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Artificial Intelligence To Transform Lifelong Learning And Workforce Development In Southeast Asia: A Call To Action, Shyh Poh Teo, Khadizah H. Abdul-Mumin

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

No abstract for this article type.

Manure Handling In Circular Farming: An In Vitro Study Of Fermented Poultry Manure As Unconventional Feed For Ruminants, Dimas Hand Vidya Paradhipta, De Lavida Padma Terrakota, Ali Agus, Andriyani Astuti, Viagian Pastawan, Kharisma Taufiqa Hidayah

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

The development of the poultry industry must consider the principle of circular economy. Therefore, this study aims to develop a method of fermenting poultry manure as a new, unconventional feed, which can support the model of circular farming. Poultry manure obtained from laying hens was mixed with cassava solid waste at a ratio of 7:3 to maintain proper moisture content. The mixed manure fermented for 14 days into a 30 kg silo in triplicate using different additives, namely Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FNCC 0020 at 1 x 10⁵ cfu/g (LP), Bacillus cereus LS2B as proteolytic bacteria at 1 x …

Macro-Ergonomic And Organizational Behavior Mapping For Organic Waste Management Using Hofstede Culture In Semarang, Indonesia : Pca & Sem Analysis Using Smart Pls, Ratih Setyaningrum, Sahana Pramukti, Ravindran Balasubramani

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

Waste management has a very close and complex relationship with community behavior and culture . This relationship is two-way: community culture influences how waste is managed, and conversely, waste management practices can shape or change culture. This study to assess the organizational behavior related to organic waste management. Employing a quantitative methodology, data were gathered using the Hofstede Values Survey Module 13 (VSM 13) - closed questionnaire, with 109 Semarang city Community participants responding via a Google Form. The collected data were analyzed utilizing Hofstede's prescribed formula. The next stage is PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) …

Mental Health And Resource Utilization Among Underrepresented Students Transitioning To College In The United States, Yoojin Kook, Thomas P. Le, Nyx Robey, Elizabeth Raposa

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

College students from historically underrepresented backgrounds (i.e., first-generation, low-income, and/or ethnic/racial minorities) may be less likely to utilize professional mental health resources on campus despite experiencing increased psychological distress. This study examined how psychosocial distress, mental health resource utilization, and perceived barriers to mental health care may differ for underrepresented and non-underrepresented students during the first semester of college. Participants were administered surveys as they entered college and at the end of the fall of their first semester. Our sample consisted of 131 underrepresented students and 154 students from non-underrepresented backgrounds. Underrepresented students showed a sharper increase in depressive symptoms …

Gendered Racism And Asian American Men’S Hazardous Alcohol Use: The Role Of Drinking To Cope, Emil K. Turdukulov, Thomas P. Le

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Gendered racism has been previously associated with greater alcohol use among Asian American men (AAM), yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. This study thus investigated whether gendered racism is associated with hazardous alcohol use among AAM directly and indirectly via drinking to cope and resistance and empowerment against racism. 253 AAM (M = 36.75 years old) completed an online cross-sectional survey that contained the study questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the association between gendered racism and hazardous alcohol use, and mediation analyses investigated whether drinking to cope and resistance and empowerment against racism underlied this …

Improvement Of Back Pain After Intraoperative Sacroiliac Injection During L5-S1 Fixation: A Randomized Controlled Retrospective Study, Mohamed Ali Abbas, Ahmed Zaghlol, Ayman M Ismail, Hamdy Nabwi, Mohamed Ismail, Ahmed Sameh Nada, Mona Mokhtar, Ahmed Shaker Elakhras

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is a common complication following lumbar spinal fusion. The purpose of this research was to determine how effective intraoperative SIJ injection in preventing low back pain after L5-S1 fixation procedures. Methods: This randomized controlled retrospective study was performed on 70 individuals who underwent L5-S1 fixation and were classified equally into two groups: Group A intraoperative SIJ injection was performed, while Group B did not. Pain incidence, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) rates were assessed preoperatively and at 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months postsurgery. Results: At 6 months, …

Study Of Prevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Some Renal ‎Diseases In Children: Is There An Association?‎, Rowida Mokhtar Abdoullah, Sherine M. Elzeiny, Nora I. Aboulfotouh, Ayman M. Hammad

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Toxoplasmosis, a widespread protozoal disease caused by the obligatory intracellular Toxoplasma gondii (TG). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease characterized by progressive damage and loss in kidney functions. End stage renal disease (ESRD) is known as CKD with GFR less than 15ml/min. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is defined as heavy proteinuria that ultimately ends in hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and generalized edema. Patients with CKD and ESRD are immune compromised so more liable to increased incidence of infections, especially opportunistic infections. Nephrotic syndrome ,90% of cases, is of unknown etiology but some papers suggest toxoplasmosis as a cause. Aim: To evaluate …

Effect Of Preoperative Stripsils Lozenges On Incidence Of Post-Extubation Sore Throat, Cough And Hoarseness After Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Trial., Tarek Habeeb Ramadan, Waleed M R Elsarraf, Ahmed Refaat Abourezk, Mohamed Aly Eloraby

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Sore throats are frequently experienced by patients following upper endoscopy procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Cough and hoarseness of voice are other related complications. Aim of the work The current study evaluated whether pre-procedural oral Strepsils lozenges administration could reduce sore throat incidence and severity following ERCP procedures. Methods Sixty patients posted for elective ERCP under general anesthesia (GA) with endotracheal intubation were evenly allocated in a random manner to receive Strepsils lozenges (S group) or identical-looking placebo tablets (C group) 45 minutes before the procedure. Results The Strepsils group experienced a significantly lower incidence of both …

Dexmedetomidine Versus Nalbuphine As An Adjuvant To Intrathecal Bupivacaine In Lower Extremity Surgeries, Mohamed Aly El Oraby, Amira Hafez, Hazem E Moawad, Gihan A Trabea, Maha Ahmed Abo-Zeid Salim

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Numerous medications have been added to spinal anesthetic over the years in order to speed up its onset, shorten the time until the surgical incision, increase its duration, and offer sufficient postoperative analgesia. Objective: This study suggests that dexmedetomidine is superior than nalbuphine as an adjuvant to intrathecal local anesthetic for the duration of post-operative analgesia in lower extremity orthopedic surgical procedures. Patients and Methods: 60 patients underwent orthopedic lower extremity procedures were split into one of three groups at random: Bupivacaine, Bupivacaine- Dexmedetomidine (BD), or Bupivacaine-Nalbuphine (BN). The principal outcome was the duration of post-operative analgesia. The secondary …

Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation Of The Genicular Nerve Versus Intra-Articular Botox Injection For Knee Osteoarthritis-Related Pain: A Randomized Controlled Study, Elsayed Elemam, Samah Elkenany Gouda, Abdelrahman Mamdouh Elnaggar, Ibrahim Abdelbaser, Ahmed Refaat Abourezk

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is accompanied by considerable pain and impairment. Chronic knee OA pain and functional loss can be effectively managed with this minimally invasive method. Methods Sixty patients with persistent knee OA were evenly allocated in a random manner to receive either bipolar radiofrequency ablation of the genicular nerve (BRF) or intraarticular Botox injection. Results There was a significant decrease in the visual analog score (VAS) in the BRF group compared with the baseline score at the 4, 12, and 24-week follow-ups; however, the score significantly dropped in the Botox group only at the 4 and 12-week follow-ups …

Aprepitant Ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Testicular Toxicity In Mice Via Suppression Of P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Suzan Awad Abdelghany Morsy, Amira H. Eltrawy, Nehal Adel Khalil, Abd Elaziz Mm, Nourhan Mohamed Mohamed Saeed, Gehad M. Khamis

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: While cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly used immunosuppressant and anticancer drug, it has a high risk of testicular toxicity. The current study evaluated the protective and therapeutic actions of aprepitant (APR), a neurokinin-1 receptor blocker, against CP-induced testicular toxicity in mice and the role of oxidative stress and phosphorylated P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-P38 MAPK) in this action.Methods: Forty male mice were assigned to four groups: control (vehicle only), CP-induced testicular toxicity (single 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal CP dose), APRprotected (20 mg/kg/day APR starting one day before CP, continued for 30 days), and APR-treated (same APR dose starting one hour …

Role Of Calbindin2 In Male Infertility With Oligozoospermia And Asthenoteratozoospermia, Ashraf H. A. Hassan, Adel A. E. Zalata, Sherif R. Ismail, Hebatullah Ahmed Elsayed

Mansoura Medical Journal

Introduction: Male infertility may account for almost half of all cases of infertility. This is commonly linked to compromised sperm characteristics, such as shape, concentration, and motility. Recent studies have suggested a role for calcium-binding proteins, including Calbindin 2 (CALB2), in spermatogenesis and male reproductive function. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between male infertility in cases of oligozoospermia and asthenoteratozoospermia and seminal Calbindin 2 levels. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was performed on 90 men (45 infertile, 45 fertile controls). Semen parameters, oxidative stress, hormone levels, DNA fragmentation, acrosin activity, and seminal CALB2 …

New Modifications Of The Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (Leep) For The Management Of Cervical Lesions In The Low Resource Conditions, Amal Abdulrahman Al-Kbous, Rafik Ibrahim Barkat, Mohamed A. Elnegeri, Amany A. Makroum, Reda Abdelhadi Hemida Dr.Reda Hamida, Mohamed Elsayed Taman

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) encompasses a range of abnormal changes within the cervical squamous epithelium and is regarded as a precursor to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. Management of CIN-1 generally involves follow-up with repeat testing after one year, while CIN-2 and higher lesions require treatment aimed at complete removal of the lesion and transformation zone using ablative or excisional methods such as Loop electrosurgical excision (LEEP), or cold-knife cone biopsy. This study aimed to test applying a new modification on LEEP to facilitate its use in the management of cervical lesions in the low resource conditions regarding …

Efficacy Of Intradermal Injection Of Tranexamic Acid And Ascorbic Acid Versus Tranexamic Acid And Placebo In The Treatment Of Melasma: A Split-Face Comparative Trial, Wafaa H. A. Mahmoud, Bothaina M. Ghanem, Amal Wagdy

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder affecting millions worldwide. This study was done to evaluate effectiveness of combined intradermal injections of Tranexamic acid (TxA) and ascorbic acid compared to TxA alone with placebo in managing facial melasma. Methods: This randomized controlled study included twenty patients diagnosed with epidermal melasma were divided into two groups. In Group A, one side of the face received 0.5 ml of TxA (50 mg) with 0.5 ml of normal saline; in Group B, the other side received 0.5 ml of TxA plus 0.5 ml of ascorbic acid. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring the …

Role Of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging In Differentiating Osteomyelitis From Osteoarthropathy In Diabetic Foot, Mona Mohamed Hamid Ibrahim Barakat, Saher Ebrahim Taman, Samer Abdelhamid Regal, Ahmed Galal Sadek

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) represents a major cause of preventable morbidity among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) frequently arises through contiguous spread of soft tissue infection to the underlying bone. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that enables quantitative evaluation of tissue microstructure. Aim: To assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance DTI in differentiating osteomyelitis from acute osteoarthropathy in patients with diabetic foot complications. Methods: This prospective study included 28 diabetic patients presenting with clinically suspected foot complications. According to the final diagnosis, patients were classified into two …

Effect Of Autologous Nanofat Injection In Post-Traumatic Atrophic Scars: A Prospective Randomized Interventional Clinical Study, Ghada M. Hammad, Manar Sallam, Sherif R. Ismail, Ahmed M. Zenia, Shereen Ezzalregal Alashry

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Post-traumatic scars continue to be a challenging issue for both patients and surgeons. Nanofat, a novel tool in regenerative medicine, relies primarily on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). These cells aid in wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and secreting growth factors that help decrease inflammation and fibrous tissue formation. Aim of the study To assess the aesthetic results of autologous nanofat injection in post-traumatic atrophic scars. Patients and methods 30 cases with post-traumatic atrophic scars received a single session of nanofat injection. Evaluation was done 3 and 6 months after the session using the Vancouver scar scale. Results Our study …

Evaluation Of The Stigmatizing Attitude Towards Mental Illness Among A Group Of Egyptian Nonpsychiatric Physicians, Mohamed Elhasanein Elshehedy, Mahmoud Ahmed Elwasify, Ibtihal Mohamed Aly Ibrahim, Roshdy Mohamed El Gamal

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons had mental illness remain a major barrier to effective mental healthcare. While psychiatrists’ perspectives have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to non-psychiatric physicians, whose attitudes significantly influence early detection and referral. Objective To evaluate stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness among Egyptian nonpsychiatric physicians. Methods This cross-sectional research has been performed on a sample of non-psychiatric physicians in various Egyptian events and occasions, including the Mansoura University conference, the Ain Shams University conference, and the Alexandria University conference over the year 2023. Participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Mental Illness Clinicians’ Attitudes …

Deepseek: Is It The End Of Generative Ai Monopoly Or The Mark Of The Impending Doomsday?, Malik Sallam, Kholoud Al-Mahzoum, Mohammed Sallam, Maad M. Mijwil

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

The rise of superintelligent open-source generative AI (genAI) heralds both extraordinary potential and unprecedented risk, exemplified by the rapid emergence of DeepSeek as a global AI innovator. This perspective article examines the dual-edged nature of open source genAI technologies, highlighting their capacity to democratize innovation while exposing critical vulnerabilities. By providing affordable, high-performing, and openly available models like DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3, this Chinese AI company has disrupted the proprietary dominance of Western AI giants. These advancements are expected to empower researchers in resource-limited settings, foster global collaboration, and enable breakthroughs across numerous fields. Open-source AI, as illustrated by DeepSeek, has …

Hybrid Quantum-Assisted Deep Learning Model For Early-Stage Alzheimer’S Disease Classification Based On Mri Images, Eman A. Radhi, Mohammed Y. Kamil, Mazin Abed Mohammed

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents significant diagnostic challenges owing to the subtle morphological similarities observed in the early stages, with traditional deep learning approaches often struggling to distinguish between the various stages of disease progression via structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. Quantum computing offers unique advantages for medical image analysis, leveraging superposition and entanglement capabilities to process high-dimensional feature spaces beyond the limits of classical computation. This study introduces a hybrid quantum-classical neural network architecture (HQC-Net) for accurate four-class Alzheimer's disease classification, which uses quantum processing to detect patterns that are often invisible to classical spatial analysis methods. The proposed …

Shared Generator-Based Serverless Multimodal Federated Learning For Medical Image Analysis, Mohammed Adel Al-Shahe, Ahmed Saihood, Mustafa Asaad Hasan

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

Medical image analysis constitutes the foundation of the diagnosis of potential life-threatening conditions such as lung cancer. Nevertheless, AI model construction in this context is hindered by strict privacy regulations (e.g., HIPAA, GDPR), the variability of imaging protocols, and the paucity of large annotated datasets. These barriers constrain centralised machine learning and dampen interdisciplinary research. To overcome such barriers, this paper introduces shared generator-serverless federated learning (SGS-FL), a decentralised multimodal medical imaging framework. By employing a shared generator and multidiscriminator architecture, SGS-FL eliminates centralised dependency via cross-modal synthesis, while the communication burden is reduced by embedding a sharing protocol. By …

Optimized Wavelet Scatter Method For Accurate Classification And Segmentation Of Lung Nodules, Enas Hamood Al-Saadi, Ahmed Nidhal Khdiar, Nidhal K. El Abbadi

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

Lung cancer is a significant global health concern due to its high mortality rate. This is primarily due to the difficulty of identifying malignant growths in early-stage computed tomography (CT) images. The thing is, it's often hard to tell the difference between a benign nodule and a malignant one. This makes it tricky to figure out what's going on with the patient. That's where these computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) approaches come in. This study introduces a lightweight and interpretable framework for comprehensively analyzing lung nodules, including their detection, classification, and segmentation. This approach uses the wavelet scattering transform (WST) to extract …

At The Crossroads: Initial Findings And Lessons Learned From A Medicaid Housing Benefit Pilot, Cat Livingston, Megan Holtorf, Benjamin Gronowski, Alyssa Cragie

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

No abstract provided.

Resilience Among Undergraduate First-Year Students: The Differential Effects Of Gender, And Socioeconomic Status, Sahanowas Sk, Santoshi Halder

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies

Resilience, as a multidimensional psychological construct, may vary with respect to personal characteristics such as gender and social context like socio-economic status, particularly in the Indian context. The researchers aim to explore the effects of gender (male and female) and socioeconomic status (low, moderate & high) on resilience and further investigate whether the effect of gender is independent of different levels of SES. The quantitative survey study included 490 first-year undergraduates (M = 18.97, SD = .83) from three districts of West Bengal. The questionnaire comprised socio-demographic data and the adapted Bengali version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The …

The Impact Of Smoking Cessation On Clinical Outcomes Of Stage I/Stage Ii, Grade A/Grade B Periodontitis Patients In Periodontal Maintenance Phase: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study, Santosh R Patil, Shikhar Daniel, Aysha Jebin A

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of smoking cessation interventions on periodontal outcomes in individuals who have successfully abstained from smoking for a minimum of six months following non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Methods: A total of 122 participants, based on inclusion & exclusion criteria, were divided into a smoking cessation group (n=61) and a control group (n=61). Demographic characteristics, smoking history, and baseline oral health parameters were assessed in these patients. Over a 2-year follow-up period, changes in probing depth and alveolar bone loss were measured, statistically analysis were performed using SPSS software.

Results …

Multiple Implant Placements With Simultaneous Soft Tissue Augmentation Using A Volume-Stable Collagen Matrix Compared To Autogenous Connective Tissue Graft: A Clinical And Histological Pilot Study, Jamil Boulos, Abdel-Rahman Kassir, Gabriel Menassa, Nada Naaman

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Introduction: The use of soft tissue grafts has been a key component in periodontal and implant surgeries for the past five decades, aiming to increase the width of keratinized tissue and soft tissue volume.

Objectives: This study evaluates the efficacy of a three-dimensional volume-stable collagen matrix (VCMX) compared to subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG) in increasing soft tissue thickness and volume during multiple implant placements.

Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with four patients and eight implants. Patients were allocated to the SCTG or VCMX group, with soft tissue augmentation performed simultaneously with implant placement. …

Three-Dimensional Analysis Of Dental Arch Form In Relation To The Vertical Facial Pattern In Class I Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study, Ahmad Ghassan Droubi, Islam Gad, Aly Osman

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Introduction: Understanding the relationship between dental arch form and vertical facial pattern is crucial in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Variations in vertical facial morphology can influence dental arch form, which in turn impacts the effectiveness and stability of orthodontic interventions.

Objectives: The study explores the associations between dental arch form with the different vertical facial patterns, including hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent patterns in skeletal Class I patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational design was employed to examine a sample of 48 patients with skeletal Class I seeking orthodontic treatment; of which 24 males and 24 females. Each …

Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of The Niti K-Files And Gutta-Percha Cones In Gauging The Apical Foramen Using The Scanning Electron Microscope: An In Vitro Study, Marie-Louise Slim, Roula El Hachem, Lara Nasr, Romy Zouein, Rami Mhanna, Mia Karam, Issam Khalil

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of apical gauging using NiTi K-files and gutta-percha cones and determine the level of agreement between the two methods using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Methods: 75 circular and straight canals of mandibular first premolars were used. Canals were shaped using the R-Motion system (RM; FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and gauged using NiTi K-Files and gutta-percha cones matching the shaping instrument. Diameters measured on SEM images were used as the reference standard.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the prediction of apical diameter …

A Two-Stage Radiographic Study Of The Prevalence Of Anomalies Associated With Tooth Number, Vellore Kannan Gopinath, Diaa Elderini, Reem Salama, Sangeetha Narasimhan, Vinayak Kamath, Shishir Shetty

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Introduction: Dental anomalies (DA) are a group of dental developmental disturbances which appear during tooth formation manifesting themselves as an alteration in tooth number, shape, and size. Dental anomalies of number include hypodontia, mesiodens, supernumerary tooth, and odontoma.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies associated with tooth number in the radiographic archives of University Dental Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Methods: Retrospective evaluation of 2000 Orthopantomogram (OPG) images were taken between January 2015 to December 2022. The OPG showing dental anomalies of number were further investigated for the availability of Cone Beam …

Evaluation Of The Effect Of 3 Bonding Protocols On The Micro-Tensile Bond Strength Of Self-Adhesive Composite To Enamel And Dentin, Mohamad Yaman, Louis Hardan, George Najjar, Cynthia Kassis

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objectives: To investigate the micro tensile bond strength (µTBS) of self-adhesive bulk-fill composite (Surefil One) to enamel and dentin bonded without bonding agent, with an additional phosphoric acid etch, and with the use of a bonding agent in etch and rinse mode.

Methods: 90 sound extracted wisdom teeth were used in this study. Surefil One (Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany), Prime&Bond Universal (Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany) and Detrey Conditioner 36 Etch Gel (Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany) were tested. Teeth were divided in 6 groups of 15 teeth, according to tooth substrate (enamel and dentin) and bonding protocols (no bonding …

Evaluation Of Microtensile Bond Strength Of Composite Under Three Aging Conditions: A Comparative In Vitro Study, Fadi Hammoud, Louis Hardan, Maryse Nassif, Tala El Ghoul, Georges Najjar, Cynthia Kassis

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objectives: To investigate the effects of different in-vitro artificial aging protocols on the micro tensile bond strength (µTBS) of composite restorations applied to dentin.

Methods: A total of 88 teeth were prepared on dentin and divided into three distinct aging conditions and a control group : G1) Control group with no aging (n=22); G2) Thermal Cycling (Thermocycling) involving 10,000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C, with a dwell time of 20 seconds (n=22); G3) Mechanical Loading (Cyclic loading) with a 50 N load, a frequency of 1.5 Hz, and 10,000 cycles (n=22); G4) Combined Thermo-mechanical cyclic loading (TMCL) using …