Digital Commons Network^™

2023 State-Of-The-States Survey Of Jury Improvement Efforts, Paula Hannaford-Agor, Morgan Moffett, Breanna Bell

Faculty Publications

In 2007, the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) published findings from the State-of-the-States Survey of Jury Improvement Efforts (SOS Survey), the first comprehensive snapshot of jury operations and jury trial practices in the United States. The 2007 SOS Survey featured three discrete components: a statewide survey documenting legal infrastructure for juries and jury trials in each state; a local court survey, which documented jury operations at the county-level in state courts; and a judge & lawyer survey, which asked respondents to describe the characteristics and procedures employed in their most recent jury trial.

By the mid-2010s, NCSC began receiving …

Microbiological Profile Of Burn Accidents Among Patients Admitted To Imam Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospital In Babylon, Iraq, Hasan Alwan Baiee, Isam Salim Ismaiel, Alaa H. Al-Charrakh

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Burns constituted the fourth cause of injury particularly in developing countries including Iraq.

Objectives: to identify the bacterial isolates from infected burn injury wounds among patients who were admitted to Al–Sadiq Teaching Hospital –Babylon Province - Iraq.

Methodology: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted on all acute burn injury cases who were admitted to the biggest teaching hospital in Babylon Province – Iraq during the period from the first of January to the end of June, 2020. Data were collected from patients themselves or their companions and from patients' hospital records, using a pretested questionnaire designed for collection …

Identify The Main Problems In The Manufacture For Cementing Lenses And Methods Of Treatment Practically, Mundher Sameen Shuker

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: cementing lenses is consist of different types of lenses made up of two or more simple lenses paired together to reduce and eliminate all types of aberration to obtain the best image. Objectives: The aim of this study was to solve the problem that occurs in the process of gluing the lenses or in fixing the double lens to the frame, as well as reducing the jumping (J). Material and Methods: 100 cases were selected from patients who wear different types of glasses by virtue of age or according to the patient's need and who attend the educational clinic …

Blood Lead Level And School Violence Among Male Secondary School Students In A-Kut City Center/ Wasit Province, Isam Salim Ismaiel, Khalida Abdul-Sattar, Hasan Alwan Baiee

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Toxic level of blood lead among schoolchildren was associated with violent behavior and may lead to delinquencies and truancy as well as low social skills and poor school performance.

Objective: to assess blood lead level among sample of students in secondary schools in Kut City and determining its relation to violent behavior.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out targeting students in three secondary schools in Kut City/Iraq. A convenience sample of 54 students were selected where; (27 violent students and 27 non-violent students) according to certain reference criteria.

Results: This study shows that 74% of our students had …

Effect Of Dexamethasone On The Histology And Histochemistry Of Rabbit Submandibular Salivary Gland, Akram Yousif Yasear, Nadia Hussein, Salha Awad

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Dexamethasone is a synthetic long acting and potential glucocorticoids. Dexamethasone has a wide spectrum clinical application. It is used in diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome .It is also used for treatment of many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, e.g. rheumatoid arithritis.It is also given to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation, and asthma treatment. In dentistry it is used before and\ after some form of dental surgery.

Objective: Because salivary glands are tissues sensitive to hormones, this work was planned to study the effect of dexamethasone on the submandibular salivary gland.

Materials and methods: Twenty six male rabbit …

The Incidence And Management Of Local Facial Myalgia In Covid-19 Patients Of Babylon Province Patients, Malath Azeez Al-Saadi, Ali Alyasiry Doaa Haider Muhammad, Janan Hatem Zwaid, Zainab Qassim Kadim, Nour Mahdi Askar

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background : facial pain is of clinical importance that could complicate other conditions like COVID-19 which still under investigation and research.

Objective: to highlight the incidence and management of COVID-19 associated local facial myalgia in Babylon province patients.

Aim of this study is to explore the incidence ,prevalence of facial myalgia and its management during COVID-19 infection in sample of Babylon province patients.

Subjects, Materials and Methods: An exploratory study include 87 patients of both gender having history of mild-moderate COVID-19 infection. Incidence of local myalgia,location,duration and pain characteristics reviewed in addition to history of drugs used for management and …

Distribution Of Ocular Deviation Among The Different Types Of Duane Retraction Syndrome, Noor Hamad, Mustafa Tawfeeq Halboos, Ziyad Kamel Al-Jenabi, Marrwan Hisham Mohammed

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Purpose: To evaluate the distribution of the ocular deviation among different types of Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS)

Method: This historical cohort study was performed on 321 hospital records of different types of DRS patients in Baghdad, Iraq from 2012 to 2022. Patient data collected included sex, age, laterality of DRS (unilateral or bilateral), presence of abnormal head posture (AHP), source of DRS (congenital, acquired), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refractive error, deviation at primary gaze in far and near, overaction or underaction of extraocular movement.

Result: The mean age of DRS patients 321 patients was 16.05 ± 12.6 (range, 1 …

Study Of Uti Effect On Renal Function For The Patient With Thyroid Autoimmune Disease, Raghad Ahmed Hussien, Ghusoon Faiq Zwain, Emad Salaam Abood

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background and Objectives : A cross-sectional study, effected of urinary tract infection (UTI) and immune thyroid disease (AITD) on the Renal functions in human , Following a literature analysis, the majority of studies focused on the influence of urinary tract infection on kidney function, while others looked at the impact of thyroid gland immunological disorders on renal function , Because urinary tract infection is a widespread condition that affects people of all ages and both sexes, it is regarded as one of the most critical variables impacting kidney function, which can lead to kidney failure in certain circumstances , Aside …

Assessment Of Some Hematological Parameters In Sickle Cell Disease During Steady State And In Vaso-Occlusive Crisis, Huda Abedalameir Hussain, Zainab Wahab Al Maaroof, Abbas Fadhil Hasson

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Sickle cell disease is a monogenetic disorder resulting in early mortality and widespread organ damage, including pulmonary, cardiac, and splenic dysfunction, as well as cerebral infarcts and avascular osteonecrosis. It results from a single point mutation causing the replacement of the amino acid glutamic acid by valine. Chronic hemolysis can affect sickled red cells, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which contribute to the occurrences of vasoocclusion.

Objectives: To measure hematological parameters and their relationship to the development of vasoocclusion.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 80 Iraqi subjects, including 40 cases with sickle cell disease diagnosed …

Association Of Peripheral Blood Parameters With Tnm Stage Of Breast Cancer, Safa Fadhil Khudair, Hussein Naji Alshammari, Hayder Abd Al-Rida Alkhafaji

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Cancer cells can directly activate the blood-clotting cascade and cause thrombosis. Elevated D-dimer levels show that hemostasis and fibrinolysis are activated globally. It is commonly recognized that systemic inflammatory reactions contribute significantly to the advancement of cancer. Among other inflammatory markers, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLRs) strongly correlate with prognoses in early-stage breast malignancies.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between pretreatment plasma D-dimer level and Neutrophile to Lymphocyte Ratio to TNM stage of Breast cancer.

Materials and methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted on breast cancer patients …

Evaluation Of Vaginal Versus Plasma Pentraxin-3 Level Among Females With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Khetam Salman Alewi, Zainab Adil Ghani Chabuck, Suha Jasim Witwit

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic reproductive and metabolic disorder that affects up to 20% of women in their reproductive age, leading to menstrual complications, fertility problems, and other health issues. Vaginitis is a clinical disorder that can result in vaginal symptoms.

Objectives: to compare the vaginal and plasma pentraxin-3 levels among females with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Materials and Methods: Vaginal swabs and venous blood were collected during the present study period, extending from the beginning of August to the end of November 2023, from female patients who were attended to Babylon Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital and Private …

Quantitative Determination Of Sulfamethoxazole Using Various Spectroscopic Methods, Abdulla M. Sulaiman, Aws M. Nejres, Ali M. Hussain

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Sulfamethoxazole is one of the important pharmaceutical preparations for which researchers have been trying to find sensitive and applicable spectroscopic methods for its estimation. The estimation methods were divided into five types: the standard method, which relied on the use of the protocol followed in the US pharmacopeia (USP), in addition to Titrimetic methods, spectroscopic methods, and voltammetry methods, the last of which used high-performance chromatography (HPLC) technology. The aim of this study is The process of counting the various spectroscopic methods used in estimating the pharmaceutical preparation sulfamethoxazole for the purpose of facilitating the research process for researchers.

Correlation Between Biofilm Formation And Antibiotic Resistance In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Various Clinical Specimens, Ali Kareem Ali, Lamees A. Abdul-Lateef

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a Gram-negative nosocomial pathogen implicated in various human infections, primarily associated with healthcare services. Biofilms are known for their resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Objectives: The study aims to investigate the correlation between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in isolates.

Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from (110) patients admitted to two main hospitals in Hilla city: Al-Hilla General Teaching Hospital, and Mergan Teaching Hospital. The specimens were collected from various clinical sites such as wounds, ears, and urine.

Results: Out of (70) positive cultures cultured on Cerimide agar medium, only 15 (13.6%) specimens showed …

Analyzing The Possible Hepatic Protection Of Ursodeoxycholic Acid In Rat Models Of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Ayala Ya Seen Ali Bey, Maj Id Radium Barabbas, Ahmed Raj

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: The liver is essential for the detoxification of toxic substances as well as for metabolism, storage, and secretion. The liver is the primary organ for the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Exposure to certain xenobiotics can cause oxidative stress, which can impair liver function.

Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid against the hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride administration.

Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats weighing between 250 and 300 g and aged between 10 and 12 weeks were included in the study. Three groups were included; group …

Impact Of Physical Activity And Body Size On Serum Level Of Anti-Müllerian Hormone In Women In Babylon Province, Murtadha D. Mohsin, Ban J. Edan

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein produced by granulosa cells and has gained recognition as the most dependable serum biomarker for assessing ovarian reserve. AMH levels serve as an indicator of the quantity of primordial follicles and their likely response to external gonadotropins. Obesity may impact female fertility through direct harm to oocyte health and differentiation or by indirectly interfering with the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, leading to dysfunctional oogenesis.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the role of physical activity and body size on serum AMH levels in women.

Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on …

Potential Anti-Parkinsonian Activity Of Gastrodia Elata: The Principle Of Antioxidant Qualities In A Rat Model, Marwa S. Mahdy, Reyadh H. Al-Mosawi, Samir S. Hammoud

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive, incurable, and the second most common neurological disorder resulting in the localized destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta (PC) of the midbrain.

Objectives: Our study aimed to examine the antioxidant effect of Gastrodia elata on brain tissues of PD animal models depending on results obtained from previous investigations.

Materials and Methods: 40 Wistar adult male rats weighing 200-300mg were placed into 5 separate groups at random, with 8 rats in each group. The course of the study was a 21-day behavioral test carried out on day 21 using an open-field device. Decapitation …

Mesioclusion: A Review Of Treatment Approaches, Kasem Ahmed Abeas

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Mesioclusion or Class III malocclusion is one of the dental disturbances that represents the magnitude and complexity of the entire problem of malocclusion. It is of special interest to the orthodontist because it offers a therapeutic challenge. The aim of this study is to review the common treatment options for Class III malocclusion and determine which approach is superior. Numerous studies have recommended intervention at an early stage, such as during the the deciduous dentition or prepubertal growth phase,. Early treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion can be achieved by several appliances including Bionator, Frankle, chin cup, face mask. Orthopedic …

Detection Of Newly Identified Phylogenetic Lineages In Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolates In Iraq, Hiba J. Hamza, Huda H. Al-Hasnawy, Mohammed R. Judi, Hider M.H. Al-Shirifi

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains have been classified into eight distinct phylogenetic clusters as per a novel quadruplex PCR method. However, the exact phylogenetic relationship among these bacterial lineages is still uncertain. Objectives: The current study employed the Clermont phylotyping method to enhance the understanding of phylogenetic clusters of E. coli and evaluate antibiotic resistance in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains in Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of forty-two UPEC isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility using a disk diffusion test, while the innovative Clermont phylotyping method was employed for the phylogenetic classification of the isolates. …

Influence Of Orthodontic Appliances On Oral Candida Albicans And Molecular Study Of Their Virulence Factors, Nebras Dawood Al-Jubouri, Nebrass Nasir-Alla Al-Dapagh, Wisam Wahab Sahib Alhamadi

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Candida albicans is commonly found in the oral cavities of individuals with denture stomatitis, especially in middle-aged and elderly adults who use dentures and orthodontic appliances. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the influence of orthodontic appliances on oral Candida albicans and demonstrate the isolation and identification of C. albicans from orthodontic patients. Materials ans Methods: Eighty swab samples were collected for culture preparation. The swabs were cultured on various culture media (such as Influence of Orthodontic Appliances on Oral Candida albicans and Molecular Study of their virulence factors, SDA, and Chrom agar) and the culture …

Molecular Analysis Of Fimh Gene In Biofilm-Producing And Multidrug Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Afrah Mehdi Alwan, Hanaa Naji Abdallah, Alaa Salim Hamzah

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant gram-negative, opportunistic bacterium. Among the many infectious disorders it can cause are infections of the bladder, bacteremia, pneumonia, and hepatic abscesses. Biofilms slow down the rate of bacterial growth, prevent antibiotics from penetrating the body, encourage the creation of persister cells, and promote genetic exchange. Thus, biofilms can lead to an outbreak of superbug infections. Objectives: This study aimed to molecularly analyze the FimH gene in biofilm-producing and multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: 250 clinical samples were collected from several hospitals in Baghdad and from different clinical sources. Laboratory diagnosis was based …

Impact Of Salivary Ph And Epstein-Barr Virus Among Gingivitis Patients, Riyadh Kadhim Hadi, Zainab Khudhur Ahmad, Zeyad Nazar Majeed

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums often caused by bacterial infections related to dental plaque, which forms a biofilm on teeth and influences oral health. The microbial composition in the mouth changes with environmental factors and pH fluctuations, impacting conditions like gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontitis. Saliva plays a crucial role in maintaining oral pH, buffering acids, and containing antimicrobial agents. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), prevalent in the oral cavity, might affect periodontal health and systemic conditions. Objectives: The study aimed to explore the connection between salivary pH levels and the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in individuals with …

Exploring The Role Of Nanoparticles In Combating Microbial Infections: A Mini Review, Khaldoon Jasim Mohammed, Abdulhakeem Dahham Hussein, Sundus Jassim Muhammad

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Drug-resistant organisms are on the rise globally, and therefore studies for new forms of antimicrobial agents. Among them, nanoparticles find much utility in drug delivery and possess effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant strains. Such an approach is a successful one for public health since it has relative advantages in eradicating microbial infections.

Objective: The aim of this mini-review is to discuss the role of nanoparticles and their functions on microbial infections, especially regarding their antimicrobial activity.

Method: This review involves the conduct of a systematic review of the literature through publications in different databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences, …

Evaluation Of Foot And Mouth Disease (Coxsackie Virus) Infections Among Sheep, Goats And Humans In Baquba District/Diyala Iraq, Safa Ibrahim Jaber

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackievirus) is a serious infection that affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. The study was conducted from 1^st February to 1^st July 2024 / in Baquba district. The results showed that the prevalence rate of Coxsackievirus infections was the highest 11 (73.3) in the age group (1-9) years. The Anti-Human Coxsackievirus IgM showed a variance value of (52.315) with highly significant changes (P<0.01). The Anti-Human Coxsackievirus IgG showed a variance value of (20.603) with highly significant change (P<0.01). The Anti-Sheep Coxsackievirus IgM showed a variance value of (29.687) with highly significant changes (P<0.01). The Anti-sheep Coxsackievirus IgG showed a variance value of (39.479) with highly significant change (P<0.01). Furthermore, the Anti-Goat Coxsackievirus IgM showed a variance value of (21.429) with highly significant change (P<0.01), and the Anti-Goat Coxsackievirus IgG showed a variance value of (26.613) with highly significant change. The results also showed a weak negative correlation (r=1, -.011, .142) between the human Coxsackievirus and (sheep, goat) Coxsackievirus type in regard to IgM levels respectively, and these correlations were non-significant (p= 0,.507, .954) respectively. The results of this study reported a weak positive correlation (r=.126, .310, -.014 ) between the levels of Human-IgG Coxsackievirus and (Sheep, Goats) IgG respectively (P=..507, .954, .940), with statistically non-significant differences. The Anti-Cattle Coxsackievirus IgM concentration was 0.0% and Specificity 43.3% at a Cut-off <1.62, but he Anti- sheep concentration IgG was 0.0% and Specificity 43.3% in Cut-off <0.96. In addition, the Anti- Goat Coxsackievirus IgM concentration was 0.0% and Specificity 36.7% at Cut-off <1.22, and the Anti- Goat concentration IgG concentration was 0.0% and Specificity 10.0% at a Cut off <0.61.

Alterations Of Hematological Profile In Patients With Sars-Cov-2 Infection: An Overview, Basim A. Abd, Hussein Naji Al-Shammari, Ban Adnan Shamki

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now prevalent around the world and has been accountable for a significant number of fatalities and disability. An extensive summary of the changes in hematological profiles seen in COVID-19-infected patients is given in this review.

The symptoms of COVID-19 range from moderate or undetectable to life-threatening respiratory distress and multiple organ dysfunction. The importance of hematological discrepancies as biomarkers of illness degree of severity, clinical course, and outcome becoming increasingly appreciated. Increased neutrophils, reduced lymphocytes, and raised C-reactive protein are typical initial laboratory findings. …

Biomarkers And The Identification Of Kidney Damage In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, Hanan Hamid Ramadhan, Rasha Naseer Mohammed

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

The condition of diabetic renal disease is the most prevalent manifestation of chronic kidney disease and renal failure worldwide. It acts as the major diabetes complication and is characterized by the excretion of abnormal urinary albumin, impairment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and diabetic glomerular renal lesions. It is also associated with microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus.

The exact pathogenesis is complicated and unexplained. The pathogenesis pathways initiated and sustained in the kidney by increased glucose levels. They are enhanced by numerous different factors that involve several metabolic variables (excess of carbonyl, fatty acids, and oxidative stress) and hemodynamic variables …

Anti-Cancer Efficacy Of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Terephthalic Acid: A Comprehensive Study, Mohammed Talib Kamil Al-Alawi

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) synthesized using terephthalic acid have demonstrated significant potential as anti-cancer agents. This study aimed to synthesize these nanoparticles using an eco-friendly chemical reduction method and evaluate their anti-cancer efficacy against HepG2 liver cancer cells. The nanoparticles were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization confirmed their spherical morphology, uniform size distribution, and well-defined crystalline structure, with an average particle diameter of approximately 75 nm. The anti-cancer potential of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed through in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays. …

Assessment Of Condylar Shape In Different Angle Classification Of Malocclusions Among Iraqi Subjects Through Orthopantomography, Lamia H. Al-Nakib, Resha Jameel Abdulsaheb

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Changes in occlusion is necessary to be taken into consideration for its importance as a causative factor for variability in the structural morphology of mandibular condyles which in turn may cause internal disorders of the Tempromandibular joint.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship of different Angle classification Cl I, Cl II, Cl III, on the trabecular structure of the mandibular condyles shape through Orthopantomography and demonstrate the most prominent shape in relation with angle classification.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study in which 4000 condyle process were examined using Orthopantomograph (OPG). The patient sample was divided into three …

Free Speech Is Incomplete? Big Tech In A Distant Mirror, Jan Polański

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

In 1961, Alexander Meiklejohn claimed that the First Amendment, the US provision guaranteeing free speech, is an absolute. Echoing this in the context of the rise of fake news, Tim Wu has recently asked whether the First Amendment might have become obsolete. Yet, with the growing power of Big Tech, concerns are also voiced that their impact on free speech may go too far. However, there is tension here: on the one hand, the unprecedented role of Big Tech provides incentives for regulation; on the other, free speech is such a sensitive subject that there are reasons for limiting government …

Public Value And The Compatibility Of State Aid To Public Service Broadcasters – The Hot Potato For The European Commission, Dionysios Pelekis, Małgorzata Kozak

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

This article explores the legal regime governing Public Service Broadcasters (PSBs), and the competences of the EU in regulating and overseeing them, from the perspective of State aid law and their compatibility with the internal market. First, the components of the legal framework are identified and analysed. Additionally, a substantive public value test is proposed and introduced, building on the available literature, decisional practice, and incorporating a legal construction of pluralism, derived from the available case law. Subsequently, the compatibility regime for PSBs is examined. The specific regime applicable to PSBs, and its constituent elements, are analysed, followed by an …

Evaluation Of Common Complications Following Tetralogy Of Fallot Surgical Repair By Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zainab Ahmad Ramadan, Mohamed Salah Ayyad

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: The operative procedures for correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) concentrates on the impact of pulmonary valve regurgitation (PR) on the function of right ventricle (RV) pointing to alleviating right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) narrowing, and minimizing the PR degree at the same time, closing ventricular septal defect (VSD). Various complications could be encountered after TOF repair as; PR, dilated RV with/without impaired function, RVOT residual obstruction/ dilatation, residual VSD, tricuspid regurge (TR), aortic root dilatation with/without regurge and significant difference in differential pulmonary flow. Objective: Address the most common complications that could be encountered following TOF surgical repair, …