Digital Commons Network^™

Mock: An Algorithm For Learning Nonparametric Differential Equations Via Multivariate Occupation Kernel Functions, Victoria A. Rielly, Kamel Lahouel, Ethan Lew, Nicholas Fisher, Vicky Geneva Haney, Michael Wells, Bruno M. Jedynak

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Learning a nonparametric system of ordinary differential equations from trajectories in a -dimensional state space requires learning functions of variables. Explicit formulations often scale quadratically in unless additional knowledge about system properties, such as sparsity and symmetries, is available. In this work, we propose a linear approach, the multivariate occupation kernel method (MOCK), using the implicit formulation provided by vector-valued reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. The solution for the vector field relies on multivariate occupation kernel functions associated with the trajectories and scales linearly with the dimension of the state space. We validate through experiments on a variety of simulated and …

A Faster Way To Yes: Re-Balancing American Asylum Procedures, Michael Kagan

Scholarly Works

The United States asylum system, like many other asylum systems, is under immense pressure to process asylum applications faster. The primary response to this pressure is negative, namely to deny asylum claims quickly by categorizing them as manifestly unfounded. In the United States, this is done through the “credible fear” process. This negative orientation leads to a structural imbalance in which denials can be fast and easy for the system, but approvals take time and extensive effort. Using domestic and international comparative examples, this Article proposes re-balancing the asylum system by establishing a process for expedited approvals of clearly eligible …

Presumed Guilt: Epistemic Closure In Pregnancy Prosecutions, M. Eve Hanan

Scholarly Works

Criminal law and reproductive justice scholars are calling attention to the increase in prosecutions for pregnancy outcomes in the United States. Trace amounts of controlled substances in newborns are prosecuted as child abuse. Miscarriages are prosecuted as illegal abortions or homicides. This area of criminal law existed side-by-side with Roe v. Wade for late-term pregnancy outcomes. The Dobbs decision has further emboldened these prosecutions by removing the protections of the Due Process Clause from the pre-viability phase of the pregnancy.

Using a case study of a woman who was pressured to plead guilty to manslaughter and sentenced to eight years …

Ecarrots: Prison Control And Profits From Correctional Tablets, Justin Iverson

Scholarly Works

In recent years, tablets have gained tremendous popularity behind bars for their ability to expand access to educational and rehabilitative services for people in prison. However, there are downsides to tablet implementation, including high costs at the expense of a captive population and shifting power dynamics resulting in possible volatility. This Article examines the use of correctional tablets in jails and prisons as mechanisms for administrative control and profit-making in an era of beleaguered correctional budgets. It also considers legal and policy implications related to the disproportionately negative impact of the introduction of tablets on people in poverty, increased dependency …

Copyright, Ebooks, And The Future Of Digital Lending, Mary Lafrance

Scholarly Works

Public libraries face a digital lending crisis. Even as library patrons demand greater access to digital materials, eBook publishers have subjected libraries to onerous licensing terms. These include prices substantially higher than those charged to the general public, as well as stringent constraints on license duration and/or loan volume, forcing many libraries to repurchase their eBooks every one or two years. Some publishers are releasing new books only in digital formats, making it even more costly for libraries to maintain robust collections. eBook publishers also compel libraries to use specific digital lending platforms which pose risks to patron privacy. At …

Goldenbraid20 E Coli: A Comprehensive And Characterized Toolkit For Enterics, Matthew B Cooke, Kobie T Welch, Laura D Ramirez, Alice X Wen, David C Marciano, Christophe Herman

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Modular cloning systems streamline laboratory workflows by consolidating genetic 'parts' into reusable and modular collections, enabling researchers to fast-track strain construction. The GoldenBraid 2.0 modular cloning system utilizes the cutting property of type IIS restriction enzymes to create defined genetic 'grammars', which facilitate the reuse of standardized genetic parts and assembly of genetic parts in the right order. Here, we present a GoldenBraid 2.0 toolkit of genetic parts designed to accelerate cloning in the model bacterium

Civil Procedure: When Does State Law Affect Federal Jurisdiction?, Scott Dodson

The Judges' Book

No abstract provided.

Constitutional Law: First Amendment Disequilibrium, Christina Koningisor

The Judges' Book

No abstract provided.

Characterization Of Tlr9 Responsiveness In Cell Subsets Derived From In Vitro Pdc Differentiation Of Hematopoietic Stem And Progenitor Cells, Sabina Sánchez Hernández, Tobias Wang Bjerg, Ian Helstrup Nielsen, Anders Laustsen, Hai Q Tang, Lars Henning Pedersen, Eynav Klechevsky, Martin R Jakobsen, Rasmus O Bak

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are multifunctional immune cells with roles in both the innate and adaptive immune system. Their hallmark function is production of large amounts of type I interferons in response to viral infections, but they are also capable of producing a range of other cytokines, antigen presentation, and cytotoxicity. Their potential as an immunotherapy for cancer and infectious disease is being explored, but broad application of these cells is challenged by low frequency in the blood and low viability during

Bcg-Induced Dna Methylation Changes Improve Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Immunity Without Decreasing The Risk For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, Santiago Carrero Longlax, Kent J Koster, Ashish M Kamat, Marisa Lozano, Seth P Lerner, Rebecca Hannigan, Tomoki Nishiguchi, Abhimanyu, Daanish Sheikh, Malik Ladki, Alexandra Portillo, Amrit Koirala, Tajhal D Patel, Zoe Spieler, Aaron B Benjamin, Maxim Lebedev, Theresa U Ofili, Robert W Hutchison, George Udeani, Lynne A Opperman, Gabriel Neal, Anna M Mandalakas, Mihai G Netea, Moshe Arditi, Pablo Avalos, Sandra L Grimm, Cristian Coarfa, Jeffrey D Cirillo, Andrew R Dinardo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: The BCG vaccine induces trained immunity, an epigenetic-mediated increase in innate immune responsiveness. Therefore, this clinical trial evaluated if BCG-induced trained immunity could decrease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related frequency or severity.

METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of healthcare workers randomized participants to vaccination with BCG TICE or placebo (saline). Enrollment included 529 healthcare workers randomized to receive BCG or placebo. Primary analysis evaluated COVID-19 disease frequency, while secondary analysis evaluated coronavirus immunity in a subset of participants. Study enrollment ceased early in December 2020 following introduction of COVID-19-specific vaccines.

RESULTS: Study enrollment was halted early, prior to reaching …

Comparative Analysis Of Aav Serotypes For Transduction Of Olfactory Sensory Neurons, Benjamin D W Belfort, Johnathan D Jia, Alexandra R Garza, Anthony M Insalaco, J P Mcginnis, Brandon T Pekarek, Joshua Ortiz-Guzman, Burak Tepe, Hu Chen, Ascent-Pd Investigators, Zhandong Liu, Benjamin R Arenkiel

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Olfactory sensory neurons within the nasal epithelium detect volatile odorants and relay odor information to the central nervous system. Unlike other sensory inputs, olfactory sensory neurons interface with the external environment and project their axons directly into the central nervous system. The use of adeno-associated viruses to target these neurons has garnered interest for applications in gene therapy, probing olfactory sensory neuron biology, and modeling disease. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal AAV serotype for efficient and selective transduction of olfactory sensory neurons

Digital Otoscopy With Computer-Aided Composite Image Generation: Impact On The Correct Diagnosis, Confidence, And Time, Seda Camalan, Carl D Langefeld, Amy Zinnia, Brigham Mckee, Matthew L Carlson, Nicholas L Deep, Michael S Harris, Taha A Jan, Vivian F Kaul, Nathan R Lindquist, Jameson K Mattingly, Jay Shah, Kevin Y Zhan, Metin N Gurcan, Aaron C Moberly

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: This study investigated the comparative performance of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physicians in correctly detecting ear abnormalities when reviewing digital otoscopy imaging using 3 different visualization methods, including computer-assisted composite images called "SelectStitch," single video frame "Still" images, and video clips. The study also explored clinicians' diagnostic confidence levels and the time to make a diagnosis.

Study design: Clinician diagnostic reader study.

Setting: Online diagnostic survey of ENT physicians.

Methods: Nine ENT physicians reviewed digital otoscopy examinations from 86 ears with various diagnoses (normal, perforation, retraction, middle ear effusion, tympanosclerosis). Otoscopy examinations used artificial-intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided composite image …

Investigative Genetic Genealogy Practices Warranting Policy Attention: Results Of A Modified Policy Delphi, Christi J Guerrini, Louiza Kalokairinou, Jill O Robinson, Whitney Bash Brooks, Stephanie M Fullerton, Sara Huston, Jacklyn Dahlquist, Diana Madden, Norah Crossnohere, Nicola Campoamor, John F P Bridges, Amy L Mcguire

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

A technique known as investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) was first introduced to criminal investigations in 2018, and it has since been used by U.S. law enforcement to help identify hundreds of criminal perpetrators and unidentified human remains. As expertise in IGG grows, policymakers have shown interest in regulating it. To help inform these efforts and to promote coherence in IGG governance as it expands, we recruited experts representing a spectrum of IGG-relevant professions and perspectives to identify and prioritize IGG practices for policy attention and to develop policy options for addressing them. In two rounds of a modified policy Delphi, …

On Minimizing Risk And Harm In The Use Of Psychedelics, Jules Evans, Marc Aixalà, Brian T Anderson, William Brennan, Rebecka Bremler, Joost J Breeksema, Lisa Burback, Abigail E Calder, Robin L Carhart-Harris, Katherine Cheung, Neşe Devenot, Ingmar Gorman, Jakub Greń, Peter S Hendricks, Brian Holoyda, Edward Jacobs, Joy Krecké, Daniel J Kruger, David Luke, Tomislav Majić, Amy L Mcguire, Nicky J Mehtani, David S Mathai, Kristin Nash, Tehseen Noorani, Roman Palitsky, Oliver C Robinson, Otto Simonsson, Elin Stahre, Michiel Van Elk, David B Yaden

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

Objective: This article outlines recommendations from 30 psychedelic researchers on how to create a better psychedelic safety net.

Methods: A survey of 30 psychedelic researchers asked them to identify key critical research gaps around psychedelic harm and safety.

Results: The critical research gaps identified by the authors included defining the main types of psychedelic harm, the predictors of those harms, and the most effective way to treat those harms. They also call for better support for those experiencing post-psychedelic difficulties, including better online information, peer support groups, affordable therapy, and psychiatric consultation and medication. Finally, the authors call for better …

Reframing Stigma In Tourette Syndrome: An Updated Scoping Review, Kelly Pring, Melina Malli, Brandy W Hardy, Stephen R Rapp, Eric A Storch, Jonathan W Mink, Jaclyn M Martindale

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

Persistent tic disorders (PTD) such as Tourette's syndrome (TS) are common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. Stigmatization of individuals with these disorders remains an ongoing problem. The purpose of this scoping review is to serve as an updated review of the research regarding stigmatization in youth with PTD since the publication of the original systematic review about this topic in 2016. The electronic databases Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched. Of the 4751 initial articles screened after removing duplications, 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies were examined under the social-ecological stigmatization model, which helps categorize stigmatization …

Ethical, Legal, And Social Issues In Metaverse-Enabled Healthcare, Kristin M Kostick-Quenet, Vasiliki Rahimzadeh

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

Metaverse is heralded by some as the next iteration of the internet. It offers three-dimensional, immersive virtual spaces, where users, represented as avatars, can synchronously work, play, interact, and transact. Initially developed within the realm of massive multiplayer online role-playing games, the metaverse now extends into sectors such as music, entertainment, retail, real estate, and, more recently, healthcare. Users engage in the metaverse using augmented reality or virtual reality (AR/VR) headsets that interoperate with other sensory devices to integrate biofeedback and multimodal data streams.1 In this article, the authors offer a conceptual synthesis and anticipatory policy analysis grounded in …

Dual Inhibitor Of Mdm2 And Nfat1 For Experimental Therapy Of Breast Cancer: In Vitro And In Vivo Anticancer Activities And Newly Discovered Effects On Cancer Metabolic Pathways, Wei Wang, Marlene Aguilar, Sayantap Datta, Abigail Alley, Meheret Tadesse, Xinshi Wang, Xia Gao, Ruiwen Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

INTRODUCTION: The oncogene MDM2 has garnered attention not only for its role in cancer as a negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 but also for its p53-independent oncogenic activities. MDM2 also involves metabolic reprogramming, such as serine metabolism, respiration, mitochondrial functions, the folate cycle, and redox balance. Traditional MDM2 inhibitors blocking the protein-protein binding between MDM2 and p53 have shown limited clinical success in various stages of clinical trials, most likely due to low efficacy, drug toxicity, and drug resistance, highlighting the need for a novel, p53-independent strategy to inhibit MDM2. The present study investigated the antitumor effects of …

Aerodigestive Sequelae And Triple Endoscopy After Congenital Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair In Children, Whitney Jin, Eric H Chiou, Shailendra Das, Kathleen E Hosek, Elton M Lambert

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Children post-tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) repair may present with chronic respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms that can affect quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with positive findings on triple endoscopy following neonatal TEF repair.

STUDY DESIGN: Case series with retrospective review of patients.

SETTING: Tertiary care center aerodigestive program.

METHODS: Children with neonatally repaired congenital TEF who had a triple endoscopy between 2011 and 2022 were reviewed. The presence of chronic cough, recurrent pulmonary infections, lipid-laden macrophages (LLM), and airway and esophageal anomalies were among the variables analyzed. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis univariate analysis was performed.

RESULTS: The mean age was …

Use Of A Mouse Model For The Isolation Of Borrelia Puertoricensis From Soft Ticks, Edwin Vázquez-Guerrero, Alexander R Kneubehl, Guadalupe C Reyes-Solís, Carlos Machain-Williams, Aparna Krishnavajhala, Paulina Estrada-De Los Santos, Job E Lopez, José Antonio Ibarra

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The isolation of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) spirochetes has proven to be a useful tool to understand their distribution in geographic areas where the tick vectors inhabit. However, their isolation and culture are not easy and in general an animal model is needed to achieve this task. Here, argasid ticks were collected from a neighborhood in Ciudad Caucel, and they were identified as Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) puertoricensis. To determine whether these were infected with TBRF bacteria they were fed with healthy mice but only a low burden of spirochetes was observed. An immunosuppressed mouse model was used to feed the ticks …

Heterologous Prime-Pull Mucosal Vaccination With An Adjuvanted Rbd Vaccine Elicits Robust Iga Production And Protects Against Sars-Cov-2, Allyson H Hirsch, Calder R Ellsworth, William A Lewis, Ryan Craig, Amy E Meyer, Jonatan Maldonado, Frania Ramirez Lopez, Syamala Rani Thimmiraju, James B Mclachlan, Xuebin Qin, Nicholas J Maness, Jeroen Pollet, Ulrich Strych, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Peter J Hotez, Lisa A Morici

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Despite the efficacy of approved severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in preventing severe disease and death, breakthrough infections continue to occur in vaccinated individuals, contributing to further viral mutation and spread. These limitations may be attributable to the poor induction of mucosal immunity by parenteral vaccination. Mucosal adjuvants, such as T-vant, can enhance vaccine-induced immune responses through the generation of antigen-specific antibodies and T cells in the respiratory tract. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) subunit vaccines administered by homologous and heterologous routes. Immunized mice were challenged with …

Prognostic Value Of The Monocyte-To-High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio In Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Michał Pruc, Jacek Kubica, Maciej Banach, Damian Świeczkowski, Zubaid Rafique, William Frank Peacock, Zbigniew Siudak, Stanisław Surma, Prabath Nanayakkara, Krzysztof Kurek, Anne Lepetit, Łukasz Szarpak

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Globally, diseases of the cardiovascular system stand as principal contributors to mortality and are expected to show an upward trajectory. The occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been linked to underlying inflammatory processes. The monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio (MHR) has garnered significant attention as a prognostic biomarker, encapsulating the synergistic roles of inflammation and lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including ACS.

Aims: This meta-analysis examines the prognostic MHR ratio in ACS patients.

Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases to identify the relevant meta-analyses published before February 26, …

Tb And Diabetes In Eswatini: Addressing Suboptimal Treatment Outcomes Through Integrated Services, Yael Hirsch-Moverman, Dana Bezuidenhout, Sakthi Senthilvelan, Lobsang Palmo, Debrah Vambe, Ntombifuthi Ginindza, Nonhlanhla Dlamini, Andrea A Howard, Joanne E Mantell

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge in Eswatini, a country with the highest global HIV prevalence. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasingly common among people newly diagnosed with TB, contributing to suboptimal TB treatment outcomes, including relapse and death. The DETECT study employed a multi-method approach to assess the prevalence and DM impact on TB treatment outcomes among adults with TB in 10 Ministry of Health facilities in Eswatini, and explore barriers and facilitators to integrating TB/DM services. DM screening was conducted using laboratory-based glycated hemoglobin (A1c) testing, with DM defined as A1c ≥ 6.5% and preDM as A1c …

Improving Interprofessional Neurology Training Using Tele-Education, Fariha Jamal, Amtul Farheen, Christine Rizk

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Neurological disorders are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Their burden on the health care system has substantially increased in the past 25 years, due to more effective treatments and longer life expectancies. The Veterans Health Administration has seen increases in neurology referrals and patients with neurologic disorders.

Observations: Collaborative efforts among primary care, geriatrics, neurology, psychiatry, physical medicine and rehabilitation, social work, and other disciplines are needed to properly care for veterans with neurologic disorders. Neurology education is an important tool for clinicians to better care for veterans with neurologic disorders. The use of technology and …

Inferred Developmental Origins Of Brain Tumors From Single-Cell Rna-Sequencing Data, Su Wang, Rachel Naomi Curry, Malcolm F Mcdonald, Hyun Yong Koh, Anders W Erickson, Claudia L Kleinman, Michael D Taylor, Ganesh Rao, Benjamin Deneen, Arif O Harmanci, Akdes Serin Harmanci

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: The reactivation of neurodevelopmental programs in cancer highlights parallel biological processes that occur in both normal development and brain tumors. Achieving a deeper understanding of how dysregulated developmental factors play a role in the progression of brain tumors is therefore crucial for identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) provides an opportunity to understand how developmental programs are dysregulated and reinitiated in brain tumors at single-cell resolution. The aim of this study is to identify the developmental origins of brain tumors using scRNA-Seq data.

Methods: Here, we introduce COORS (Cell Of ORigin like CellS), a computational tool …

The Fascist Economic Paradox: Countering And Co-Opting Capitalism And Socialism In Interwar Europe, Vicente Pérez Catalán

History Undergraduate Departmental Honors Theses

One of the ambiguities within the study of fascism and political history in the 20th century is defining, in logical terms, the development of a coherent fascist economic identity. Three fascist governments will be examined in this project, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Vichy France, with the goal of understanding if there is indeed a distinction on their exertion of economic power as opposed to other ideological systems that could aid outlining fascism not merely as a political or philosophical doctrine, but perhaps also an economic one.

This study examines the political background prior to the formation of the three …

Advancing Narcolepsy Advocacy: Bridging Patient Narratives And Systemic Change, Ahmed Salem Bahammam, Lindsay Jesteadt, Hamza Dhafar, Amir Sharafkhaneh

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

We introduce the Stigma-to-Structure Advocacy Framework, a novel, evidence-based model designed to transform narcolepsy advocacy by systematically bridging patient narratives with structural change. Narcolepsy remains a profoundly underdiagnosed and misunderstood neurological disorder, with persistent diagnostic delays and pervasive cultural stigma undermining patient well-being and access to care. Despite recent progress in awareness and support, advocacy efforts remain fragmented and insufficiently integrated with health policy, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This perspective advances a strategic evolution of narcolepsy advocacy through the Stigma-to-Structure Advocacy Framework, which is anchored in three pillars: narrative-driven awareness, clinical system integration, and policy activation. Drawing on …

Map Marker Accuracy: Evaluating Spatial Data Quality In A Simplified Mapping Survey, Christopher Sean Ghormley

Masters in GIS Practicum Reports

Collecting spatial information using maps is a recurring need in research and policy (Evers, 2020; Gottwald et al., 2016; Hitchins, 2018; Tang & Liu, 2016). Survey participants frequently abandon map-based surveys at the first mapping task (Poplin, 2015). In his survey of wildfire risk management personnel, Evers (2020) applied a simplified web-mapping interface that uses circles as the sole input geometry for all spatial representations. The current project examines an updated version of this web map. An anonymous survey gathered data from participants who completed six mapping exercises within Portland, Oregon, and provided feedback on the survey experience. A working …

Critiques Of The Cass Review: Fact-Checking The Peer-Reviewed And Grey Literature, Kathleen Mcdeavitt, J Cohn, Stephen B Levine

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The Cass Review's final report, published in April 2024, made recommendations to the UK's National Health Service regarding structuring of services for minors with gender-related distress. It recommended cautious use of hormonal interventions in this population and use of research protocols. Some clinician-researchers disagree with the Cass Review's recommendations and have written critiques. A critique of the Cass Review posted on Yale Law School's website in July 2024 has received extensive media coverage. Its references identified three other critiques. In these papers, there were multiple claims that were incorrect or that lacked essential clarification/contextualization. These claims involved (1) the Cass …

Does Coil Build Social Capital? Trust, Tolerance, And Political Engagement Among Students In The Usa And Uae, Lindsay J. Benstead, Kristina Katsos, Sally S. Mudiamu, Corinne Hughes

Politics and Global Affairs Faculty Publications and Presentations

Despite technological innovation and the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a dearth of experimental research on the effects of virtual instruction. Using an original field experiment conducted among 100 UAE and USA students, we investigate how a Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) project on international development shapes social trust, tolerance, and political engagement. In an experimental design, UAE-based students were randomly assigned to a group with either their classmates or, through online interaction, with USA-based students, while in a quasi-experimental design, USA-based students collaborated online with UAE-based students. UAE-based COIL students developed greater interpersonal trust of others in their society, but …

Will Malaysia Become An Active Middle Power?, Bruce Gilley

Politics and Global Affairs Faculty Publications and Presentations

Malaysia’s economic growth and democratisation since 2003 have vaulted it into the ranks of the middle powers in the international system. However, Malaysia remains hesitant about its middle power status. It has assumed a counterhegemonic or pro-multipolarity role; it has supported some new international rules and institutions; it leads regional governance institutions; and it advocates for small countries on development issues. However, these middle power behaviours are countered by a continuation of traditional Malaysia diplomacy which is inactive in shaping the emergence of superpower China as well as being disruptive and personalistic, most recently because of its embrace of radicalisms. …