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Geo-Mechanical And Geo-Morphology Characterisation Of The Cap Rocks In The Niger Delta For Potential Carbon Capture And Storage, Itai Mutadza, Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama, Ogbonna Friday Joel

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The world has been battling climate change which is caused by an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon sequestration in geological sinks was identified as one of the major methods to curb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide stored in the geological formations must not escape back into the atmosphere. Characterisation of potential reservoirs for geological sequestration is pertinent for injectivity, capacity, and most importantly containment of carbon dioxide. The cap rock is one of the most important factors determining carbon sequestration success. This study focuses on the preliminary characterisation …

First-Principles Calculations To Investigate The Elastic, Electronic, Dynamical, And Optical Properties Of Cubic Zrcoas Half-Heusler Semiconductor For Photovoltaic Applications, Lynet Allan, R.E. Mapasha, Winfred M. Mulwa, Julius M. Mwabora, Robinson J. Musembi

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The electronic, mechanical, elastic, dynamical, and optical properties of the ZrCoAs half-Heusler compound have been systematically investigated using the plane wave self-consistent field approach with the Perdew-Burke-Erzerhof generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBE) exchange-correlation functional. The study includes examinations with and without spin orbit coupling (SOC) effects. Results indicate a decrease in the Kohn-Sham band gap with the inclusion of SOC effects. Electronic bandgap formation was attributed to Co 3d, Zr 3d, and As 2p for the conduction band, and Co 3d and As 2p for the valence band without SOC effects. With SOC, Co 5d, Zr 8d, and As 3p …

Improved Light Soaking And Thermal Stability Of Organic Solar Cells By Robust Interfacial Modification, Mwende Mbilo, Muhammad Haris, Du Hyeon Ryu, Julius Mwakondo Mwabora, Robinson Juma Musembi, Seungjin Lee, Chang Eun Song, Won Suk Shin

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The most widely used material in electron transport layers (ETL) of inverted organic solar cells (iOSCs) is zinc oxide (ZnO). However, the brittleness, inorganic nature, surface defects, and photocatalytic activity of ZnO lead to poor stability in iOSCs. Herein, the light-soaking and thermal stability of iOSCs are substantially improved by modifying ZnO surface with polyurethane diacrylate (SAR) or urethane acrylate (OCS)-based ultraviolet (UV) resins. The UV resins significantly reduce the energy barrier, suppress surface defects, and improve interfacial contact between ZnO ETL and the organic photoactive layer. Notably, the SAR and OCS resins mitigate the photocatalytic activity of ZnO, electrical …

Experimental Investigation And Comparative Environmental Impact Analysis Of Conventional And Naturally Occurring Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors In Offshore Environments Using Toxicity And Bioconcentration Tools, Okon Okon, Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka, Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama, Onyewuchi Emmanuel Akaranta, Virtue Urunwo Wachikwu-Elechi

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In this present study, an in vivo experiment was carried out to determine the tendencies of a naturally occurring high-phenolic compound red-onion skin extract (HPC-ROSE) and conventional N-Vinylcaprolactam (N-VCAP) kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) to bio-accumulate in offshore environment through the analysis of their uptake and depuration kinetics by a Fish-Chemical Model using Cyprinus carpio marine invertebrate. This test was performed in the laboratory in a flow through experimental set up according to the guidelines by [49] (Fish-chemical exposure test). The uptake duration was 10 days with a depuration period of twenty days. The inhibitor toxicity test was evaluated by …

Phytochemical Characterization Of Selected Agro-Waste Extracts As Kinetic Inhibitors In Methane Hydrates Formation, Okon Okon, Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka, Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama, Onyewuchi Emmanuel Akaranta

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n this study of gas hydrate inhibition, the bio-active components (phytochemicals) and the influence of func- tional moieties and chemical structures on selected bio-inhibitors’ performance were investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The agro-waste materials of interest are: orange mesocarp (Citrus sinensis (L)) extract (OME), red onion skin (Allium cepa) extract (ROSE), kolanut tesla (Cola acuminata) extract (KTE), coconut coir dusk (Cocos nucifera) extract (CCDE) and peanut skin (Arachis hypogea) extract (PSE). A CO2-enhanced supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was used to extract the bioactive components from their parent materials. After the extraction, advanced analytical techniques including FTIR, NMR and HP-TLC …

Solar Photovoltaic Power Output Forecasting Using Deep Learning Models: A Case Study Of Zagtouli Pv Power Plant, Sami Florent Palm, Sianou Ezéckiel Houénafa, Zourkalaïni Boubakar, Sebastian Waita, Thomas Nyachoti Nyangonda, Ahmed Chebak

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Forecasting solar PV power output holds significant importance in the realm of energy management, particularly due to the intermittent nature of solar irradiation. Currently, most forecasting studies employ statistical methods. However, deep learning models have the potential for better forecasting. This study utilises Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) and hybrid LSTM-GRU deep learning techniques to analyse, train, validate, and test data from the Zagtouli Solar Photovoltaic (PV) plant located in Ouagadougou (longitude:12.30702 o and latitude:1.63548 o), Burkina Faso. The study involved three evaluation metrics: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination …

Multi-Criteria Optimal Sizing And Analysis Of Pv/Wind/Fuel Cell/Battery/Diesel Generator For Rural Electrification: A Case Study In Chad, Mahamat Adoum Abdoulaye, Sebastian Waita, Cyrus Wabuge Wekesa, Julius Mwakondo Mwabora

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Access to sustainable, clean, affordable, and reliable electricity is crucial for social and economic development, yet Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) struggles significantly in this context. In CHAD, only 11.3% of the population is able to access electricity, making it one of the least electrified countries in SSA with the lowest clean energy access. In rural areas, electricity access falls to just 1.3%. This research applies and executes a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm using MATLAB R2023b to assess the techno-economic, environmental, and social impacts of a hybrid system based on optimal PV/Wind/Battery/Fuel Cell (FC)/Diesel generator (DG) sizing for rural electrification …

Spatial Analysis Of Livestock Disease Data In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review, Alfred Ngwira, Samuel Manda, Esron Daniel Karimuribo, Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera, Christopher Stanley

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Background

Methods

Determinants Of An Extended Metric Of Agricultural Commercialization In Ghana, Benjamin Musah Abu, Daniel Bruce Sarpong, Yaw Bonsu Osei-Asare, Charles Yaw Okyere, Taeyoon Kim

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For smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, increasing productivity and agricultural commercialization are mooted as one of the pillars for agricultural development. However, the measurement of agricultural commercialization has been restricted to the household crop commercialization index (HCCI) that focuses on crops neglecting livestock. This study develops an extended metric of agricultural commercialization named household crop-livestock commercialization index (HCLCI), which combines crop and livestock commercialization with the argument that it is superior to the overly used HCCI. Fractional regression is used to estimate the determinants of the extended metric using secondary and primary data from Ghana. Results indicate that agricultural commercialization …

Genomic Diversity And Geographic Distribution Of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotypes In Africa: Implications For Diagnosis, Vaccination, And Regional Collaboration, Charlie Frank Arthur N'Guessan Amoia, Jean N. Hakizimana, Augustino A. Chengula, Muhammad Munir, Gerald Misinzo, James Weger-Lucarelli

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The emergence of new virulent genotypes and the continued genetic drift of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) implies that distinct genotypes of NDV are simultaneously evolving in different geographic locations across the globe, including throughout Africa, where NDV is an important veterinary pathogen. Expanding the genomic diversity of NDV increases the possibility of diagnostic and vaccine failures. In this review, we systematically analyzed the genetic diversity of NDV genotypes in Africa using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Information published between 1999 and 2022 were used to obtain the genetic background of different genotypes of NDV …

Phylogenetic Analysis Of Virulent Strains Of The Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated From Deceased Chickens In Tanzania’S Morogoro And Iringa Regions, Charlie Frank Arthur N'Guessan Amoia, Jean N. Hakizimana, Augustino A. Chengula, Mariam R. Makange, James Weger-Lucarelli, Gerald Misinzo

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Background

Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease affecting a wide range of bird species and has a considerable financial impact on the world's poultry market. The ND virus (NDV) strains currently circulating in poultry throughout Africa, and especially in East Africa, exhibit significant genetic variation.

Objectives

The primary objective of the present investigation was to investigate the NDV genotypes in chickens raised in backyards in Tanzania's Morogoro and Iringa districts, which were associated with ND outbreaks.

Methods

Two tissue samples from chickens taken during a suspected ND outbreak in Tanzania's Morogoro (Eastern zone) and Iringa (Southern highlands zone) were …

Development Of Nanobodies Against The Coat Protein Of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus, Faith Njeri Njeru, Olivier Zwaenepoel, Geert Haesaert, Kris De Jonghe, Jan Gettemans

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Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a maize disease caused by the maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV), a potyvirus which causes yield losses of 30–100%. The present study aimed to isolate nanobodies against the MCMV coat protein (CP) for the diagnosis of MLN. MCMV CP expressed in Escherichia coli was used for llama immunization. VHH (i.e. variable heavy domain of heavy chain) gene fragments were prepared from blood drawn from the immunized llama and used to generate a library in E. coli TG1 cells. MCMV specific nanobodies were selected by three rounds of phage display and panning against MCMV CP. The …

Determinants Of Market Outlet Choices By Smallholder Mango Farmers In Aleta Chuko District, Sidama Region, Ethiopia: A Multivariate Probit Approach, Tibebu Legesse, Aneteneh Ashebir, Zerhun Ganewo, Abera Alemu, Andachew Samuel

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Selecting appropriate market outlets offer the opportunity for farmers to capture a bigger share of the price paid by final consumers. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries are still confronted with myriad challenges regarding selecting profitable market outlets. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze determi-nants of market outlet choices by smallholder mango farmers in Aleta Chuko District, Sidama Region, Ethiopia. The study’s representative 391 sample mango producers were selected using a multi-stage sample selection technique and a cross-sectional research approach. Descriptive statistics and the multivariate probit model were used to analyze the data. The result of …

Can High-Value Markets Ensure Households Food Security? Evidence From Avocado Producers In Sidama Region Of Ethiopia, Zerhun Zerhun Zerhun, Kehabtimer Kebede, Aneteneh Ashebir, Zerhun Ganewo, Abera Alemu, Andachew Samuel

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Linking farmers to high-value markets continue to be a viable option for breaking the food insecurity. Many studies have emphasized on factors determining smallholders’ participation in high-value markets. Previous studies have methodological limitations since they neglected the associated effects on food security. Therefore, the purpose this study was to fill a knowledge gap by investigating the factors influencing smallholder avocado farmers’ participation in high-value markets and how it impacts households’ food security in the Aleta chuko district, Ethiopia. The primary data was collected from randomly selected 389 avocado producers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and propensity score …

In Vitro Studies Of The Antimicrobial Properties And Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis Of Selected Chadian Medicinal Plants, Hissein Hassan Abdel-Razakh, Gaymary George Bakari, Cheol-Ho Pan, Abubakar Shaaban Hoza

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and perform the phytochemical screening of ethanolic (70%) leaf extracts of Bauhinia rufescens and Ocimum basilicum and root extracts of Salvadora persica, three plants used for the treatment of numerous diseases in Chad. The extraction of the plants was made in a ratio of 70% volume of ethanol against 30% volume of distilled water. The yields obtained in the extraction of the leaves of Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum, and Salvadora persica roots were respectively 20, 17, and 8.8%. With the disc diffusion method, the results of the antimicrobial assessment …

Genomic Epidemiology Of Rift Valley Fever Virus Involved In The 2018 And 2022 Outbreaks In Livestock In Rwanda, Isidore Nsengimana, John Juma, Kristina Roesel, Methode N. Gasana, Fabrice Ndayisenga, Claude M. Muvunyi, Emmanuel Hakizimana, Jean N. Hakizimana, Gillian Eastwood, Augustino A. Chengula, Bernard Bett, Christopher J. Kasanga, Samuel O. Oyola

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Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne transboundary zoonosis, was first confirmed in Rwanda’s livestock in 2012 and since then sporadic cases have been reported almost every year. In 2018, the country experienced its first large outbreak, which was followed by a second one in 2022. To determine the circulating virus lineages and their ancestral origin, two genome sequences from the 2018 outbreak, and thirty-six, forty-one, and thirty-eight sequences of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) genome segments, respectively, from the 2022 outbreak were generated. All of the samples from the 2022 outbreak were collected from slaughterhouses. Both maximum likelihood …

Trypanocide Use And Molecular Characterization Of Trypanosomes Resistant To Diminazene Aceturate In Cattle In Northern Côte D’Ivoire, Jean-Yves Ekra, Eliakunda Mi Michael Mafie, Henri Sonan, Michael Kanh, Biégo Guillaume Gragnon, Edouard K. N’Goran, Jagan Srinivasan

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The resistance of trypanosomes to the doses of trypanocide administered by farmers to theiranimals acts as a real brake on efforts to control to combat African trypanosomiasis. Thus, in-depthknowledge of the use of these different molecules and their resistance profiles will be necessary toestablish an integrated strategy to combat African trypanosomiasis. To achieve these objectives, aparticipatory survey among farmers and a resistance diagnosis of trypanosome strains identifiedin three regions of northern Côte d’Ivoire (Bagoué, Poro and Tchologo) was carried out using thePCR-RFLP technique, followed by sequencing of genes of interest. This study made it possible toidentify three molecules that are …

Genetic Diversity Of Trypanosomes Infesting Cattle From Savannah District In North Of Côte D’Ivoire Using Conserved Genomic Signatures: Rrna, Its1 And Ggapdh, Jean-Yves Ekra, Eliakunda Michael Mafie, Edouard K. N’Goran, Dramane Kaba, Biégo Guillaume Gragnon, Jagan Srinivasan

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The potential danger to livestock from African animal trypanosomiasis is well known. However, the trypanosome species circulating in cattle and their genetics are poorly understood. After different alignments according to three regions (ITS1, gGAPDH and rRNA gene) of the trypanosome genome, phylogenetic analyses were used to show the genetic diversity of the different species that were circulating in the cattle in three regions (Bagoue, Poro and Tchologo) of Côte d’Ivoire. These analyses were performed by alignment of ITS1; by alignment of partial 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and partial 28S rRNA genes; and by alignment of gGAPDH gene with sequences of …

Economic Benefits And Uses Of Indigenous Seasonal Weather Forecasts In Zimbabwe, Joseph Manzvera, Kwabena Asomanin Anaman, Akwasi Mensah-Bonsu, Alfred Barimah

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This study presents a seminal contribution regarding the economic value of indigenous seasonal weather fore‑ casts in Zimbabwe. Many farmers (58%) use indigenous seasonal weather forecasts to make maize farming deci‑ sions such as selecting suitable varieties. The main indicators used for indigenous seasonal weather forecasts are ϐlowering and fruition of speciϐic trees. Based on travel cost analysis, which incorporates a multi‑purpose visit sce‑ nario, the study establishes the economic importance of indigenous seasonal weather forecasts with a consumer surplus of US$1,044 per year among the 290 farmers using the forecasts. There is therefore a need to integrate indigenous weather …

Determinants Of The Share Of The Economy Contributed By The Forestry Industry In Ghana From 1975 To 2023, Kwabena Asomanin Anaman, Samuel Ampomah, Joseph Manzvera

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The macroeconomic determinants of the share of the economy contributed by the forestry industry in Ghana were examined over the period from 1975 to 2023, based on the development of time-series cointegration and error correction models. The analysis indicated that the share of the forestry industry was positively influenced by the real value of the cocoa industry, the exchange rate, and the real interest rate. The relationship between the forestry industry's share and per capita real gross domestic product (GDP) was found to be curvilinear: at low levels of per capita income, the share of the forestry industry in the …

The Economic Value Of Seasonal Weather And Climate Services For Maize Farmers In Manicaland Province Of Zimbabwe, Joseph Manzvera, Kwabena Asomanin Anaman, Akwasi Mensah-Bonsu, Alfred Barimah

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Most rural areas in Zimbabwe are extremely vulnerable to changing climatic conditions, partic- ularly droughts, which threaten smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. Seasonal weather forecast services can help farmers adapt, optimise production, and implement risk reduction strategies. To support increased investment in these services, this study seeks to provide quantitative evidence on the economic value of locality-specific seasonal weather forecasts by eliciting maize pro- ducers’ willingness to pay (WTP) through the contingent valuation approach. The results of the study show that among 502 farmers, 68 % would pay for seasonal weather forecasts, highlighting their perceived economic value and practical utility in agricultural …

Microbiological Quality And Safety Of Poultry Processed In Africa: A Review, Noémia André Mugabe, Abdulsudi Issa-Zacharia, Jamal B Kussaga

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Poultry is the second most consumed meat in the world. In Africa, chicken production and processing are practiced both formally and informally, with smallholders constituting the majority in this sector. Informal practices are vulnerable to the production and processing of chicken, which is easily contaminated by pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Campylobacter . The growth of the poultry industry in Africa, coupled with intensive production, has led to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistance, posing a risk to the health of consumers. However, there are limited studies evaluating the quality and …

Analysis Of Mushroom Consumption And Its Determinants In Ghana, Saani Nassam Iddrisu, Akwasi Akwasi Mensah-Bonsu, Irene Susana Egyir

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Mushroom cultivation in Ghana has gained some modest success due to increased consumption especially by urban dwellers. However, commercial cultivation is still low in the country. The conception of this study is that higher levels of mushroom consumption will boost production in the country. The study analysed mushroom consumption and its influencing factors in Ghana. A multi stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 550 households. The data was collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and ordered probit model were used to analyze the frequency of mushroom consumption and the determinants of mushroom consumption respectively. The results …

Insights On The Microbiology Of Ethiopian Fermented Milk Products: A Review, Tiruha Habte Karssa

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Fermented milk products play a vital role in the diets of Ethiopians. They are produced from either spontaneous fermentation or back-slopping methods at the household level, in which lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts predominate. As a result, the processing steps are not standardized and overall safety is still of public health relevance. Therefore, quality and safety improvement, standardization of traditional manufacturing practices, and commercialization of products to a wider market are important. Hence, this systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the microbiology of traditional Ethiopian fermented milk products, including ergo (spontaneously fermented whole milk), dhanaan (fermented …

Classification And Productivity Of Smallholder Broiler Farms In The Pwani Region, Tanzania, Rogia Saïdath Adéline Gomez, Said H. Mbaga

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Understanding the current performance of the broiler sub-sector in terms of production and finance is crucial for developing and implementing effective plans to enhance and improve it. Hence, the objective of this study is to classify the surveyed farmers in the coastal region of Tanzania based on their rearing characteristics. It also aims to evaluate their productivity by establishing an operating account for one broiler per group of identified farmers. Ad- ditionally, the study seeks to identify the factors that may influence the productivity of broiler farms. To this end, 78 broiler farmers were selected using a non-probability snowball sampling …

Inventory Management System For Medical Stores In A Primary Health Care Centre In Jada, Adamawa State, Nigeria, Daniel Dzarma Ezra, G Delga, N Nyor, K. T Dagba, M. A Samuel

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Efficient inventory management is crucial for the success of any organization or establishment. Hence, the objective of this paper was to focus on the inventory management system by developing an optimal inventory policy for Medical Stores in a Primary Health Care Centre in Jada, Adamawa State, Nigeria using a multiitem inventory model with the assistance of Excel spreadsheets. Results obtain revealed that the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for the Primary Health Care centre under investigation is optimal at 0.0086. This EOQ aligns with the storage capacity of 10,287 square meters, which closely meets the original storage capacity requirement of 10,288 …

Enhancing Identification Of Meteorological And Biological Targets Using The Depolarization Ratio For Weather Radar: A Case Study Of Faw Outbreak In Rwanda, Fidele Maniraguha, Anthony Vodacek, Kwang Soo Kim, Emmanuel Ndashimye, Gerard Rushingabigwi

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Leveraging weather radar technology for environmental monitoring, particularly the detection of biometeors like birds, bats, and insects, presents a significant challenge due to the dynamic nature of their behavior. Unlike hydrometeor targets, biometeor targets exhibit arbitrary changes in direction and position, which significantly alter radar wave polarization upon scattering. This study addresses this challenge by introducing a novel methodology utilizing Rwanda’s C-Band Polarization Radar. Our approach exploits the capabilities of dual-polarization radar by analyzing parameters such as differential reflectivity (ZDR) and correlation coefficient (RHOHV) to derive the Depolarization Ratio (DR). While existing radar metrics offer valuable insights, they have limitations …

Enhanced Neonatal Screening For Sickle Cell Disease: Human-Guided Deep Learning With Cnn On Isoelectric Focusing Images, Kpangni Alex Jérémie Koua, Cheikh Talibouya Diop, Lamine Diop, Mamadou Diop

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Accurate detection of abnormal hemoglobin variations is paramount for early diagnosis of sickle cell disease (SCD) in newborns. Traditional methods using isoelectric focusing (IEF) with agarose gels are technician-dependent and face limitations like inconsistent image quality and interpretation challenges. This study proposes a groundbreaking solution using deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) while ensuring human guidance throughout the process. The system analyzes IEF gel images with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), achieving over 98% accuracy in identifying various SCD profiles, far surpassing the limitations of traditional methods. Furthermore, the system addresses ambiguities by incorporating an “Unconfirmed” category for unclear cases …

Using Wavelet Transform And Hybrid Cnn – Lstm Models On Voc & Ultrasound Iot Sensor Data For Non-Visual Maize Disease Detection, Theofrida Maginga, Emmanuel Masabo, Pierre Bakunzibake, Kwang-Soo Kim, Jimmy Nsenga

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Early detection of plant diseases is crucial for safeguarding crop yield, especially in regions vulnerable to food insecurity, such as Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the significant contributors to maize crop yield loss is the Northern Leaf Blight (NLB), which traditionally takes 14–21 days to visually manifest on maize. This study introduces a novel approach for detecting NLB as early as 4–5 days using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, which can identify the disease before any visual symptoms appear. Utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) models, nonvisual measurements of Total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and ultrasound …

Weighted Naïve Bayes Multi-User Classification For Adaptive Authentication, Prudence Munyaradzi Mavhemwa, Marco Zennaro, Philibert Nsengiyumva, Frederic Nzanywayingoma

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Machine learning classification algorithms have been extensively utilized in addressing user authentication challenges. Nonetheless, a majority of solutions categorize users into three classes, whereas adaptive authentication scenarios necessitate classification beyond this threshold. The rationale behind this limitation has not been thoroughly explored. The current study leveraged the Naive Bayes theorem for user authentication endeavors to assess the risk associated with login attempts. The Naive Bayes Machine Learning algorithm, along with its variations such as Gaussian, Categorical, and Bernoulli, was applied on both weighted and unweighted datasets to ascertain risk levels and categorize them into six classes. Additionally, the classification task …