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International Claims Commissions As Reparations, Chiara Giorgetti

Law Faculty Publications

Breaches of international law have consequences. Under the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, the international responsibility of a state triggered by its internationally wrongful acts entails specific legal consequences, including the obligation to provide“full reparation” for the injury caused. However, obtaining reparations in the current international legal system often proves difficult. Existing international courts and tribunals often lack the jurisdiction to provide full reparations, especially when there are multiple and complex violations that caused injuries to numerous and diverse parties. International claims commissions can be effective instruments to provide reparations in such circumstances, including in …

The Administrative State's Second Face, Emily R. Chertoff, Jessica Bulman-Pozen

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

We often assume that there is one administrative state, with one body of administrative law that governs it. In fact, the administrative state has two distinct faces: one turned toward regulation and benefits distribution, and one turned toward physical force and surveillance. The two faces are growing further apart under the Roberts Court, which has hemmed in the first face with decisions like Loper Bright while showing solicitude for national security and law enforcement agencies.

This Article delineates the two faces of the administrative state. It provides a descriptive account of the second face and the distinctive administrative law that …

Quackery Unmask’D: Defining Quackery In English And American Vernacular Medical Works, C. 1600-1800, Katherine Rose Horan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis argues that, from 1600 to 1800, healers in both England and America conceptualized quackery through an evolving understanding of what made a medical practitioner “acceptable.” Through a close examination of vernacular medical print published in both England and America throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this thesis complicates earlier understandings of quackery as being disconnected from politics and social biases. Instead, medical authors used social position—specifically gender, race, and religion—and medical philosophy as ways to identify quacks. In England, the Royal College of Physicians used quackery to delegitimize their opponents, while critics of the College did the same. …

Corporeal Property And The Limits Of Nagpra, M. Alexander Pearl

Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

“It’S An Honor To Be In This Body”: A Black Feminist Grounded Theory Of Embodiment Among Black Womxn Yoga Practitioners (Bwyps), Natalie Malone

Theses and Dissertations--Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology

Black womxn (i.e., individuals whose experiences align with Black girlhood/womanhood or whose bodies are perceived as Black, female, womanly, femme, or a combination) experience significant health and well-being challenges that may hinder their embodiment. Yoga is a complementary therapy that may help Black womxn improve their embodiment. This dissertation qualitatively explores the processes Black womxn yoga practitioners (BWYPs) engage in to cultivate positive embodiment. Participants were N=30 Black womxn who were short- (≤ five years; n=11), medium- (five–10 years; n=10), and long-term (>11 years; n=9) yoga practitioners. Participants completed individual interviews as part of the …

High Throughput, Solid Sample Analysis With Cone-Based Mass Spectrometric Ionization Sources, Emily J. Wiggins

Theses and Dissertations

The widespread presence of environmental and consumer-product contaminants (e.g. trace metals, opium alkaloids) has underscored the need for rapid, reliable, and high-throughput analytical techniques that are capable of handling complex solid samples. While traditional mass spectrometric (MS) methods tend to have high sensitivity and accuracy, they often require labor-intensive and time-consuming sample preparation steps that limit throughput and field applicability. This thesis investigates the use of 3D-Printed Cone Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (3D-PCSI-MS) as an ambient ionization technique for the direct screening of contaminants from solid matrices, eliminating the need for traditional sample preparation and allowing for real-time analysis.

In …

From Columbia To Usc, Palestine Will Be Free: Capturing The Palestinian Student Narrative, Deena Ata

Theses and Dissertations

In 2024, student groups across colleges organized encampments demanding their institutions cut financial and academic ties with Israel and the Israeli military, a call rooted in resistance to the ongoing occupation and violence against Palestinians. These student-led actions were met with harsh retaliation from university administrations and state authorities, including graduation deferments, suspensions, censorship, and arrests. Clear attempts to silence dissent and suppress Palestinian solidarity. This study centers the voices of Palestinian college students by examining their lived experiences and counter-narratives in the face of backlash, anti-Palestinian rhetoric, and institutionalized acts of disenfranchisement. Their stories reveal how repression of pro-Palestine …

Marks Of Heritage: Chicana Tattoo Artists Navigating Gender, Culture, And Artistic Expression In "Men's Work", Ryleigh Hickman

Theses and Dissertations

Art, and tattoos especially, have been fundamental in creating and articulating an identity for Chicanos within the United States. Yet, for much of the history of Chicano style tattoos, Chicana/xs were not free to engage with them in the same way that Chicanos were. In many regards, their entrance into these spaces was restricted (Santos 2009). However, recently with the growing interest in tattoo art and career opportunities, the industry has expanded significantly, creating more opportunities for a broader range of individuals. This research aims to explore how young Chicana/x and Latina tattoo artists now accessing these spaces navigate and …

Civilian Manufacturing And National Defense: Strategic Planning For Globalization's Challenges, Izeck Kohler

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

This thesis examines the interconnection between civilian manufacturing and national defense within the context of globalization. The study aims to identify the challenges faced by the United States in maintaining its manufacturing capabilities and to propose strategic solutions to address these challenges. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical data, case studies, and policy recommendations, the research highlights the critical role of specialized and process manufacturing sectors towards national defense. The findings suggest that the creation of a federal executive department, strategic investment, diversification, policy re-evaluation, and collaborating with allies are essential for sustaining national defense capabilities. The study concludes with …

Ski Jumpers From Kongsberg, Norway, Dominated Competition 1938 - Ruud Brothers Tour The Country Demonstrating Their Ski Jumping Skills, John W. Lundin

Works by Local Authors

This essay was written for the Norsk Bergverksmuseum (Norwegian Mining Museum) in

Kongsberg, Norway to provide a brief history of some of the ski jumpers from that small town

who competed in the U.S. and dominated the sport from the 1920s through the 1940s. This was

known as the Kongsberg Era, and the Kongsberg technique of ski jumping, developed by the

Ruud brothers, was the style used by most competitors.

In summer 2025, Mining museum staff contacted the Washington State Ski and

Snowboard Museum seeking information about ski jumping trophies in their collections that

were won by Kongsbergers in tournaments …

Being Pregnant In Someone Else's Body, Jennifer S. Hendricks

Publications

No abstract provided.

Toward Objectivity In International Criminal Law: Modeling Genocide, Kevin Chamow

Student Works

No abstract provided.

From War To Walls: U.S. Intervention And The Rise Of Carceral Society In El Salvador, Xochitl Granados

Honors Theses

This thesis examines the historical and contemporary impact of US foreign policy on El Salvador’s security landscape. El Salvador’s gang crisis, largely driven by the deportation of gang members from the US in the 1990s, is rooted in a complex history shaped by US intervention during the Salvadoran civil war, which intensified political, social, and economic inequalities. These inequalities, along with the rise of international gangs such as La Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and 18th Street, have contributed to El Salvador’s ongoing security challenges. This thesis demonstrates how US involvement in the Salvadoran civil war indirectly fueled the growth of gang …

Project Tackle 12 Years Of Cia And Taiwanese Joint Reconnaissance Overflights, Maximilian Digiovanni

Honors Theses and Capstones

Project TACKLE was a joint collaborative project between the CIA and the Taiwanese government to facilitate U-2 spy plane missions flown by Taiwanese pilots over China. These missions, conducted from 1962 to 1974, provide critical insights regarding the US and Taiwan’s fluctuating relationship during this period. TACKLE missions played a crucial role in informing policymakers on a variety of subjects, such as the progress of China’s rapidly evolving nuclear weapons program. This paper situates the TACKLE missions within the broader political context of their time to highlight the constant prioritization challenge that plagued the program.

Machine Gun History And Bibliography, David B. Kopel

Wyoming Law Review

This Article provides an introductory history of machine guns and books about them. First, the Article describes federal machine gun laws and regulations, and related legal resources. Then the Article presents the historical development of machine guns from 1862 to the present, covering the various types of machine guns: heavy, medium, light, general purpose, submachine gun, machine pistol, and assault rifle. The first machine gun to achieve broad commercial success was the Gatling gun, invented during the American Civil War. Although the Gatling had little effect on that war, shortly thereafter the Gatling gun and other manual machine guns started …

Journey To Understanding — An Introduction To North Dakota Tribes (2025), Cheryl Ann Kary Née Red Eagle, Sunshine Archambault-Carlow, Emma Jean Blue Earth, Carol Davis, Linda Gourneau, Oliver Gourd, Eugene Hale, David Henderson, Marilyn Hudson, Angeline Fourth Iron Road, Demus Mcdonald, Jt Shining One Side, Scott Simpson, Sharla Steever, Nicholas Asbury, Sashay Schettler, Lucy Fredericks, Native American Training Institute, United Tribes Technical College

North Dakota Tribal History and Culture Series

Journey to Understanding: An Introduction to North Dakota Tribes is an introductory booklet intended to give a quick overview of Indigenous culture in North Dakota. It is a starting point for the rest of the North Dakota Tribal History & Culture series. The booklet explains the names and backgrounds of the nations that share geography with North Dakota. It also teaches basic cultural competency to facilitate interaction for people from a different background. The content is presented in the form of self-quizzes with provided answers. Journey to Understanding was originally used within the North Dakota Department of Human Services (NDDHS) …

Can Eastern Wisdom Solve Western Problems? A Book Review On Sun Tzu’S “The Art Of War”, Tian Qin

Health Care Administration Faculty Research

This paper explores how Eastern philosophical wisdom, specifically Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, can be applied to address modern Western organizational challenges. By drawing parallels between Sun Tzu’s military strategies and Bolman and Deal’s (2008) organizational theory—particularly the structural, political, and human resource frames—the review highlights how strategic evaluation, environmental awareness, and adaptive leadership can drive success in contemporary institutions. It critically examines Sun Tzu’s authoritative leadership style and its limitations, while emphasizing the continued relevance of strategic thinking, stakeholder analysis, and resource management in complex organizations such as higher education. The analysis suggests that while some of Sun …

In Brief, Case Western Reserve University School Of Law

In Brief

Table of Contents

• Message from the Dean
• Specialty Programs Ranked Among the Best
• AI Certification Requirement
• Curricular Enhancements
• New Faculty Members
• Scholarly Impact
• Conferences and Lectures
• A New Era for Business Law at CWRU
• Meet the New Class
• News from the Kramer Law Clinic
• Impactful Student Initiatives
• Mock Trial and Moot Court Success
• Alumni Spotlight
• Society of Benchers
• Alumni Committees
• Class Notes
• In Memoriam
• Honor Roll of Donors

Agonistic Federalism, Aziz Z. Huq, Zachary D. Clopton

Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers

It’s been called the “oldest question” of American constitutional law: How does the national government deal with its sovereign subnational states? Judges and scholars have tried to capture this dynamic via theories of “dual federalism,” “process federalism,” “cooperative federalism,” or “federalism by integration.” But all these models suddenly seem to have superseded, and even perhaps rendered obsolete, by an unexpected step-change in the intensity of federal-state conflicts. In the place of longstanding federalism models, this article demonstrates, an underappreciated form of intergovernmental relations has emerged. We call this model “agonistic federalism.” The article’s aim is to introduce and theorize this …

Preventing Chemical And Biological Attacks: Enhanced Threats Requiring Enhanced Solutions, Alex Elliot Ottoni-Belval

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Chemical weapons (CW) and biological weapons (BW) are becoming more dangerous for experts to employ and more accessible to amateurs. Despite CW and BW attacks throughout history that killed and maimed millions of people, the international community has failed to establish meaningful consequences to prevent them. Agreements such as the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention vow to eliminate and reduce the effects of CWs and BWs but lack respected response precedents and capabilities. The limited and inconsistent enforcement has inadvertently allowed CWs and BWs to become plausible weapons, especially to gain asymmetric advantages, while modern developments exasperate …

A Novel Deterrence Strategy: Denial Through Space And Cyberspace, Nathan A. Heard

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

The United States faces numerous security threats now and in the coming decades. Authoritarian and revisionist powers such as China and Russia, along with regional proxies, are destabilizing the international order. The ability of the United States to adequately address these present and future threats is constrained by conventional and nuclear forces in need of recapitalization, a rising national deficit, disagreements over the direction of U.S. foreign policy, and a defense industrial enterprise that has its roots in the Cold War. In a multi-peer threat environment, this situation erodes U.S. credibility and is an invitation for aggression. Coercion, coordinated multi-theater …

Indopacom Force Structure: A Trajectory Into The 2030s, Robert Burke

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Over the past ten years Taiwan has become a major point of friction between the United States and People’s Republic of China with both militaries preparing for a potential conflict over the island. China vastly expanded its military forces and capabilities over the past thirty years and is intent on obtaining the ability to both seize Taiwan by force and prevent the United States from generating enough combat power to intervene and defend the island. The Pentagon began to restructure its conventional forces in the Western Pacific at the end of the 2010s, implementing new operational concepts designed to fight …

A Study Of Collegiate Equine Team Funding, Expenditures, And Recruitment Strategies, Sydni Marie Nilles

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Collegiate equine teams (including horse judging, equestrian, ranch horse teams) have been recognized for their contributions to students' personal and professional development for post- graduation success. Teams have been used to provide opportunities, a sense of belonging and allow for experiences students may not have elsewhere. However, there is a notable gap in knowledge as to where funding comes from and how much teams may be able to budget for expenditures. Recruitment tactical knowledge provides other teams with knowledge of potential areas they may be lacking or unaware of. I used an online survey to understand current ranges of support …

Emerging Technology And U.S. Presidential War Powers, Blaine D. Ravert

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Autonomous weapons, anti-satellite weapons (ASAT)s, cyber operations, and drones, among other examples of emerging and advanced technologies, have produced changes in how the United States (U.S.) conducts military operations. This thesis argues these technologies are connected by three common features that make U.S. congressional oversight of their usage by U.S. presidents more challenging. First, these systems enable U.S. presidents to act with increased speed, giving the U.S. Congress less time to respond. Second, some legal arguments suggest many uses of these technologies will not implicate war powers related authorities. Third, the legally unsettled nature of these weapons makes it more …

Energy Weaponization In The Ukraine–Russia War: Sanctions, Rerouting Flows, And Implications For Smaller States, Aysel Quliyeva

Journal of Strategic Security

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine intensified the use of energy as a geopolitical weapon, transforming global energy markets and testing the resilience of states dependent on Russian oil and gas. This study examines the mechanisms of energy weaponization in the context of the Ukraine-Russia war, with particular emphasis on sanctions, the rerouting of energy flows, and the strategic implications for smaller states. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of energy security, hybrid warfare, and small-state vulnerability, the paper integrates policy analysis with trade and price data from 2014 to 2024. The findings reveal that sanctions accelerated Russia’s eastward energy pivot, …

Sea Denial: The Ukrainian Case Study And The Future Of Naval Warfare, Jithin Raveendran

Journal of Strategic Security

This article examines Ukraine’s maritime campaign in the Black Sea as a contemporary case study in sea denial against a conventionally superior navy. Despite lacking a blue-water fleet, Ukraine effectively contested Russia’s naval dominance through an integrated use of land-based anti-ship missiles, unmanned surface vehicles, special operations, and real-time intelligence—including support from Western ISR assets. High-profile incidents such as the sinking of the Moskva and sustained strikes on Sevastopol illustrate how denial can be achieved without parity in platforms or tonnage, reaffirming and extending insights from theorists such as Milan Vego, Ian Speller, and Sam Tangredi. While Ukraine’s methods build …

A Legal Herstory Of Wwii ‘Comfort Women’— Chapters: Past, Present, And Beyond, Linny Kit Tong Ng

UC Law SF Journal on Gender and Justice

No abstract provided.

Transatlantic Solidarity In The Shadow Of The Russian–Ukrainian War: A Neorealist Explanation, Lorenzo Cladi

School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences

The threat posed by Russia, which was exposed most clearly following the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, provided the impetus to strengthen solidarity among the transatlantic allies. Notable consequences included a renewed sense of purpose for NATO and the strengthening of the EU’s resolve in responding to a crisis in its backyard and a willingness by many European states to do more to contribute to defence. Whilst there is apparent unity of intent in supporting Ukraine in the long term, this article argues that solidarity rests upon a familiar working pattern in transatlantic relations. This can be elucidated most …

Banking On Empire: Citibank, Haiti, And The Fight For Corporate Accountability, Nell W. Fitzgerald

Fordham International Law Journal

For over a century, Citibank has exerted profound influence over Haiti’s financial system, embedding itself in the country’s economy through coercive debt structures and strategic alliances with the US military. This Note examines Citibank’s historical role in Haiti’s financial subjugation, from its facilitation of the 1915 US occupation to its monopolization of Haiti’s banking system and its abrupt departure in 2024. Through a legal analysis of potential avenues for redress—such as the Alien Tort Statute and unjust enrichment—the Note reveals how existing frameworks fail to hold corporations such as Citibank accountable for historical economic exploitation. While international law provides only …

Challenges To Economic Sanctions In The U.S. Courts, Christine Abely

Fordham International Law Journal

The start of the new Trump term has made more salient calls to amend the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA)1 to place limitations on the use of economic sanctions by the executive branch. Though the first Trump administration and the Biden administration both used sanctions in large numbers, they did so in very different manners. This Essay explores the use of sanctions by President Biden and President Trump. It also details the grounds upon which sanctions may be subject to challenges in US courts, and the limits of the US judiciary to impose meaningful restraints on the executive’s use …