SUB)SEQUENCE es un proyecto que transita entre lo sensorial y lo secuencial; una experiencia espacial construida a partir del ritmo, la percepción sonora y una transformación constante. Inspirado en la figura de Héctor y su universo como DJ y productor, el espacio se organiza como una narrativa fragmentada, donde cada planta representa una etapa emocional y física del recorrido: desde el Kaos inicial, pasando por el Nearest Exit como transición, hasta desembocar en el vacío de Oaks. La arquitectura se convierte así en una fusión entre club, retiro y estudio: un sistema vivo en el que los límites entre lo …


Habitar El Vacío, Nur Puerta Bakour Jan 2025

Habitar El Vacío, Nur Puerta Bakour

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

The way of life that sculptor and writer Assem Al-Basha follows in his everyday routine is the foundation of the interior design of this residence and workshop, and what makes it so unique. His daily rhythm, from waking up at five in the morning to read and catch up on news, especially from the Middle East, to the long hours spent working in the studio (interrupted only by a short nap), and his deep fascination with the garden and the quiet observation of time passing; were the very first clues that made me understand how the space needed to be …


Wakon: Con Corazón Japonés, Al Estilo Occidental., Ana Soto Ibarbia Jan 2025

Wakon: Con Corazón Japonés, Al Estilo Occidental., Ana Soto Ibarbia

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

El objetivo principal de este proyecto es desarrollar una propuesta integral de diseño interior que combine el uso residencial para una familia de cinco miembros con un espacio profesional, despacho o taller, adaptado a una actividad concreta seleccionada por el alumno. Todo ello dentro del marco de una vivienda racionalista madrileña de los años 30, respetando su valor arquitectónico y actualizándolo a las necesidades contemporáneas. Se busca intervenir el interior de forma sensible, tomando como referencia los materiales, acabados y soluciones espaciales del Movimiento Moderno, reinterpretándolos con criterios actuales de funcionalidad, confort y estética. El proyecto abordará la reorganización de …


Muddica, Mercedes Muñoz De Bustillo Morote Jan 2025

Muddica, Mercedes Muñoz De Bustillo Morote

Grado en Diseño de Interiores

Nuestra vivienda, ubicada en la ya conocida Colonia Parque Residencia, entra en un contexto poco común, un barrio diseñado para ser residencial, a escala humana. Además, destacan edificios importantes próximos como El Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, El Instituto-Escuela, en la calle Serrano, o la Residencia de estudiantes de la calle Pinar, a la que se le añadieron el Auditorio y la Biblioteca entre 1931 y 1933. Se trata por tanto, de una zona destinada a viviendas pero con un entorno cultural y educativo importante en la época. Por otro lado, conocemos que la casa sometida a estudio se encuentra …


Developing A Prognostic Panel In Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer; An Immunohistochemical Study With Clinicopathological Correlation, Shaimaa M Yussif, Reham Naguib, Nahed Soliman Jan 2025

Developing A Prognostic Panel In Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer; An Immunohistochemical Study With Clinicopathological Correlation, Shaimaa M Yussif, Reham Naguib, Nahed Soliman

Mansoura Medical Journal

Introduction

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a wide range of clinical, histological, and molecular characteristics. Various diagnostic methods have been used to ascertain prognosis by evaluating various clinicopathological data, such as tumor size, nodal stage, hormone receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status, metastasis, tumor grade and lymphovascular emboli. Accurate substratification of prognostic groups with varying clinical outcomes is needed. This is particularly valid for cases of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to examine the immunohistochemical expression of a set of markers in hormone positive breast carcinoma cases and test …


Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear. A Short-Term Intervention Study, Mohamed Aboelnour Badran, Mohamed H. Eltahery, Abdelrahman Elganiny, Roshdy Mostafa Elsallab Jan 2025

Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear. A Short-Term Intervention Study, Mohamed Aboelnour Badran, Mohamed H. Eltahery, Abdelrahman Elganiny, Roshdy Mostafa Elsallab

Mansoura Medical Journal

Objective To compare the short-term clinical outcomes of partial meniscectomy and anatomical root repair for medial meniscus posterior root tears (MMPRT) in terms of knee function, pain relief, and joint stability. Methods This prospective, randomized case-control study was conducted at Mansoura University’s Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy, and Sports Injuries Unit from February 2016 to August 2018. Sixty-three patients diagnosed with MMPRT were randomized into two groups: 30 underwent arthroscopic root repair (R group) with stable fixation, and 28 underwent partial meniscectomy (M group). Patient evaluation included preoperative and postoperative Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) across pain, symptoms, activities of …


Improvement Of Back Pain After Intraoperative Sacroiliac Injection During L5-S1 Fixation: A Randomized Controlled Retrospective Study, Mohamed Ali Abbas, Ahmed Zaghlol, Ayman M Ismail, Hamdy Nabwi, Mohamed Ismail, Ahmed Sameh Nada, Mona Mokhtar, Ahmed Shaker Elakhras Jan 2025

Improvement Of Back Pain After Intraoperative Sacroiliac Injection During L5-S1 Fixation: A Randomized Controlled Retrospective Study, Mohamed Ali Abbas, Ahmed Zaghlol, Ayman M Ismail, Hamdy Nabwi, Mohamed Ismail, Ahmed Sameh Nada, Mona Mokhtar, Ahmed Shaker Elakhras

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is a common complication following lumbar spinal fusion. The purpose of this research was to determine how effective intraoperative SIJ injection in preventing low back pain after L5-S1 fixation procedures. Methods: This randomized controlled retrospective study was performed on 70 individuals who underwent L5-S1 fixation and were classified equally into two groups: Group A intraoperative SIJ injection was performed, while Group B did not. Pain incidence, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) rates were assessed preoperatively and at 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months postsurgery. Results: At 6 months, …


Study Of Prevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Some Renal ‎Diseases In Children: Is There An Association?‎, Rowida Mokhtar Abdoullah, Sherine M. Elzeiny, Nora I. Aboulfotouh, Ayman M. Hammad Jan 2025

Study Of Prevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Some Renal ‎Diseases In Children: Is There An Association?‎, Rowida Mokhtar Abdoullah, Sherine M. Elzeiny, Nora I. Aboulfotouh, Ayman M. Hammad

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Toxoplasmosis, a widespread protozoal disease caused by the obligatory intracellular Toxoplasma gondii (TG). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease characterized by progressive damage and loss in kidney functions. End stage renal disease (ESRD) is known as CKD with GFR less than 15ml/min. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is defined as heavy proteinuria that ultimately ends in hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and generalized edema. Patients with CKD and ESRD are immune compromised so more liable to increased incidence of infections, especially opportunistic infections. Nephrotic syndrome ,90% of cases, is of unknown etiology but some papers suggest toxoplasmosis as a cause. Aim: To evaluate …


Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 As A Biomarker For Detection Of Albuminuria And Retinopathy Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Amr Y. El Feky, Yehia M. Ghanem, Talaat A. Abdelaaty, Magdy M. Elbordeny, Rabab H. Neanaa Jan 2025

Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 As A Biomarker For Detection Of Albuminuria And Retinopathy Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Amr Y. El Feky, Yehia M. Ghanem, Talaat A. Abdelaaty, Magdy M. Elbordeny, Rabab H. Neanaa

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are prevalent microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this study was to examine the potential relevance of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1) as a marker of DKD and DR in cases who have T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been performed among 60 cases with T2DM. They were subdivided into 30 patients with albuminuria and 30 patients without albuminuria. Sociodemographic data, fundus examination, laboratory investigations involving fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, creatinine, and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) have been …


Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Tpo Ab) Can Be Used As A Marker For Persistence Of Symptoms Of Hypothyroidism In Patients With Primary Hypothyroidism Despite Normal Tsh Level: Cross-Sectional Study, Gehad Mohamed Aldamsisy, Mohamed Ghoniem Mohamed, Mohammed Mofreh, Ahmed Albehairy Jan 2025

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Tpo Ab) Can Be Used As A Marker For Persistence Of Symptoms Of Hypothyroidism In Patients With Primary Hypothyroidism Despite Normal Tsh Level: Cross-Sectional Study, Gehad Mohamed Aldamsisy, Mohamed Ghoniem Mohamed, Mohammed Mofreh, Ahmed Albehairy

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Primary hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalent endocrine conditions. Some hypothyroid patients treated with an acceptable dose of levothyroxine report continuing symptoms including fatigue, depression, and weight gain, despite having a TSH level in the lower half of the normal range. Aim to evaluate why some hypothyroid patients on levothyroxine continue to have residual symptoms despite apparently adequate replacement& laboratory euthyroid status? Patients and methods 111 Adult male and female ranging from (18-65) years with primary hypothyroidism and normal TSH taking adequate levothyroxine dose were divided into 2 groups. Group1: Hypothyroid patients with persistent symptoms despite normal TSH …