Digital Commons Network^™

Modeling The Rehabilitation Of Offenders In Domestic Violence Using A Hybrid Neutrosophic-Logistic Approach To Reduce Recidivism, Johanna Estefanía Calle Imbaquingo, Karen Milagros Díaz Salambay, Jordy Alexis Vargas Yumbo, Kevin Christopher Carrasco Azogue, Otto F. Von Feigenblatt

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This dissertation seeks to determine if criminal suspension—per Article 651.3 of National Criminal Code (COIP)—for domestic violence offenders in Ecuador actually reduces recidivism through effective rehabilitation. This study is significant for comprehension of offender mentality and subsequent ability to accept criminal punishment to reduce recidivism for prolonged victim safety and better acts of authority in a country where domestic violence is still a major social concern. While the existing literature has studied aspects of restorative justice, very few articles have explored the predicating factors of recidivism and the lack of judicial observation and databases due to a neoteric nature and …

Intercultural Education From Ancestral Logic: Application Of The Ayni Method Multi-Neutrosophic To Strengthen Mixed Methodology In The Waorani Community, Johanna Estefanía Calle Imbaquingo, Karen Milagros Díaz Salambay, Jordy Alexis Vargas Yumbo, Kevin Christopher Carrasco Azogue, Otto F. Von Feigenblatt

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

Research aimed at determining the Ayni method Multi-Neutrosophic by which a successful blended learning experience enhances multicultural education respecting Ancestral Logic of the Waoranis to create a hybridization of Ancestral Logic and institutional and classroom learning to preserve their cultural identity. A qualitative descriptive-legal research approach was utilized. The results of the documentary analysis included requirements from Ecuador (Constitution, ILO Convention 169) and semi-structured interviews with Waorani leaders and teachers, Triangulation through participant observation of the educational activities taught in the Waorani community. The Ayni method Multi-Neutrosophic was cultural reciprocity and neutrality established through indeterminacies in the blended Ancestral teachings …

Hyperbolic Geometry And Neutrosophic Trigonometry: A Unified Approach To Uncertainty Management In Geometric Spaces, Yismandry González Vargas, Diana Padrón Carrasco

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This paper addresses the challenge of modeling uncertainty in hyperbolic geometry, where non-Euclidean properties, such as angle sums in triangles smaller than 180°, complicate traditional trigonometric calculations. The relevance of this topic lies in its application in fields such as cosmology, robotics, and signal processing, where curved spaces and imprecision are common. Although the literature has explored fuzzy geometry and trigonometry under uncertainty, it lacks a framework that integrates negative curvature with explicit indeterminacy. To overcome this gap, a methodology is proposed that combines hyperbolic geometry with neutrosophic trigonometry, using neutrosophic sets (T, I, F) to represent angles and calculate …

Empowering Multigrade Interdisciplinary Assessment Through Plithogenic Offsets And Artificial Intelligence For Dynamic And Personalized Education, Roger Martinez Isaac, Rudy García Cobas, Carlos Roberto Humanante Cabrera, María Andrea Soto Granda, Linda Florangely Soto Torres

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This contribution addresses the issue of interdisciplinary assessment in multigrade classrooms: the diverse levels and the assessment path's unclear direction fail to render efficient learning. How can assessment be refined to avoid such discrepancies and establish a better path of equalized and contextualized learning? It's a pressing question for 21st-century learning—more so in rural areas where interdisciplinary attempts can create holistic and connected learning for the learners—but the literature fails to guide systematically, apart from rendering systematic solutions that rely only on tacit, non-explicit, technical interventions. Therefore this research contributes a systematic intervention that combines a Plithogenic Offset—neutrosophic attempts to …

Exploring Irrational Number Learning Using The Plithogenic Hypothesis Method: Integrating Incommensurability, Decimal Representations, And Cognitive Conflict, Daniel Alberto Vaderrama Martinez, Gerardo Antonio Chacon Guerrero, Osvaldo Jesus Rojas Velazquez

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This dissertation aimed to formulate a theory regarding high school students' learning of irrational numbers with the plithogenic hypothesis method as a modeling instructional approach for incommensurability, decimal expansions, and cognitive conflict. Using a concurrent Design-Based Research (DBR) and Grounded Theory (GT) method with twelve eleventh-grade students during 2025 in Bogotá, Colombia, four didactic interventions occurred addressing incommensurability, geometric representations, approximated sequences, and interdisciplinary uses; data were analyzed through systematic coding and plithogenic matrices, with results presented through truth, uncertainty, and falsity. Conclusions revealed that incommensurability (60% consensus) serves as a conceptual anchor to justify subsequent understandings, decimal expansions (50% …

Data Mining: Predictive Model Of The Socioeconomic Impact Of Covid-19 On The Income Of Cooperative Members Validated Using Neutrosophic Topsis And The Hausdorff Distance, Alexander Palacios Zurita, Rosa Giler Zambrano, Dayron Rumbaut Rangel

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

The COVID-19 pandemic generated a socioeconomic disruption that affected household income, making it crucial to identify modulating factors in vulnerable contexts. This study aimed to develop a predictive model using data mining to determine the socioeconomic, demographic, and well-being factors that influence the income level of 1,456 members of three cooperatives in Manabí, Ecuador, before, during, and after the lockdown. The Interindustry Standard Process for Data Mining methodology was employed. The survey data were segmented into training and test sets, with oversampling applied to the minority classes to correct for imbalances. Several supervised classification algorithms were trained and evaluated in …

Neutrosophic Psychology In Playful Spelling Learning: Understanding Cognitive And Emotional Dynamics In Spelling Competence, Giselle Rodríguez Caballero, Martha Silvia Mancebo Calzado, Elsy Rodríguez Revelo, Lissett Aide Perea Tenorio, Cecilia Denisse Anangonó Corozo

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

The problem explored in this article is spelling ability of 3rd year students of Basic General Education and how neutrosophic psychology can enhance spelling rules through playful teaching. Spelling is an essential component of presenting one's thoughts formally and non-verbally; unfortunately, without motivation and without dynamic approaches, spelling becomes complicated. The problem is observed in problems of the contemporary educated world as (positional) writing is formalized, and the requirements of language standards always should be met, which means logic and causation should be added for future endeavors of logical thinking and orientations by the public. Thus, similar research exists regarding …

Descriptive And Diagnostic Analysis Of Customer Complaints For Different Electric Companies Of Ecuador Using Neutrosophic Logic, Marco Arguello Arguello, Franklin Parrales Bravo, Roberto Tolozano Benites, Dayron Rumbaut Rangel

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This article presents a descriptive analysis of complaint and claim management by ARCONEL and Electricity Distribution Companies in Ecuador for the year 2023. The dataset includes information about complaint outcomes such as 'Procedentes' (resolved), 'No Procedentes' (dismissed), 'En Proceso' (pending), and 'Invalidado' (invalid). This analysis will examine the complaint dataset using neutrosophic logic, which extends traditional binary logic by incorporating indeterminacy. We apply Neutrosophic Logic to capture not only resolved and unresolved complaints, but also uncertainty in complaint status. Key findings reveal high median resolution rates (99.98%), yet notable disparities exist: Sierra region companies outperform those in Costa, and private …

Strengthening Reading Comprehension Through Affective Communication And Artificial Intelligence With Validation By Neutrosophic Numbers, Giselle Rodríguez Caballero, Rudy García Cobas, Elsy Rodríguez Revelo, Nidia María Cumbicus Castillo, Piedad Doraliza Cordero Cueva

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This investigation explores whether emotional communication empowered by artificial intelligence tools is needed for pedagogical integration for reading comprehension for Third Graders at Santiago Fernández García Educational Unit. Through Teacher interviews, classroom observations and pedagogical assessments, the investigator uncovered methodological insufficiencies that not only hinder the literal aspects of reading comprehension but also interpretative and critical aspects. Teachers hold a fortuitous upper hand regarding these advancements; however, test results show non-sufficient didactic planning geared toward emotional awareness strategy developments through artificial intelligence. Suggested artificial intelligence developments in this area show to be text generators or emotional detectors; however, this is …

A Neutrosophic Random Forest Framework For Uncertainty-Aware Classification Of Nursery School Applications, Franklin Parrales-Bravo, Roberto Tolozano-Benites, Manuel Reyes-Wagnio, Dayron Rumbaut-Rangel, Leonel Vasquez-Cevallos

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

This paper presents a novel framework that integrates Random Forest classification with neutrosophic logic to address the challenge of uncertainty-aware decision-making in nursery school application processes. Using the publicly available Nursery dataset—which includes socio-familial attributes such as parental occupation, financial standing, and health conditions—the proposed model not only achieves high predictive accuracy (approximately 95%) but also quantifies uncertainty explicitly through neutrosophic sets defined by truth (T), indeterminacy (I), and falsity (F) membership degrees. This approach allows for a nuanced interpretation of classification confidence, distinguishing between clear-cut cases that can be automated and borderline instances requiring human expert review. By enabling …

Automated Ai Validation Of Neutrosophic Plithogenic Hypotheses In Multigrade Literacy Improvement, Isaac Roger Martínez, Débora Lucia Ponce Rivera, Maryuri Yvonne Guale Gómez, Rudy Garcia Cobas, Carlos Roberto Humanante Cabrera

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

Literacy is acquired in multigrade classrooms in complicated scenarios because of varying literacy competencies and abilities and varied resources and materials. Thus, it's hard to determine if certain teaching interventions work. This is also a growing concern, a timely consideration, because as the institutions try to better the Quality of Education and prevent learning lags for multivariate classrooms are concerned. Yet the literature contains gaps where no direct attempt to stabilize teaching interventions is made despite the findings of many studies generating didactic interventions through the proceedings. Thus, this study fills the gap with an approach based upon hypothesis generation …

Neutrosophic Sets And Systems, Vol. 92, 2025, Florentin Smarandache, Maikel Yelandi Leyva, Mohamed Abdel‑Basset

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

No abstract provided.

An Analysis Of Student Performance In Elementary Linear Algebra At Brigham Young University, Adrienne Irene Christensen

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates different factors that influence performance in the Elementary Linear Algebra (ELA) course taught at Brigham Young University. These factors include student characteristics such as true freshman status and college enrollment, and content-specific factors such as how performance on essential topics affects overall performance in the course. To analyze the various research questions posed in the study, I used robust linear mixed effects models with random effects controlling for the hierarchical structure of the data. The statistically significant results from these models indicate that (i) true freshmen perform better than other students on exams and in the ELA …

Studying Causal Inferences For Student Success In Higher Education, Prabesh Shrestha

Theses and Dissertations

Higher education institutions strive to support students in achieving their academic goals through targeted interventions and data-driven strategies. This study analyzed 19 variables, spanning student demographics, enrollment patterns, and institutional interventions, to identify predictors of students completing all enrolled courses in a semester. Using random forest, logistic regression, and bootstrap forest models, we assessed variable importance and derived causal estimates to determine their impact. Results from causal analysis indicate positive effects from session type, term load, referrals, kudos, flags, and scholarships, while negative impacts were associated with location, course delivery method, enrollment status, advisor contact, and registration interval. These findings …

Enviromental Dna (Edna) Tools For Invasive Mosquitofish (Gambusia Affinis) Surveillance At The Shoshone Pupfish (Cyprinidon Nevadensis Shoshone) Refugium, Yusuf Olamilekan Umar

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Spring-fed aquatic ecosystems of the North American Southwest and U.S. Great Basin hosts a plethora of endemic fish species due to the effects of hydrologic fragmentation that resulted from Pleistocene aridification. Threats to endemic fishes worldwide include human intentional or unintentional release of exotic species into their habitats. Early detection of invasive species, while corrective actions are still possible, is critical for management, yet traditional survey methods are often disruptive to sensitive ecosystems, costly, and limited in sensitivity. The recent development of environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches offers powerful alternatives for invasive species monitoring in aquatic systems. In this study, a …

The Implementation Of Tact And Bidirectional Intraverbal Training In Teaching A Foreign Language: A Systematic Replication, Karen Parra Caballero

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

The current study replicates and extends Yamaguchi and Matsuda (2024) to evaluate the effects of foreign tact and bidirectional intraverbal training on teaching foreign-language vocabulary to adults. An adapted alternating-treatments design was used to evaluate the effects of learning vocabulary of a foreign language through tact teaching (tacting a picture in French), foreign-native intraverbal teaching (vocalizing a French word in the presence of the Spanish word), and native-foreign intraverbal teaching (vocalizing a French word in the presence of the Spanish word). Each teaching condition had an assigned stimulus set for teaching, and an additional stimulus set was included as a …

Oxytocin Varies Across The Life Course In A Sex-Specific Way In A Human Subsistence Population, Abigail E. Colby, Dominik C. Jud, Valerie Baettig, Jordan S. Martin, Camila Scaff, Michael D. Gurven, Benjamin C. Trumble, Bret A. Beheim, Paul L. Hooper, Daniel K. Cummings, Hillard Kaplan, Jonathan Stieglitz, Arnulfo Cary Ista, Adrian V. Jaeggi

ESI Publications

Oxytocin, a hormone linked to reproduction and health, may mediate life-history trade-offs across the human life course. Yet, how oxytocin naturally varies with age remains poorly understood. Here, working with the Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists of lowland Bolivia, we collected the largest sample of oxytocin measurements to date (n = 1,242 samples, n = 405 individuals, age = 2 to 84 y, 51% female), and i) examined how oxytocin varies throughout the life course in females and males, and ii) investigated potential drivers of age- and sex-specific variation. Our sample provides rare insight into the relationship between oxytocin and age in a …

Integrating The Five As Framework To Enhance Person-Centered Care For Adults Living With Obesity, Alexandra Charles

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Obesity has adverse effects on physical health, emotional well-being, and mental functioning. To effectively address this highly prevalent and multifaceted condition, the use of a structured, evidence-informed framework is essential to support providers in delivering consistent, person-centered care for individuals living with obesity. The Five As is a powerful yet not commonly implemented framework in many primary care practices. The Five As framework (Ask, Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist) offers a structured model to guide clinicians in delivering consistent, supportive, and transformative care for individuals with obesity.

The goal of the project was to implement a timely and cost-effective protocol/tool that …

Assessment Of Mass Spectral Data For The Quantification Of Virion Components In A Giant Salmonella Phage, Trang Phan

Theses

Phages, as viruses that specifically target and eliminate bacteria, present as a promising treatment strategy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Giant phages, however, with longer genomes and a higher level of virion complexity, remain understudied. This research aims to evaluate the applicability of data-dependent acquisition mass spectrometry (DDA-MS) versus data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) to characterize and quantify the copy numbers of virion proteins of the giant Salmonella phage SPN3US.  Accurate copy number estimations require confirmation of protein sequences in the mature virion, as previous analyses showed nine SPN3US head proteins were shorter than their predicted lengths, as they had been cleaved …

Assessing The Relationship Between Treatment Quality, Matching And Dosage And Juvenile Justice Outcomes Among Youth With Co-Occurring Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders, Kevin T. Wolff, Michael T. Baglivio, Joshua A. Lang

Publications and Research

This study examined differences among youth in deep-end juvenile justice residential placement who did, and did not, present with co-occurring disorders. The prevalence of cooccurring mental health and substance use/abuse issues was found to be 19%, far lower than that of prior work. Researchers demonstrated more similarities than differences between youth with and without co-occurring disorders, both in terms of their criminal histories and the prevalence of their criminogenic needs. Additionally, the residential programs across Florida appear to provide treatment at similarly high levels of integrity, as measured by 1) matching treatment services to the highest three dynamic risk assessed …

The Negotiation Of Identities Through Humorous Discourse In Political Resistance: An Analysis Of Bassem Youssef's 'The B+ Show', Howaida Aref

Theses and Dissertations

This study examines the strategic use of humorous discourse in negotiating identities and expressing political resistance during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, focusing on Bassem Youssef's satirical YouTube show, "The B+ Show." Employing a mixed-method approach that combines Grice's maxims of cooperative communication and Fairclough's critical discourse analysis framework, the research investigates how humor functioned as a tool for challenging hegemonic narratives and power dynamics through constructing and deconstructing identities in a volatile sociopolitical context. The analysis reveals that Youssef skillfully exploited various discursive resources, particularly intertextuality and the flouting of conversational maxims, to generate implicatures that effectively debunked negative representations …

Maritime Trade And Imperial Ambitions: Yemeni Politics And Trade In The Indian Ocean World (626/1228-858/1454), Beck Sjostedt

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores the role of Yemen, particularly under the Rasūlid dynasty (626/1228-858/1454) in the medieval Indian Ocean trade. I argue that the Rasūlids attempted to create an “imperial maritime space” wherein Yemen would be the imperial core, and the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea the subjugated peripheries. While the Rasūlids managed to organize state power towards their imperial project via diplomacy, military and naval expansion, and a robust and efficient bureaucracy, they never fully realized their goal of creating a thalassocratic empire in the western Indian Ocean. Nonetheless, medieval Yemen played a significant role in the political, social, …

The Cost Of Care: Medical Bills, Mental Health, And The Protective Role Of Insurance Coverage Among U.S. Adults, Fahima Sultana

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This paper focuses on how medical bills and financial hardship are related to healthcare access in adults in the United States, based on the results of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In particular, it examines the hypothesis that those with problems paying medical bills have a higher tendency to delay or ration medical care or health insurance cover offsets this effect. Logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between financial hardship, delayed care, and psychological distress and demographic and socioeconomic variables including age, education, race, and poverty status. According to the results, it can be seen that …

Verbs With Augmented Antonyms In The Lisan Al-Arab Dictionary, Mahmoud Alwan Mahmoud, Ali Heloo Hawas

Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

It is human nature to question the underlying causes of any phenomenon, regardless of its type, and to seek to interpret it through judgments deemed logical by the researcher. Reasoning is a fundamental pillar of research methodology. Several phenomena have emerged in the Arabic language that one group of scholars considers a linguistic feature, while another views as a linguistic weakness. Among these phenomena is the concept of "contradictory verbal participles," traditionally referred to as "antonyms" (al-ʾaḍdād). These are words that convey two opposite meanings, such as "black and white" or "menstruation." Scholars have debated the existence of this phenomenon …

Basic Effectiveness Of Group Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (Gmbct) In The University Setting, John Robert C. Rilveria, Nisseth Clarize S. Carido, April Veronica G. Lansangan, Alaya Gabrielle N. Villaflor, Anna Cristina A. Tuazon, Divine Love A. Salvador, Violeta V. Bautista

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped daily life and amplified mental health challenges worldwide, with university students identified as a particularly vulnerable group. To address this need, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (GMBCT) as an evidence-based intervention for students receiving psychosocial services during the pandemic. Using a pretest–posttest design, data from 34 students randomly assigned to either GMBCT or individual treatment-as-usual (TAU) provided by a university-based clinic were analyzed. To evaluate treatment effects, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare post-treatment outcomes between the two groups while controlling for pre-treatment scores, treatment length, …

Mainstreaming Kautilya In Realism’S Intellectual Tradition: A Top-Down Approach For Global International Relations, Don Mclain Gill

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

Students of realism often find themselves limited in their appreciation of the paradigm’s dynamic characteristics due to the dominance of mainstream literature, which primarily presents the ideas and views of thinkers from just one part of the world. Although there is nothing wrong with promoting distinguished thinkers from the West whose ideas resonate strongly with contemporary realist analysis, this article seeks to broaden the conversation within realism through the lens of Global International Relations. Although non-Western scholars have recently endeavored to present novel variants of realism that reflected important experiences of the developing world, these bottom-up contributions have often faced …

The Jurisprudential Opinions Of Al-Sabzwari In His Book Muhadhdhab Al-Ahkam The Issue Of Resting In Prayer As An Example (A Comparative Study) Research Extracted From A Doctoral Thesis, Narges Mahdi Saghir Mohsen, Aqeel Razzaq Noaman

Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Sayyed Abd al-A’la al-Sabuzari is considered one of the leading contemporary Imami jurists, and his book Muhadhdhab al-Ahkam is one of the most prominent books of contemporary Imami jurisprudence. In these research papers, we have intended to study the issue of resting in prayer according to Sayyid al-Sabzwari as a comparative study, and the most prominent results that this study has yielded are that scholars They differed on this issue into four opinions, and it has been proven that the most correct opinion is what was preferred by Mr. Al-Sabzwari, which is the opinion of those who hold the first …

Problems Of Cartographic Representation: An Applied Study On Models Of Maps From Postgraduate Theses And Dissertations In Human Geography At The University Of Baghdad, Aya Walhan Zamil Katea, Ziena Jameel Yousif

Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The map is considered an essential tool for displaying and analyzing geographical information, as it helps convey complex data visually. However, the process of map preparation faces challenges, such as accurately defining elements and choosing suitable representation methods for human phenomena. This research aims to diagnose issues in maps of human geography phenomena, which sometimes suffer from errors in element placement or data representation, affecting spatial distribution and relationship accuracy. Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS) software was utilized to improve map design. The study selected samples from theses and dissertations by graduate students in the human geography department at various University …

Lattice Thermal Transport Beyond The Quasiparticle Approximation: Nontrivial Spectral Competition Between Three- And Four-Phonon Interactions, Yi Xia

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The breakdown of the quasiparticle approximation (QPA) for phonons in strongly anharmonic materials necessitates advanced first-principles frameworks for accurate lattice dynamics and thermal transport predictions. We develop a comprehensive beyond-quasiparticle approximation (BQPA) approach incorporating both three- (3ph) and four-phonon (4ph) interactions and apply it to investigate lattice thermal conductivity (κL) in MgO, PbTe, and AgCl – materials that span a broad spectrum of anharmonicity, from weak to severe anharmonic regimes with overdamped phonons. We reveal that while BQPA consistently increases κL relative to QPA due to phonon softening when considering only 3ph interactions, the inclusion of additional 4ph interactions hardens …

Extracellular Matrix-Mycaf Signatures Correlate With Resistance To Neoadjuvant Apd-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibition With Durvalumab + Metformin In Hpv+ Hnscc, Pablo Llerena, Hani Samarah, Kathryn Nunes, Zhao Lin, Kelly Bridgham, Sruti Tekumalla, Amiti Jain, Larry A. Harshyne, Sanket Kumar Shukla, Ioannis Vathiotis, Madalina Tuluc, Stacey Gargano, John R. Eisenbrey, Scott W Keith, David Cognetti, Voichita Bar-Ad, Adam J. Luginbuhl, Rita S. Axelrod, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli, Hushan Yang, Diana Whitaker-Menezes, Megan Roche, My G. Mahoney, Athanassios Argiris, Charalambos C. Solomides, Jennifer Johnson, Md, Mouadh Barbirou, Amanda Miller, Andrew P. South, Ramkrishna Mitra, Alban J Linnenbach, Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outshoorn, Joseph Curry

Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Faculty Papers

PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have demonstrated clinical benefit in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, single-agent efficacy is limited, leaving significant unmet needs. Metformin may synergize with ICIs, offering promise to improve response rates. We leveraged multiomic data from a randomized, presurgical neoadjuvant trial (NCT03618654) evaluating a single infusion of the anti-PD-L1 ICI durvalumab with or without daily, standard dose metformin in previously untreated, nondiabetic patients with HNSCC to understand predictors of response and the effect of combination therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical, pathologic, and correlative data were analyzed to investigate response and resistance mechanisms. We present …