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2025

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Remains From The Early Roman To The Crusader/Ayyubid Periods At Ḥorbat Borin (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–16*; English Summary, P. 155), Abed A-Salam Sa'id Jan 2025

Remains From The Early Roman To The Crusader/Ayyubid Periods At Ḥorbat Borin (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–16*; English Summary, P. 155), Abed A-Salam Sa'id

'Atiqot

At Ḥorbat Borin, on the northwestern outskirts of Baqa el-Gharbiya, five occupational strata were discovered, dating from the Early Roman to the Crusader/Ayyubid periods. Potsherds from the Persian, Hellenistic and Mamluk periods were found as well, out of stratigraphical context, probably pointing to a longer occupation at the site. A hiatus in the sequence of occupation during the fourth–fifth centuries CE remains unexplained.

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An Early Byzantine-Period Burial Cave At Kabul (Pp. 107–136), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

An Early Byzantine-Period Burial Cave At Kabul (Pp. 107–136), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The burial cave excavated at Kabul, in the western Galilee, is of the chamber-tomb type, surrounded by six vaulted chambers, each containing two troughs. The finds in the cave consist of glass vessels, jewelry and a coin—no pottery vessels or lamps were discovered—all dating to the late fourth century CE; a New Kingdom scarab was apparently reused in a piece of jewelry. The cave was probably used for family burial, possibly of a Jewish family, based on the finds and rabbinic sources describing Kabul as a Jewish town.

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 75–78), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 75–78), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the five burial caves at Sha‘ar Efrayim pointed to a difference between the burial traditions of the Chalcolithic population and those of the Early Bronze Age I population. The most prominent difference is the absence of infants in the Chalcolithic burials, in contrast to their presence in the EB I sample. This might indicate there was no population continuity between these two succeeding periods.

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Excavations At Rogem Gannim, Jerusalem: Installations Of The Iron Age, Persian, Roman And Islamic Periods (Pp. 79–106), Raphael Greenberg, Gilad Cinamon Jan 2025

Excavations At Rogem Gannim, Jerusalem: Installations Of The Iron Age, Persian, Roman And Islamic Periods (Pp. 79–106), Raphael Greenberg, Gilad Cinamon

'Atiqot

Some five kilometers west of ancient Jerusalem lies a large Iron Age tumulus. At the base of this tumulus, rock-cut installations were uncovered, including winepresses, caves and cisterns. The winepresses were first executed during the Iron Age, resembling the type that prevailed in the region west of Jerusalem during that time. The pottery and small finds from the Iron Age/Persian period included mainly storage jars, with a relative abundance of stamped jar handles, alluding to the economical activity at the site. Following the site's abandonment at the end of the Persian period, a rural settlement was established during the Early …

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The Faunal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 67–72), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

The Faunal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 67–72), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

The faunal remains from the Sha‘ar Efrrayim burial caves (Nos. 1, 3–5) were attributed to two main periods, in accordance with the other finding in the caves: Late Chalcolithic and Late Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I. They comprise a small, but important, sample, representing a wide range of both domestic and wild taxa. These remains seem to be the first convincing evidence of animal offerings in Late Chalcolithic/EB IA contexts in the southern Levant.

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The Mollusc Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 73–74), Henk K. Mienis Jan 2025

The Mollusc Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 73–74), Henk K. Mienis

'Atiqot

The excavation of the Sha‘ar Efrayim burial caves yielded thirteen shells belonging to two kinds of molluscs—a Cone shell and a Bittersweet—all of which probably served as burial gifts. The presence of a species of Cone shells native to the Red Sea indicates some kind of trade with populations living farther to the south.

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The Flint Assemblages From Sha‘Ar Efrayim Burial Caves 1–3 (Pp. 55–62), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblages From Sha‘Ar Efrayim Burial Caves 1–3 (Pp. 55–62), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

Analysis of the flint tools retrieved from the Sha‘ar Efrayim burial caves (Nos. 1–3) revealed the presence of Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age artifacts, suggesting a wider time span for the use of the caves. The flint industry was apparently local, mainly exploiting materials in the immediate vicinity of the site.

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Provenance Study Of Selected Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I Pottery From Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 63–66), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Provenance Study Of Selected Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I Pottery From Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 63–66), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

The petrographic analysis of the finds from Sha‘ar Efrayim was conducted in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the cultural interaction of the site with other regions. For this purpose, fifteen Chlacolithic-period and Early Bronze Age clay artifacts were examined and grouped according to the characteristics of the raw material. The results shed light on the different raw materials used for specific vessel types in various periods, and provide important data for further discussions, e.g., regarding trade patterns during these periods.

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A Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I Burial Ground Near Sha‘Ar Efrayim In The Sharon Plain (Pp. 1–53), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink Jan 2025

A Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I Burial Ground Near Sha‘Ar Efrayim In The Sharon Plain (Pp. 1–53), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink

'Atiqot

Near Sha‘ar Efrayim, in the Sharon coastal plain, five karstic burial caves were uncovered, belonging to two burial phases: from the Chalcolothic periodand Early Bronze Age I. The finds attributed to the Chalcolithic period included clay coffins and domiform ossuaries—both exhibiting red-painted designs and applied features—and typical pottery vessels, e.g., V-shaped bowls, cornets, fenestrated bowl stands, holemouths, lug handles and achurn(?). The EB I assemblage comprised Gray Burnished Ware, vessels with wavy-ledged handles and high looped handles and a potstand. Other finds include bone objects, beads, metal finds and an outstanding clay female figurine. Post EB I finds were retrieved …

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 99–104; English Summary, Pp. 81*–82*), Helena Sokolov, Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 99–104; English Summary, Pp. 81*–82*), Helena Sokolov, Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

During the excavation at Ḥorbat Hazaz, 94 bronze coins were uncovered, 36 of which were identified. The earliest coin dates to the Seleucid period and the latest, to the Early Islamic period. Noteworthy among the Roman coins are a coin of Hadrian struck in Ascalon and a coin of Faustina II minted in Gaza. Of the Byzantine-period coins, four are small pentanummi, some most probably imitations. Of note is a coin of Constans II that was overstruck on a coin of Heraclius.

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–60*; English Summary, P. 201), Yossi Nagar, Vered Eshed Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–60*; English Summary, P. 201), Yossi Nagar, Vered Eshed

'Atiqot

The bones, which were found scattered above an alluvium fill in the cave, were well preserved. They represent at least forty individuals, the majority of which were adult males. Many of the bones manifested an inflammatory disease, which would account for the burial manner and the absence of children under the age of ten.

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Glass Vessels From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–50*; English Summary, P. 200), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–50*; English Summary, P. 200), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

'Atiqot

Twenty well-preserved glass items were retrieved from the two burial phases in the burial cave at ‘Ar‘ara. Among the artifacts from the Late Roman period were candlestick-type bottles, jars, beads and bracelets; one bead was made of gold-glass. The glass finds from the Mamluk period included a plaque and a bracelet.

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An Ancient Flour Mill On The Northern Dam Of The ‘Tanninim Reservoir’ (Hebrew, Pp. 151–166; English Summary, Pp. 86*–87*), Yosef Porath, Peter Gendelman, Yael Arnon Jan 2025

An Ancient Flour Mill On The Northern Dam Of The ‘Tanninim Reservoir’ (Hebrew, Pp. 151–166; English Summary, Pp. 86*–87*), Yosef Porath, Peter Gendelman, Yael Arnon

'Atiqot

Excavations at the site, located between the foothills of the Carmel ridge on the east and the central kurkar ridge on the west, revealed three superimposed mills. The earliest mill probably functioned not earlier than the fifth century CE. The Crusader-period mill was constructed above the western hall of the earlier mill, apparently during the twelfth century CE, and went out of use during the thirteenth or fourteenth century CE. The latest mill, which was inserted in the eastern hall of the earliest mill, was dated to the Ottoman period based on several pottery fragments. These mills are part of …

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Glass Vessels From Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 145–149; English Summary, P. 85*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 145–149; English Summary, P. 85*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation at Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot, yielded 77 glass fragments, 34 of them diagnostic. Several vessels date to the early occupation of the site, during the Early Roman, Late Roman and Byzantine periods. These vessels, characteristic of the above-mentioned periods, are found throughout the country. The later vessels, dating to the Islamic period (ninth-eleventh centuries CE), are rare, and are almost unknown from excavated contexts.

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The Coins From Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Pp. 65*–68*), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Pp. 65*–68*), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Twenty coins were found in the excavations at Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot, originating from two strata (II–I). Most of the numismatic evidence dates to a single chronological unit, beginning with pre-reform folles (fourth–fifth centuries CE), followed by post-reform folles (sixth–early seventh centuries CE) and ending with fulūs from the Umayyad period (late seventh–eighth centuries CE) through the Abbasid period. Two coins—a Roman Provincial bronze and a Mamluk fals—are an exception in this assemblage.

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A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri Jan 2025

A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri

'Atiqot

This article aims at demonstrating a new method of identifying ancient remains during surveys. It is suggested that archaeological sites can be observed in surveys based on the dispersion of the Onopordum cynarocephalum plant. This plant, a thistle, thrives on minerals, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, which are usually found in organically enhanced soils that are associated with human habitation throughout the ages; therefore, it can be used as an indicator of the existence of ancient remains.

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A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky

'Atiqot

The cave, hewn in soft chalk bedrock on the western slopes of the ‘Iron Hills, was used for burial in two separate periods, the Late Roman and the Mamluk. During the Late Roman period, the cave comprised a forecourt, originally sealed by a roll stone, and a burial chamber with burial troughs carved in three of its walls. Each trough contained the skeleton of one individual accompanied by burial gifts, including pottery vessels, Samaritan oil lamps, glass vessels and jewelry. The Mamluk phase included the remains of forty individuals that seem to have been hastily discarded there, perhaps due to …

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Elemental And Petrographic Analyses Of Local And Imported Ceramics From Crusader Acre (Pp. 157–190), S. Yona Waksman, Edna J. Stern, Irina Segal, Naomi Porat Jan 2025

Elemental And Petrographic Analyses Of Local And Imported Ceramics From Crusader Acre (Pp. 157–190), S. Yona Waksman, Edna J. Stern, Irina Segal, Naomi Porat

'Atiqot

The aim of the research presented in this report was to precisely obtain information concerning the origin of pottery types common in Crusader Acre. Thus, laboratory analyses, both elemental and petrographic, were applied on a fairly extensive number of samples, focusing on two broad ceramic categories: wares typical of Levantine sites of the Crusader period and wares belonging to the Zeuxippus Family. This study enabled us to distinguish between a ‘prototype’ and ‘derived’ or related productions—an important step in the attempt to prevent confusion within the Zeuxippus Family.

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Building Remains And Industrial Installations From The Early Islamic Period At Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 119–144; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Aviva Bouchenino Jan 2025

Building Remains And Industrial Installations From The Early Islamic Period At Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 119–144; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Aviva Bouchenino

'Atiqot

During a salvage excavation at Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot, fragmentary remains of an industrial building were uncovered, including an oil press, a kiln and various plastered installations. Two strata were observed (I, II); Persian-wheel (saqiya) vessels and a plastered channel were found in Stratum I, probably pointing to the existence of a Persian-wheel installation on the higher part of the site. Based on the pottery, glass and numismatic finds, the complex was dated to the Early Islamic period, especially the time spanning the eighth and tenth centuries CE. Pottery sherds from the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods were also found, indicating …

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Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin Jan 2025

Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin

'Atiqot

A large mound of pottery sherds was exposed on the northern slope of the hill on which Khirbat el-Hawarit is located. Excavation of the mound revealed that it contained the debris of a workshop: vessels broken during the firing process, kiln ash and bricks. Although only fragmentary walls were unearthed, precluding the reconstruction of any building, the dump in itself is sufficient to identify the site as the main pottery production center of Mount Hermon, Banias and the northern Golan region during the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. Two distinct wares were found: Golan ware (late Hellenistic–late Byzantine periods) and Khirbat el-Hawarit …

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The Archaeological Finds In The Soil Debris Removed From The Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 1999–2000 (Pp. 55*–64*), Yuval Baruch Jan 2025

The Archaeological Finds In The Soil Debris Removed From The Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 1999–2000 (Pp. 55*–64*), Yuval Baruch

'Atiqot

Following the removal of soil and stone debris from the Temple Mount compound, an inspection was conducted of its contents and nature. The debris was removed during 1999–2000 and dumped at several locations: Abu Dis; on the western slope of the Kidron Valley, east of Lions’ Gate; south of Kafr Azaiyim, alongside the Jerusalem–Ma‘ale Adummim road; and in a compound in central Jerusalem. The debris yielded ancient architectural elements, potsherds, glazed tiles, glass fragments, stone vessels, metal objects, beads and coins, spanning the time from Iron Age II to the modern era.

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Excavations In The Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications (Pp. 125–152), Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron Jan 2025

Excavations In The Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications (Pp. 125–152), Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron

'Atiqot

A fortification line, comprising a wall and a tower, was exposed outside the Jerusalem Old City wall and parallel to it, northwest of Jaffa Gate. The lower part of the wall was rock-cut, while its upper part was constructed of stones set in a grayish mortar (preserved only in the eastern part). The finds include pottery dating from the Roman-Byzantine periods and mainly, to the twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE; stones bearing mason’s marks, mostly geometric, in secondary use; and two coins. Also found were stone architectural elements; fragments of wall paintings (frescos) depicting the head of the Madonna, and a …

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Excavations And Surveys At Ḥorbat Anusha And Ḥorbat Leved In The Samarian Shephelah (Hebrew, Pp. 109–159; English Summary, Pp. 62–64), Ofer Sion, Uzi ‘Ad, Mordechai Haiman, Giora Parnos Jan 2025

Excavations And Surveys At Ḥorbat Anusha And Ḥorbat Leved In The Samarian Shephelah (Hebrew, Pp. 109–159; English Summary, Pp. 62–64), Ofer Sion, Uzi ‘Ad, Mordechai Haiman, Giora Parnos

'Atiqot

The area under investigation is located in the lowlands extending between the center of the Samarian Hills and the coastal plain. The excavations exposed farmhouses and various installations, such as field towers, fortified towers, farming terraces, water installations, quarries, limekilns, stone clearance heaps and cupmarks. Based on the finds from these excavations, as well as from previous surveys, it is assumed that Ḥorbat Anusha was already occupied during Iron Age II and the Persian period. A possible ritual bath might indicate an occupation in the Second Temple period. Most of the construction dates to the Byzantine period, including a farmstead …

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Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

A large area, located in the catchment basin of Naḥal ‘Ada, was surveyed and consequently excavated, revealing a large number of walls and installations. Among the installations are many stone heaps and square towers. A trapezoidal enclosure was examined and partly excavated; it was most likely used to store agricultural produce. The remains in this area are probably part of an Iron Age satellite settlement, under the aegis of the city of Dor. The enclosures located in the area were dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods, and were possibly connected with the city of Caesarea. During the Islamic period …

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Solomon’S Stables, The Temple Mount, Jerusalem: The Events Concerning The Destruction Of Antiquities 1999–2001 (Pp. 33*–53*), Jon Seligman Jan 2025

Solomon’S Stables, The Temple Mount, Jerusalem: The Events Concerning The Destruction Of Antiquities 1999–2001 (Pp. 33*–53*), Jon Seligman

'Atiqot

The enclosure of the Temple Mount has the potential to provide answers to key questions concerning the development of rituals in Jerusalem. However, issues of management, control and politics have always had a crucial influence on the possibility of conducting historical and archaeological research at the site. This article attempts to analyze archaeologically the observations made at the site during the construction works conducted during 1999–2001. It includes photographs, plans and sections of the antiquities exposed at the time of those building activities.

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The Old City Wall Of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner (Hebrew, Pp. 95*–119*; English Summary, Pp. 163–164), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

The Old City Wall Of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner (Hebrew, Pp. 95*–119*; English Summary, Pp. 163–164), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

The excavation, conducted outside the Old City wall of Jerusalem, northwest of Jaffa Gate, revealed five strata. The earliest, Stratum V, yielded finds dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Early Roman and Byzantine periods. In Stratum IV, drainage channels were uncovered, leading to a reservoir, which was dated to the Byzantine period. In Stratum III, a later channel was constructed, dating to the Early Islamic period. Stratum II revealed the foundation courses of the western outer wall of a square tower from the Ayyubid period (end of twelfth–beginning of thirteenth centuries CE). Stratum I is the Ottoman city wall, built …

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Underground Reservoirs From The Crusader Period And Later Remains Next To And North Of The Synagogue At Moza (Hebrew, Pp. 135–144; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

Underground Reservoirs From The Crusader Period And Later Remains Next To And North Of The Synagogue At Moza (Hebrew, Pp. 135–144; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

Three underground vaults exposed next to and north of the synagogue at Moza were part of a subterranean water reservoir of a Crusader-period building that existed at the site. Two of the ashlar-built vaults are parallel, with pointed ceilings treated with dark gray plaster. The vaults were separated by three arches borne by square pillars, constructed from ashlars bearing the typical Crusader diagonal dressing and mason’s marks. Apparently, water was conveyed to the vaults via a channel from nearby springs. The third vault incorporated a chute that drained the water into it. Above the underground water reservoir were a Crusader …

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The Coins From Elqosh (Pp. 129–130), Gabriela Bijovsky, Helena Sokolov Jan 2025

The Coins From Elqosh (Pp. 129–130), Gabriela Bijovsky, Helena Sokolov

'Atiqot

Seven coins were discovered in the burial cave at Elqosh. Six of them were identified, dating to the fourth century CE.

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A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The excavation at Moshav Elqosh revealed a burial cave featuring vaulted chambers with burial troughs. Finds in the cave included pottery oil lamps, glass vessels, coins and jewelry items—all dating to the fourth century CE. One coin was found wrapped in linen cloth. The coin finds probably reflect the pagan practice of paying Charon to cross the river Styx to the netherworld. The absence of pottery further points to a pagan Phoenician population.

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Tel Barom (With A Contrubution By Donald T. Ariel)(Hebrew, Pp. 63–81; English Summary, Pp. 58–59), Emmanuel Damati Jan 2025

Tel Barom (With A Contrubution By Donald T. Ariel)(Hebrew, Pp. 63–81; English Summary, Pp. 58–59), Emmanuel Damati

'Atiqot

Excavations at the basaltic tell, located northeast of Qiryat Shemona, revealed three strata dating to the Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk periods. The meager finds from the Roman period were founded on bedrock, and included terrace walls. The Byzantine period is represented by part of a residential building and a large oil press. A few walls and two ovens constitute the scant remains from the Mamluk period. The finds—including pottery and coins, as well as ivory, iron and bronze artifacts—date from Middle Bronze Age II and the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Mamluk periods.

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