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2025

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Glass Vessels From Tomb 202 At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 113–118; English Summary, Pp. 83*–84*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From Tomb 202 At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 113–118; English Summary, Pp. 83*–84*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The glass vessels retrieved from Cist Tomb 202 at Kafr Kama were all free blown, mainly of greenish blue glass. The shapes of the vessels, their fabric and weathering are similar, probably pointing to the same origin, in a local glass workshop. Most of the vessels have parallels in the region, dating to the third century CE.

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The Finds From Cave 39c West Of Ḥorbat Barfiliya, Modi‘In (Pp. 1–9), Ianir Milevski, Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

The Finds From Cave 39c West Of Ḥorbat Barfiliya, Modi‘In (Pp. 1–9), Ianir Milevski, Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

The pottery from the cave, comprising bowls, platters, jugs/cups, jars, pithoi and an amphoriskos, was mostly eroded. The flint assemblage included 198 artifacts: the debitage was dominated by primary elements and flakes; the debris comprised local large chunks. Among the tools were Canaanean blades. A single copper dagger was also found in the cave. The finds from the cave date from Early Bronze AgeI to Early Bronze AgeIV and are characteristic of the central and southern regions of the country.

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A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed a burial cave containing three arcosolia, each with two or three burial troughs. Twenty-one complete clay candlestick lamps and numerous fragments of other lamps were retrieved, all of them dating to the Byzantine–early Umayyad periods. Two of the lamps bear Greek inscriptions. Also found were 300 fragments of glass vessels, of which only 23 were diagnostic. The glass vessels, free-blown and decorated in a variety of techniques, are characteristic of Byzantine-era Jerusalem; several vessels might also date later, to the early Umayyad period. Thirty glass beads were retrieved, one of which was made of mosaic glass (millefiori). …

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Anthropological Analysis Of The Human Skeletal Remains From Naḥalat Ahim, Jerusalem (Pp. 121–124), Joe Zias Jan 2025

Anthropological Analysis Of The Human Skeletal Remains From Naḥalat Ahim, Jerusalem (Pp. 121–124), Joe Zias

'Atiqot

The remains of 51 individuals were recovered from a Byzantine-period tomb at Naḥalat Ahim: 47% were adults, 40% were sub-adults and 4% were between 6–12 months; no neonates were identified. There was no discernible demographic pattern regarding age, sex or place of burial within the tomb. Two benign bone tumors were found in two different individuals; both types are previously unreported in excavations in Israel.

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Late Roman–Early Byzantine Burial Caves At Shelomi (Pp. 103–115), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

Late Roman–Early Byzantine Burial Caves At Shelomi (Pp. 103–115), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

Four burial caves, hewn in soft limestone, were discovered southwest of Shelomi in the northern Galilee. They all consist of one chamber surrounded by single and double loculi (kokhim). The richest finds were recovered from Cave 2, and include bronze coins, glass vessels, jewelry and an iron blade, dating to the late third–late fourth centuries CE. The caves probably served the population of nearby Ḥorbat Kenessiyya, a relatively large site from the Roman–Byzantine periods. This population was probably pagan during the Roman period and converted to Christianity in the fourth century CE.

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Khirbat ‘Adasa: A Farmstead Of The Umayyad And Mamluk Periods In Northern Jerusalem (With Contributions By Helena Sokolov And Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 91–122; English Summary, Pp. 69*–71*), Hamoudi Khalaily, Miriam Avissar Jan 2025

Khirbat ‘Adasa: A Farmstead Of The Umayyad And Mamluk Periods In Northern Jerusalem (With Contributions By Helena Sokolov And Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 91–122; English Summary, Pp. 69*–71*), Hamoudi Khalaily, Miriam Avissar

'Atiqot

The site, located in the Pisgat Ze’ev neighborhood in northern Jerusalem, yielded three settlement strata from the Hellenistic and Roman periods (III), the Early Islamic period (II) and the Mamluk period (I). Most of the buildings and installations were erected on bedrock during the Early Islamic period. The architecture comprises elongated halls with thick walls, pilasters that supported arches bearing the ceiling, as well as rectangular limestone troughs—all pointing to the buildings’ function as stables. During the Mamluk period the stables were reused, adapted for dwelling by the construction of partition walls; one of the buildings was partly paved with …

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The Glass Finds From Khirbat ‘Adasa (Hebrew, Pp. 123–134; English Summary, Pp. 72*–73*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Khirbat ‘Adasa (Hebrew, Pp. 123–134; English Summary, Pp. 72*–73*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The 320 glass fragments from the excavations at Khirbat ‘Adasa represent types dating from the Hellenistic, Early and Late Roman, late Byzantine–early Umayyad, Abbasid–Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The finds from the late Byzantine–early Umayyad periods are familiar from other contemporary settlements in the vicinity of Jerusalem. They include fragments of a rectangular window and evidence of glass production. The finds from the Abbasid period are the only published corpus from this time span in the region and includes bottles, some with a mold-blown pattern, and a tube.

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Building Remains And An Installation From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Naḥal Daliya (Umm Tut) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–70*; English Summary, Pp. 168–170), Rina Avner Jan 2025

Building Remains And An Installation From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Naḥal Daliya (Umm Tut) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–70*; English Summary, Pp. 168–170), Rina Avner

'Atiqot

Five strata were exposed at the site, located to the north of the Yoqne‘am–Fureidis road (Road 70): Strata I–III date to the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, and Strata IV–V are of an earlier, unknown date. The numismatic evidence comprisestwo coins from the third century,six coins from the fourth century and twenty-seven from the Byzantine period. None of the coins postdates the seventh century CE. Unfortunately, the dating of the ceramic finds, based on the typology of the finds from nearby Caesarea, does not correspond to the dates of the coins. This might suggest that pottery types traditionally assigned to …

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Remains Of The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 81–97; English Summary, Pp. 78*–81*), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

Remains Of The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 81–97; English Summary, Pp. 78*–81*), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation at Ḥorbat Hazaz in Ashqelon revealed remains dating from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The finds from the Roman period included ten infant burials in jars, dating to the fourth century CE, a refuse level and a few coins; the finds from the Byzantine period included building remains, debris and a refuse pit. The small finds from the Early and Late Roman periods were retrieved from the refuse level and included pottery—bowls and burial jars—and glass vessels with plastic decoration. The small finds from the Byzantine period included pottery—a bowl bearing a Greek inscription, two mold-decorated bowls …

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Tombs Of The Roman Period And Building Remains Of The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 105–112; English Summary, Pp. 82*–83*), Chaya Ben-Nachum Jan 2025

Tombs Of The Roman Period And Building Remains Of The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 105–112; English Summary, Pp. 82*–83*), Chaya Ben-Nachum

'Atiqot

In a salvage excavation on the main street in Kafr Kama, two cist tombs were uncovered. One of them (Tomb 202) contained a variety of glass vessels, dating from the Late Roman period (the third century CE), as well as bronze rings and a bronze firepan. The remains of two buildings from the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods were exposed. The buildings were dated to between the end of the sixth and the middle of the eighth centuries CE by the pottery recovered from the fills above their floors.

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Results Of Three Small Excavations At Nahf, Upper Galilee (Pp. 87–101), Howard Smithline Jan 2025

Results Of Three Small Excavations At Nahf, Upper Galilee (Pp. 87–101), Howard Smithline

'Atiqot

The village of Nahf is located north of Karmi’el, on the lower southern slope of the Mount Meron Massif. The three areas excavated revealed occupational levels from Early Bronze Age IB, Early Bronze Age II, Middle Bronze Age II, Iron Age I–II and the Persian period. Large quantities of Hellenistic-period potsherds, including many storage vessels and a stamped Rhodian amphora handle, point to the site’s important role as a commercial center for the production of oil and wine during this period. The Hellenistic settlement ceased to exist during the second half of the second century BCE, probably following the Hasmonean …

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A Burial Cave Of The Byzantine Period In The Naḥalat Ahim Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–86*; English Summary, Pp. 160–161), Elena Kogan-Zehavi Jan 2025

A Burial Cave Of The Byzantine Period In The Naḥalat Ahim Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–86*; English Summary, Pp. 160–161), Elena Kogan-Zehavi

'Atiqot

The cave has a square burial chamber with three arcosolia hewn in its walls; two burial troughs were hewn in each arcosolium. Inside the troughs were the remains of 51 individuals, mostly children. The finds included 63 clay lamps and 18 glass vessels, mostly intact, dating the first use of the cave to the third century CE and its last use to the seventh century CE. Jewelry, spatulas and chicken eggs were found as well. The chicken eggs probably symbolize the Christian belief in incarnation, and thus may attest to the burial of martyrs, who were possibly massacred by the …

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Burial Caves From The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods On The Western Slope Of Mount Of Olives, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–59*; English Summary, Pp. 158–160), Amit Re’Em, Zubair ‘Adawi, Tal Ilan Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods On The Western Slope Of Mount Of Olives, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–59*; English Summary, Pp. 158–160), Amit Re’Em, Zubair ‘Adawi, Tal Ilan

'Atiqot

Three burial caves that were part of the eastern burial ground (necropolis) of Jerusalem during the Second Temple and the Byzantine periods were revealed. Two of the caves (Nos. 3, 4) were hewn during the Second Temple period and reused in the Byzantine period, and one (No. 2) was hewn and used during the Byzantine period. Cave 3 yielded wood remains and nails, probably attesting to burial in wooden coffins during the Byzantine period. Cave 4 yielded fragments of nine limestone ossuaries, decorated in patterns well-known from the Jerusalem area. Three of the ossuaries bore inscriptions of Jewish names in …

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Burials From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Caesarea (Hebrew, Pp. 45–56; English Summary, Pp. 56–57), Yosef Porath Jan 2025

Burials From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Caesarea (Hebrew, Pp. 45–56; English Summary, Pp. 56–57), Yosef Porath

'Atiqot

Excavations in the cemetery area outside the city walls of Caesarea exposed three types of burials, representing the mixed population of the city during the Roman and Byzantine periods. The first burial type is a kokh (loculi) cave, characteristic of the Jewish community during the first century CE. The second type is represented by cist tombs; one of them yielded a large, double-nozzled Imperial oil lamp, its disc decorated with the ‘three fata’—probably indicating that the tomb belonged to a pagan family. The third type is represented by an arcosolium cave, in which more than 40 oil lamps were found, …

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Remains Of A Hall North Of Caesarea (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 57–61; English Summary, Pp. 57–58), Gershon Edelstein Jan 2025

Remains Of A Hall North Of Caesarea (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 57–61; English Summary, Pp. 57–58), Gershon Edelstein

'Atiqot

A large hall, in the shape of a long octagon with two interior, semicircular apses, was revealed. Four marble column bases were found in situ in the northern apse, and remains of a black-and-white mosaic floor survived in the center of the hall. These remains were probably part of a public building (bathhouse?) or a large private dwelling in the northern suburbs of Byzantine Caesarea.

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The Coins From Tamra (Pp. 57*–58*), Danny Syon Jan 2025

The Coins From Tamra (Pp. 57*–58*), Danny Syon

'Atiqot

Sixteen coins, all poorly preserved, were retrieved from the excavations at Tamra. They range in date from the second half of the fourth century BCE to the sixth century CE. Worthy of mention are a silver drachm of Alexander the Great, an ‘Akko-Ptolemais coin and five tint nummi from the fifth century CE.

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A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa Jan 2025

A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa

'Atiqot

The site is located east of Nahariyya, in Western Galilee. The cave was hewn in chalk bedrock (qirton). The entrance to the cave, blocked by a rectangular closing stone, was accessed by a shaft; in the southern wall of the shaft a kokh was discovered. The cave consists of a central chamber with seven burial niches (kokhs) in its walls, four of which were found sealed with a rolling stone and small stones set into place around it. The finds within the cave were located in the central chamber and in the kokhim. They include a clay coffin with a …

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Stone Quarries At Ḥorbat Gilan, In The Menashe Hills (Hebrew, Pp. 37–44; English Summary, Pp. 55–56), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Stone Quarries At Ḥorbat Gilan, In The Menashe Hills (Hebrew, Pp. 37–44; English Summary, Pp. 55–56), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Some 800 m northeast of Barqai Junction, along the route of the Cross-Israel Highway, an extensive quarry was exposed. The quarry, dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods based on the quarrying technique and ceramic finds, was used to quarry hard nari limestone, which was suitable for construction. The quarrying activity created steps or terraces. The detachment method included the separation of the stone’s sides from the bedrock and then its extraction by pulling the stone sideways. A rough calculation of the material extracted from the various quarrying locations is also attempted.

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Installations And Burial Caves In Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–45*; English Summary, Pp. 156–158), Amit Re’Em, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Installations And Burial Caves In Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–45*; English Summary, Pp. 156–158), Amit Re’Em, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation in the Ramat Denya quarter, Jerusalem, uncovered agricultural installations, a miqweh, burial caves, cisterns and quarries dating to the Second Temple period, which were reused during medieval times. The various installations were dated on the basis of their architecture. Four winepresses were revealed; one, from the medieval period, was hewn within a Second Temple-period burial cave. The miqweh is typical of the Second Temple period, characteristically situated near agricultural installations; it was reused during the Mamluk period. Four loculi (kokhim) burial caves were excavated, characteristic of the Second Temple period. They were robbed in antiquity. The finds …

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A Church And Village Remains From The Byzantine Period At Pardessiya In The Sharon (Hebrew, Pp. 67–89; English Summary, Pp. 67*–68*), Etan Ayalon Jan 2025

A Church And Village Remains From The Byzantine Period At Pardessiya In The Sharon (Hebrew, Pp. 67–89; English Summary, Pp. 67*–68*), Etan Ayalon

'Atiqot

In a salvage excavation at the site, located in the heart of the Sharon plain, the remains of buildings, agricultural installations, cisterns, a well and industrial waste of glass production were uncovered. The main building excavated is a church, erected in the fifth–sixth centuries CE, divided into three sections. Its floors were adorned with colorful mosaics, depicting floral patterns and a Greek inscription. This church, and other churches unearthed in the region, point to the possibility that the Christian incursion into the Sharon plain was less than previously estimated. In the seventh century CE the church was turned into an …

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Petrographic Analysis Of The Persian-Period Pottery From Ḥorbat Malta (Pp. 81–86), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Petrographic Analysis Of The Persian-Period Pottery From Ḥorbat Malta (Pp. 81–86), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Twenty-six samples of Persian-period wares from the Ḥorbat Malta excavations were studied. The pottery was divided into four petrographic groups: two groups point to the local production of amphorae, storage jars and cooking pots; the other two, to middle- and long-range imports. The middle-range imports are represented by two oil lamps, a jug and possibly a krater, and the long-range import is represented by a mortaria.

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A Site From The Iron Age Until The Early Islamic Period Near Tamra In The Lower Galilee (Pp. 47*–56*), Leea Porat Jan 2025

A Site From The Iron Age Until The Early Islamic Period Near Tamra In The Lower Galilee (Pp. 47*–56*), Leea Porat

'Atiqot

Five strata, dating to Iron Age II and the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, were exposed in the village of Tamra. All strata revealed only meager architectural finds and few, mainly domestic, pottery finds. This excavation was the first at the site to reveal findings dating earlier than the Roman period and hence its importance. It seems that throughout history, the village of Tamra was a small rural settlement.

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A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer Jan 2025

A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer

'Atiqot

On the southwestern fringes of Tell Qasile, a burial cave hewn in sandstone (kurkar) was exposed. It was almost completely destroyed in the past, and only the lower eastern part was preserved. The pottery and coins found in the cave dated to the Late Roman period (third–fourth centuries CE). The upper parts of some of the jars had been purposely removed, attesting that they may have served as ossuaries. The numerous animal bones and rampant disorder indicate that the cave was used a dump in a later phase. The finds from the cave point at either a Jewish or Samaritan …

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A Burial Cave From The First–Second Centuries Ce And Double-Arcosolia Tombs From The Fourth–Fifth Centuries Ce On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 45–57; English Summary, Pp. 74*–75*), Elie Haddad Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The First–Second Centuries Ce And Double-Arcosolia Tombs From The Fourth–Fifth Centuries Ce On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 45–57; English Summary, Pp. 74*–75*), Elie Haddad

'Atiqot

The burial cave, hewn in limestone, comprises a central chamber, a rectangular standing pit and three benches. Five individuals were interred in the cave, accompanied by pottery vessels, glass vessels and bronze objects. Based on the pottery finds, the cave was dated to the first–second centuries CE. The double-arcosolia tombs (T1–3) were quarried in bedrock above and north of the cave, forming part of a larger cemetery, which was exposed to the east. Based on the glass vessels from T2, the tombs should probably be dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. The finds within T2 also included 20 decorated bone …

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Early Roman And Early Byzantine Glass Vessels From T2 And T4 Near Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 59–63; English Summary, P. 76*), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Jan 2025

Early Roman And Early Byzantine Glass Vessels From T2 And T4 Near Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 59–63; English Summary, P. 76*), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

'Atiqot

Eleven glass vessels were retrieved from two double-arcosolia tombs (T2, T4) near Ḥorbat Zikhrin. The finds from T2 included a bowl, a jar, a bottle and an amphoriskos dating from the fourth–fifth centuries CE. The finds from T4 were free-blown, and included a bowl rim and bottle base from the first–second centuries CE and several beads. An exceptional find is a cast-and-cut seal, dated to the sixth–fourth centuries BCE, which is probably an heirloom attesting to the affluent status of the deceased.

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Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni Jan 2025

Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni

'Atiqot

The site is located north of Bet She’an and sits on brown basaltic soil. Two occupational layers were revealed, dating from the Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (Stratum II) and the Late Roman–Early Byzantine (Stratum I) periods. Most of the potsherds retrieved were attributed to the later phase. A study of the frequency of the pottery types indicates that a workshop operated at the site, specializing in the production of storage vessels. As few analogous vessels are known from contemporary sites outside of Bet She’an, it would seem that the urban center at Bet She’an was large enough to support the pottery …

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Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Malta, located in the Nazareth Hills, exposed evidence of occupation dating to Middle Bronze Age II (potsherds), Iron Age II and the Persian and Roman periods. The Iron II occupation included a massive fortification wall and many rock-hewn installations, including channels, grinding and pounding stones and possibly, winepresses (Area A), as well as a four-room house (Area C). The Iron Age settlement reveals intra-site planning, familiar from other contemporary sites in the central hill region. The architectural elements of the Persian period are chiefly of a domestic nature, including stone buildings, numerous rock-hewn installations (Area B), pits …

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A Burial Cave Of The Second Temple Period In The Arnona Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–29*; English Summary, Pp. 154–156), Ya‘Akov Billig Jan 2025

A Burial Cave Of The Second Temple Period In The Arnona Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–29*; English Summary, Pp. 154–156), Ya‘Akov Billig

'Atiqot

The cave has one burial chamber. In its center is a rectangular, rock-hewn standing pit, flanked by three benches and six loculi (kokhim), and two repositories. All of the kokhim, save one, were sealed with their blocking stones. Found on the benches and in the kokhim were ten ossuaries with their covers and one single cover. One of the ossuaries (No. 1) was inscribed with Aramaic and Hebrew inscriptions; the others were incised, decorated or painted. Numerous objects were discovered in the cave, including pottery vessels, stone vessels, a stone spindle whorl, glass inlays, glass beads, a bone kohl spoon, …

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Human Skeletal Remains From A Second -Temple-Period Tomb In Arnona, Jerusalem (Pp. 117–120), Joe Zias Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From A Second -Temple-Period Tomb In Arnona, Jerusalem (Pp. 117–120), Joe Zias

'Atiqot

A minimum of 41 individuals was recovered from the tomb. The demographic profile shows that 51% of the population died before age 18, in accord with other reported figures from the period. The pathology of the interred is unique, representing the first reported incident of tuberculosis in an ancient Jewish population.

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A Complex Winepress From Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq: Evidence For The Peak In The Development Of The Wine Industry In Eretz Israel In Antiquity (Hebrew, Pp. 47–66; English Summary, Pp. 65*–67*), Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

A Complex Winepress From Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq: Evidence For The Peak In The Development Of The Wine Industry In Eretz Israel In Antiquity (Hebrew, Pp. 47–66; English Summary, Pp. 65*–67*), Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

A large complex winepress, excavated at Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq, represents the peak in the development of winepresses in the country toward the end of the Byzantine period. Several winepresses of this type have been excavated throughout the country: in the Negev, in the southern coastal plain and in the Carmel. Although they are not identical, they functioned in a similar manner and were connected technologically. They all have five common characteristics: a large treading floor, two connecting vats, one intermediate vat, a screw press or other devices for secondary pressing and auxiliary floors. This elaborate plan allowed for industrial production of …

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