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2025

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Youth Views On Health Content, Ads, And Messages On Social Media, Christina Tong Jan 2025

Youth Views On Health Content, Ads, And Messages On Social Media, Christina Tong

Public Health Theses

This study aims to investigate youth perspectives on nutrition and healthism-related content, promotions, and messaging on social media. With the growing usage and impact of social media, especially in younger generations, it is important to recognize how social media may influence types of exposures and messaging of nutrition, weight management, and supplement-related content that youth are exposed to, which can, in turn, influence their perceptions on health and healthy lifestyles. These perspectives can then initiate engagement in helpful or harmful health behaviors. Through a qualitative analysis of focus group and interview responses of 29 Massachusetts teenagers, emerging themes were about: …


Risk Factors Of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Rsv) Infection In Infants: A Study Using New York State Inpatient And Outpatient Databases, Mengjing Yang Jan 2025

Risk Factors Of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Rsv) Infection In Infants: A Study Using New York State Inpatient And Outpatient Databases, Mengjing Yang

Public Health Theses

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the main cause of respiratory diseases in infants, but the sociodemographic differences in RSV risk have not been fully understood for New York State infants within the first two years of life. This study aims to investigate the distribution and risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children under 2 years old in New York State.We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the data from the New York State Inpatient Database (SID) and the State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) from 2016 to 2019. Analyze sociodemographic characteristics, including birth weight, gender, …


A Learning Pantry: Developing Nutrition Education Materials For Bowling Green State University's Falcon Food Pantry, Madelyn Huzyak Jan 2025

A Learning Pantry: Developing Nutrition Education Materials For Bowling Green State University's Falcon Food Pantry, Madelyn Huzyak

Honors Projects

Food insecurity is a significant problem in the United States, especially among university students. In order to mitigate this issue at Bowling Green State University, the Falcon Food Pantry was established in January 2022. Clients may visit the campus pantry once per week during the regular academic calendar year to select food, hygiene, and household items. In an effort to promote self-efficacy and general nutrition knowledge among the pantry clients, informational materials and corresponding digital versions were created and implemented in the pantry during the Summer 2022 semester. Topics include recipes, nutritional benefits of foods, and strategies for cost-effective food …


Astrovascular Decoupling In Awake 5×Fad Mice Is Associated With Reduced Astrocytic Calcium, Ruei-Lung Lin, Sophiya L. Sims, Nicholas A. Wright, Léopoldine B. Galopin, Blaine Weiss, Susan D. Kraner, Jacquelyn E. Rhinehart, Ting-Hsuan Lu, Pradoldej Sompol, Christopher M. Norris, Olivier Thibault Jan 2025

Astrovascular Decoupling In Awake 5×Fad Mice Is Associated With Reduced Astrocytic Calcium, Ruei-Lung Lin, Sophiya L. Sims, Nicholas A. Wright, Léopoldine B. Galopin, Blaine Weiss, Susan D. Kraner, Jacquelyn E. Rhinehart, Ting-Hsuan Lu, Pradoldej Sompol, Christopher M. Norris, Olivier Thibault

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

INTRODUCTION

Evidence points to dysregulated Ca2+ in neurons and astrocytes in models of amyloidosis. While most of these data were obtained in vitro or in vivo under anesthesia, less work has investigated these variables in awake ambulating mice.

METHODS

Astrocytic Ca2+ fluctuations (GCaMP8f) were imaged concomitantly with vasoreactivity in S1 on a two-photon microscope during rest and ambulation. Single-cell resolution variables were extracted using continuous wavelet transform and traditional ΔF/F measures.

RESULTS

Along with increases in amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, we found significant reductions in measures of astrocyte functional connectivity, pairwise correlations, and network synchronicity in older 5×FAD …


Impact Of Overwinter Gain On Growth And Reproductive Performance In March-Born Heifers, Josie N. Crouch, J. Travis Mulliniks, Jacki A. Musgrave, Kacie L. Mccarthy Jan 2025

Impact Of Overwinter Gain On Growth And Reproductive Performance In March-Born Heifers, Josie N. Crouch, J. Travis Mulliniks, Jacki A. Musgrave, Kacie L. Mccarthy

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Summary with Implications

Heifers developed to lower rates of overwinter gain may reduce development costs without growth and reproduction impacted. A 3-year study was conducted to evaluate different overwinter rates of gain on heifer growth rates, reproductive, and economic performance. Heifers were managed together and individually supplemented (January-May) with dried distillers grains to achieve either a low (0.75 lb/d) or high (1.50 lb/d) average daily gain. At breeding, high gain heifers were heavier than low gain heifers. Average daily gain and body condition score were similar between treatments. Overwinter treatment did not impact attainment of puberty, pregnancy rates, or the …


Interaction Of Backgrounding System And Implant Use On Growing Calf Performance, Sydney T. Vanderhoff, Braden C. Troyer, Rebecca L. Mcdermott, Mitchell M. Norman, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Galen E. Erickson, Mary E. Drewnoski, James C. Macdonald Jan 2025

Interaction Of Backgrounding System And Implant Use On Growing Calf Performance, Sydney T. Vanderhoff, Braden C. Troyer, Rebecca L. Mcdermott, Mitchell M. Norman, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Galen E. Erickson, Mary E. Drewnoski, James C. Macdonald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Summary with Implications

A two-year study utilized 480 weaned steers each year targeted to gain either 1 or 2 lb/d during the winter followed by ad libitum forage intake during the summer to determine the effects of winter rate of gain and implant strategy during the winter backgrounding and summer phases on steer performance, forage intake, and compensatory gain. During the winter, steers received a Revalor-G or no implant. In the summer, steers either received a Revalor-IS or no implant. The use of Revalor-G and increased rate of gain during the winter backgrounding phase had additive effects to increase animal …


2025 Beef Cattle Report Jan 2025

2025 Beef Cattle Report

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cow-calf Nutrition, Reproduction, and Management

Artificial Insemination of Beef Heifers with Multi-sire Semen, Dempster M. Christenson, Jordan M. Thomas, Daniel J. Kelly, Rick N. Funston

Impact of Overwinter Gain on Growth and Reproductive Performance in March- born Heifers, Josie N. Crouch, J. Travis Mulliniks, Jacki A. Musgrave, Kacie L. McCarthy

Impact of Pre- and Post-breeding Supplementation on Performance of May-born Heifers, Josie N. Crouch, J. Travis. Mulliniks, Jacki A. Musgrave, Kacie L. McCarthy

Growing Calf and Yearling Management

Effects of Allocation Frequency on Cattle Performance and Forage Utilization when Swath Grazing a Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid in Eastern Nebraska, Thomas E. Aquino, …


A Complex Case Of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma In A Patient With Multisystem Complications Leading To Acute Cerebral Infarctions And Debility, Genevieve Mccloskey, Radhika Mohan, Michael A. Smith Jan 2025

A Complex Case Of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma In A Patient With Multisystem Complications Leading To Acute Cerebral Infarctions And Debility, Genevieve Mccloskey, Radhika Mohan, Michael A. Smith

South Atlantic Division GME Research Day 2025

No abstract provided.


Graduate Catalog Of Studies, 2025, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville Jan 2025

Graduate Catalog Of Studies, 2025, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Graduate School Catalog of Studies

No abstract provided.


Icipe Vision And Strategy 2026-2030, International Centre Of Insect Physiology And Ecology (Icipe) Jan 2025

Icipe Vision And Strategy 2026-2030, International Centre Of Insect Physiology And Ecology (Icipe)

icipe Vision & Strategy

VISION AND STRATEGY

2026 – 2030

“Impacting Nature and Society with Insect Science Solutions for Food, Health and Climate Resilience”


The Budget, Fiscal Year 2025-2026, Tennessee. Department Of Finance And Administration Jan 2025

The Budget, Fiscal Year 2025-2026, Tennessee. Department Of Finance And Administration

Budget Volume 1

This document is the final budget for the coming fiscal year.


Cronyism In Creating Chronic Disease—A Path To Food Justice, Martha Leonard Jan 2025

Cronyism In Creating Chronic Disease—A Path To Food Justice, Martha Leonard

St. Thomas Law Review

Central to this discussion is a quote often attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates: “Let food be thy medicine, and medicine be thy food.” Today, physicians recognize the crucial role of diet in maintaining good health and preventing chronic disease, but U.S. laws fail to reflect this understanding. The health field has seen significant progress in scientific research on pathology; however, nutritional research presents a challenging and contradictory landscape. Corporate influence in scientific research leads to a lack of consensus on the most optimal diet for promoting general health, presenting a challenge for policymaking. The dark reality is that …


Demanding Or Dodging Death: Reconciling The Inconsistencies In Medicine, Katherine Drabiak Jan 2025

Demanding Or Dodging Death: Reconciling The Inconsistencies In Medicine, Katherine Drabiak

Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy

No abstract provided.


Arkansas Football, 2025, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Athletics Media Relations Jan 2025

Arkansas Football, 2025, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Athletics Media Relations

Arkansas Football

No abstract provided.


Know Thyself: A Model For Integrating Gifted Research Into The Honors First-Year Seminar, Jodi Meadows Jan 2025

Know Thyself: A Model For Integrating Gifted Research Into The Honors First-Year Seminar, Jodi Meadows

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

As this monograph demonstrates, numerous first-year honors seminars exist to address the various needs of honors first-year students. Each institution has its own curricular goals and emphases. The FYS example from the Gordon & Judy Dutile Honors Program at Southwest Baptist University is one way to create a student-focused, research-based seminar that encourages growth in metacognition, connections within the honors community, and instruction in research skills by integrating gifted education research regarding the academic, psychological, and social concerns of gifted students. Regardless of the setting, honors educators have a rich resource in gifted education research that can be used to …


Reflections And Gratitude: The Journal Of Food Law & Policy From A Twenty-Year Perspective, Margie Alsbrook Jan 2025

Reflections And Gratitude: The Journal Of Food Law & Policy From A Twenty-Year Perspective, Margie Alsbrook

Articles

Twenty years after the Journal of Food Law & Policy published its first issue, I find myself looking back with deep gratitude for the people who helped create it, for the students who sustained it, and for the community that continues to make it thrive. What began as an untested idea has grown into a respected publication and a cornerstone of a still-growing field. This essay is both a reflection on that journey and a heartfelt thank-you to everyone who made it possible.


2025-2026 Graduate Msn-Fnp Handbook, Morehead State University. Nursing Department. Jan 2025

2025-2026 Graduate Msn-Fnp Handbook, Morehead State University. Nursing Department.

Nursing Department Publications Archive

2025-2026 Graduate Student Handbook for the Department of Nursing at Morehead State University.


Advancing Clinical Trial Readiness In White Matter Disease And Related Dementias: Key Steps For Future Research Progress, Pradoldej Sompol, Gregory A. Jicha, Jason D. Hinman, Adam M. Brickman, Steven M. Greenberg, Konstantinos Arfanakis, Marion S. Buckwalter, Irene Lorenzo Llorente, Jeff D. Williamson, Michael S. Wolf, Eric E. Smith, Aditi Gupta, Margaret E. Flanagan, Miguel A. Vazquez, Jeffrey M. Burns, S. Thomas Carmichael, Frank C. Barone Jan 2025

Advancing Clinical Trial Readiness In White Matter Disease And Related Dementias: Key Steps For Future Research Progress, Pradoldej Sompol, Gregory A. Jicha, Jason D. Hinman, Adam M. Brickman, Steven M. Greenberg, Konstantinos Arfanakis, Marion S. Buckwalter, Irene Lorenzo Llorente, Jeff D. Williamson, Michael S. Wolf, Eric E. Smith, Aditi Gupta, Margaret E. Flanagan, Miguel A. Vazquez, Jeffrey M. Burns, S. Thomas Carmichael, Frank C. Barone

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

White matter disease, a broad-spectrum term that covers various types of white matter lesions and degeneration, is strongly related to age-related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and Alzheimer’s related dementias (ADRD). There is no specific treatment for white matter disease. Therefore, basic research and clinical studies are essential for future outcomes. Since its formation in 2020, the Albert Research Institute for White Matter and Cognition (ARIWMC) mission has been to support white matter research by providing a forum for communication where basic and clinical scientists meet to discuss and debate …


Nutritional Knowledge And Perceptions Of The Dietetics Field Among Blue-Collar Workers In The Inland Empire, Sabrina Guerrero, Anthony Morales, Isabel Tjajadi, Liang Ji, Kyndra Woosley, Lesley Ann Foster-Nicholas Jan 2025

Nutritional Knowledge And Perceptions Of The Dietetics Field Among Blue-Collar Workers In The Inland Empire, Sabrina Guerrero, Anthony Morales, Isabel Tjajadi, Liang Ji, Kyndra Woosley, Lesley Ann Foster-Nicholas

Loma Linda University Research Reports

Blue-collar workers often encounter significant barriers to healthful eating. This study aimed to assess the nutritional knowledge and perceptions of the dietetics field among blue-collar workers in the Inland Empire. Eighty-four eligible participants completed an anonymous online survey assessing nutrition knowledge and views on Registered Dietitians (RDs). The average nutrition knowledge score among surveyed blue-collar workers was 20 out of 25 (80%). There were no significant differences in nutrition knowledge based on RD visit history, age, gender, or occupation. However, significant disparities in nutrition knowledge were observed across racial/ethnic groups, with Asian participants scoring lower and White participants scoring higher. …


A Perspective On Imbalance: A Memoir Through The Lens Of Eating Disorders Anonymous, Samantha C. Lasky Jan 2025

A Perspective On Imbalance: A Memoir Through The Lens Of Eating Disorders Anonymous, Samantha C. Lasky

Scripps Senior Theses

A Perspective on Imbalance uses a crab shell essay format within the adjusted framework of Eating Disorder Anonymous’ “Perspective on Balance” letter. This original letter speaks to how physical, social/emotional, and spiritual balance came to exist in the founder’s life after working the 12 steps of the program, but the author of this thesis felt more inclined to examine what life looks like in each of those categories before the 12 steps, as well as what happens when you choose not to work them (as this has been her experience thus far). The resulting linear prose essay includes themes of …


We Found Love In A Wetter Climate: The Impact Of Varying Climatic Conditions On The Prevalence Of A Fungal Endophyte In Elymus Virginicus Populations, Audrey Yung Jan 2025

We Found Love In A Wetter Climate: The Impact Of Varying Climatic Conditions On The Prevalence Of A Fungal Endophyte In Elymus Virginicus Populations, Audrey Yung

Scripps Senior Theses

Epichloë is a genus of endophytes– symbiotic fungi residing within a plant’s tissue– that can provide mutualistic benefits to its host. The stress gradient hypothesis predicts that mutualism between species becomes stronger in conditions of high abiotic stress. We tested this idea by assessing how Epichloë prevalence in Elymus virginicus populations is affected by varying climatic conditions. We established plots of E. virginicus with known endophyte frequencies in the spring of 2023 at five sites across a precipitation gradient in Texas and Louisiana. We collected E. virginicus recruits in June and July 2024 at all field sites. To determine recruits’ …


A Song Of Soil And Seeds: The Delicious History Of Tunisian Grain Agriculture And Its Solution To Contemporary Food Scarcity., Ella Schonberger Jan 2025

A Song Of Soil And Seeds: The Delicious History Of Tunisian Grain Agriculture And Its Solution To Contemporary Food Scarcity., Ella Schonberger

Scripps Senior Theses

“A Song of Soil and Seeds: The Delicious History of Tunisian Cereal Agriculture and Its Solution to Contemporary Food Scarcity” by Ella Schonberger explores the history of Tunisian grain agriculture as a continuous narrative of adaptation, resilience, and colonial disruption. This thesis traces the historical journey of Tunisian grain agriculture, from its indigenous Amazigh roots through successive waves of Roman, Ottoman, and French agro-colonialism, to the environmental and agricultural pressures of the Green Revolution and today’s climate crisis.

Combining archaeological evidence, historical records, agronomic research, oral interviews, and firsthand culinary experimentation, this paper examines how Tunisia’s heirloom grains—sorghum, millet, and …


Don’T Trust The Process: The Viability Of Eighth Amendment Claims For Ultra-Processed Food Overconsumption In Prisons, Markus C. Johnson, Rita L. Rahoi-Gilchrest Jan 2025

Don’T Trust The Process: The Viability Of Eighth Amendment Claims For Ultra-Processed Food Overconsumption In Prisons, Markus C. Johnson, Rita L. Rahoi-Gilchrest

Marquette Law Review

With the largest prison population worldwide, American prisons serve more food than anywhere else. To cut costs, American prisons overwhelmingly (or even entirely) serve prisoners ultra-processed foods, which, if overconsumed, have detrimental and long-lasting health effects. Prisoners taking issue with the food being served to them rely on the courts to counteract any inappropriate prison dietary practices, wielding the Eighth Amendment as a constitutional guarantee to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. But courts are failing to protect this constitutional guarantee by relying on precedent that is at odds with modern Eighth Amendment principles. Indeed, when it comes to …


Applications Of Systems Thinking In Honors Education: The Justice Challenge, Rebecca C. Bott, Jonathan D. Kotinek, Timothy J. Nichols, Heidi Appel, Andrea Radasanu, Joy L. Hart Jan 2025

Applications Of Systems Thinking In Honors Education: The Justice Challenge, Rebecca C. Bott, Jonathan D. Kotinek, Timothy J. Nichols, Heidi Appel, Andrea Radasanu, Joy L. Hart

Honors in Practice Online Archive

Honors education has long been praised for its potential as a test bed for curricular innovation. A wide variety of high-impact practices have been employed to prepare honors students to think critically and tackle complex problems. Examination of the use of systems thinking within pedagogical practices in honors education is, however, nearly nonexistent in the literature. The authors present a brief introduction to systems thinking; review its use within honors curricula; and examine how a nationwide collaborative of honors educators equips students with systems thinking tools to learn about and engage with complex interdisciplinary problems. The authors characterize systems thinking …


Toxicokinetics And Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid-Induced Liver Protein Expression Are Markedly Altered In Mice Lacking Albumin, Emily M. Kaye, Jitka Becanova, Simon Vojta, Rainer Lohmann, Fabian Fischer, Angela Slitt Jan 2025

Toxicokinetics And Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid-Induced Liver Protein Expression Are Markedly Altered In Mice Lacking Albumin, Emily M. Kaye, Jitka Becanova, Simon Vojta, Rainer Lohmann, Fabian Fischer, Angela Slitt

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a ubiquitous perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) linked to liver disease and obesity in humans. Binding studies suggest that albumin is a crucial blood protein influencing PFOS toxicokinetics and hepatotoxicity; however, its role has not been mechanistically tested in vivo. This study used an albumin-deficient mouse model to investigate the relevance of albumin in PFOS tissue distribution and liver disease end points. Adult male C57BL/6J wild-type (Alb+/+) and albumin-deficient (Alb–/–) mice were orally gavaged daily for 7 days with either vehicle or PFOS at 0.5 or 10 mg/kg body weight. The measured PFOS concentrations …


Prevalence Of Depression Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Urban Mysuru – A Cross-Sectional Study, Jesymol Joy, Renuka M, Chiranjeevi G S Jan 2025

Prevalence Of Depression Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Urban Mysuru – A Cross-Sectional Study, Jesymol Joy, Renuka M, Chiranjeevi G S

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Depression is a significant comorbidity among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) adversely affecting disease management and overall quality of life. Diabetes and depression have a bidirectional relationship, where poorly managed diabetes increases the risk of depression, and depression exacerbates diabetes-related complications. Depression contributes to poor glycemic control, decreased adherence to treatment, increased risk of diabetes-related complications, and higher healthcare utilization.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in urban Mysuru.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients >18 years of …


One Airway, One Disease In Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study On The Correlation Between Upper And Lower Airway Inflammation In Pregnant Women, Durga K, Yuvarajan S Jan 2025

One Airway, One Disease In Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study On The Correlation Between Upper And Lower Airway Inflammation In Pregnant Women, Durga K, Yuvarajan S

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: The well-established "One Airway, One Disease" concept recognizes the deep physiological and pathological connections between conditions affecting both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, most notably allergic rhinitis and asthma. During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant immunological, hormonal, and physiological changes, which can profoundly influence and modulate existing or emerging airway inflammation.

Objective: This prospective observational study was designed with the primary objective of meticulously evaluating the correlation between upper and lower airway inflammation in pregnant women. We aimed to achieve this by assessing a range of clinical symptoms, objective functional parameters, and specific inflammatory markers.

Methods: We …


What Amino Acid Residue Is Responsible For The Interaction Of Atg11 With Its Autophagy Partner Atg9?, Patricia Omoyemwen Woghiren Jan 2025

What Amino Acid Residue Is Responsible For The Interaction Of Atg11 With Its Autophagy Partner Atg9?, Patricia Omoyemwen Woghiren

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

Macroautophagy is a cellular function that involves the formation of a double membrane vesicle that isolates and transports cellular materials to the vacuole or lysosome for degradation and recycling. It is divided into selective and non-selective macroautophagy. Atg11 and Atg9 are two key proteins involved in selective macroautophagy, and their interaction is critical for selective macroautophagy. Specific residues on Atg9 critical for Atg11 binding have been identified, but similar residues on Atg11 have not been identified. The aim of my research was to identify a specific residue critical for Atg11’s interaction with Atg9. To this end, we carried out Yeast-twohybrid …


Elementary School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Perspectives On The Management Of Pediatric Feeding And Swallowing Disorders, Kelsi L. Szakovits Jan 2025

Elementary School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Perspectives On The Management Of Pediatric Feeding And Swallowing Disorders, Kelsi L. Szakovits

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) frequently serve autistic students in the school setting. Research reveals a correlation between autism, sensory processing, and pediatric feeding disorder (PFD). As a result, autistic students may have compromised nutritional health and safety, which stands to impact their ability to access the curriculum. PFD is under the scope of the school-based speech-language pathologist’s practice. However, data has shown a perceived lack of confidence and a limited number of support and resources in the educational setting for SLPs to carry out interventions. This qualitative study will seek to understand the perspectives of elementary school-based SLPs regarding the implementation …


Computational Analysis And Characterization Of The Inducible 1-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin Promoter In The Malaria Parasite Plasmodium, Lara Ladney Jan 2025

Computational Analysis And Characterization Of The Inducible 1-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin Promoter In The Malaria Parasite Plasmodium, Lara Ladney

Dissertations

Malaria afflicts over 200 million people annually, which results in over half a million deaths, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria parasites are complex protozoan organisms that inhabit two hosts: humans, the site of asexual reproduction, and the Anopheles mosquito, where sexual reproduction occurs. To withstand the hostile extracellular environment of the Anopheles mosquito, the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei employs antioxidant defense mechanisms. Previous work suggests upregulation of 1-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin (1-CPxn) when the mosquito uptakes a blood meal containing the parasite. The parasite must acclimate to the harsh environmental conditions of the mosquito midgut: find a way to counteract reactive oxygen …