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2024

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A Space For Healing: Spiritual Direction With Justice-Minded Evangelicals And Ex-Vangelicals, Erica Romero Dec 2024

A Space For Healing: Spiritual Direction With Justice-Minded Evangelicals And Ex-Vangelicals, Erica Romero

LMU Theses and Dissertations

Unfortunately, when people hear the term Evangelical, they think of the current caricature of the white Evangelical Christian, standing firmly on the far right of the nation’s political spectrum, representing the 80% of those who voted for Donald Trump, and still defending MAGA and Christian Nationalism. There are many justice-minded Evangelicals, however, who, whether they still utilize the term Evangelical or not, have been struggling to hold onto their faith, as well as discern and act wisely. Many are seeking spaces of soul care, particularly related to questions of faith and justice, and Spiritual Direction serves as an important contemplative …


Graphic Design And Automation, Ellen Fixsen Dec 2024

Graphic Design And Automation, Ellen Fixsen

Masters Theses

This research examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and DIY-centric template tools in the area of graphic design and how they affect businesses using them for branding and visuals, and how that impacts the graphic design industry. Although the use of AI in graphic design is a fairly new trend, the technology has been developing over the last several decades, if not longer. With AI definitely here to stay, it has become vital to explore how businesses and designers will move forward and utilize the tools it offers. Incorporating historical and statistical evidence, professional insights, case studies, …


Modalities And Meaning: Instructor Adaptation And Student Spiritual Formation Across Higher Education Learning Environments, Stephanie D. Sorensen Dec 2024

Modalities And Meaning: Instructor Adaptation And Student Spiritual Formation Across Higher Education Learning Environments, Stephanie D. Sorensen

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation explores the dynamic instructor and student experiences inherent in the evolving modalities of higher education. The first article synthesizes qualitative research about the challenges and successes faced by instructors transitioning to online learning environments, especially in their interactions with content and learners. Emphasizing the importance of support for instructors and institutions, it sets the stage for understanding the nuanced experience of online teaching. The second article presents an exploratory case study of a religious education professor teaching across four modalities. His experience emphasized adaptive strategies and underscored the pivotal role of instructor preparation. Findings revealed the instructor's proactive …


Verbal Working Memory And Syntactic Comprehension Segregate Into The Dorsal And Ventral Streams, Respectively, William Matchin, Zeinab K. Mollasaraei, Leonardo Bonilha, Chris Rorden, Gregory Hickok, Dirk Den Ouden, Julius Fridriksson Ph.D. Dec 2024

Verbal Working Memory And Syntactic Comprehension Segregate Into The Dorsal And Ventral Streams, Respectively, William Matchin, Zeinab K. Mollasaraei, Leonardo Bonilha, Chris Rorden, Gregory Hickok, Dirk Den Ouden, Julius Fridriksson Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Syntactic processing and verbal working memory are both essential components to sentence comprehension. Nonetheless, the separability of these systems in the brain remains unclear. To address this issue, we performed causal-inference analyses based on lesion and connectome network mapping using MRI and behavioural testing in two groups of individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. We employed a rhyme judgement task with heavy working memory load without articulatory confounds, controlling for the overall ability to match auditory words to pictures and to perform a metalinguistic rhyme judgement, isolating the effect of working memory load (103 individuals). We assessed non-canonical sentence comprehension, isolating …


Mexican Health And Aging Study Biomarker And Genetic Data Profile, Sandra Barral Dec 2024

Mexican Health And Aging Study Biomarker And Genetic Data Profile, Sandra Barral

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) is one of the largest ongoing longitudinal studies of aging in Latin America, with six waves over 20 years. MHAS includes sociodemographic, economic, and health data from a nationally representative sample of adults 50 years and older in urban and rural Mexico. MHAS is designed to study the impact of diseases on adults' health, function, and mortality. As Mexico is experiencing rapid population aging, providing adequate information to study this phenomenon is vital for designing and implementing public policies. The availability of biomarker and genetic data and longitudinal survey data elevates opportunities for …


A Wīnak Perspective On Cosmovisíon Maya And Eco-Justice Education, Arcia Tecun Dec 2024

A Wīnak Perspective On Cosmovisíon Maya And Eco-Justice Education, Arcia Tecun

Maya America: Journal of Essays, Commentary, and Analysis

This article responds to questions of relational ethics in Indigenous mobility with a critically conscious approach to cosmovisíon Maya in Soonkahni (Salt Lake Valley). An urban and mobile Mayan positionality, identified as Wīnak, guides an analysis of complex Indigenous experiences, and possibilities found in Eco-Justice. The limits from the prevailing and dominant colonial logics of conservation and environmentalism are re-imagined through Indigenous approaches to ‘Earth Wellbeing’. The application of critically conscious cosmovisíon Maya reveals a simultaneous challenge to systems of power, and to formations of an Indigenous relational ethic that is both locally meaningful and globally relevant. This essay concludes …


Senior Nursing Students' Perceptions Of Their Effectiveness In The Utilization Of De-Escalation Techniques: A Phenomenological Study, Chinelo N. Anadu Dec 2024

Senior Nursing Students' Perceptions Of Their Effectiveness In The Utilization Of De-Escalation Techniques: A Phenomenological Study, Chinelo N. Anadu

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative phenomenological study explored senior nursing students’ perceptions of their effectiveness in utilizing de-escalation techniques. The theories that guided this study were Bandura’s self-efficacy theory and Kolb’s experiential learning theory. Self-efficacy is one’s ability to organize, conduct, and successfully perform a task. Bandura’s self-efficacy theory focuses on individuals’ perception of their ability to perform a task, not the action’s result. Kolb’s theory emphasizes that learning is a process, and modifying experiences creates knowledge. The participants for this study were senior nursing students from two medium-sized universities in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. A sample of 11 senior …


The Effectiveness Of Education Utilizing A Digital Patient Education Platform For Nursing Staff Working In A Military Medical Treatment Facility, Meki Bocage Dec 2024

The Effectiveness Of Education Utilizing A Digital Patient Education Platform For Nursing Staff Working In A Military Medical Treatment Facility, Meki Bocage

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Currently, the use of digital health technology has been found to improve patients’ experiences, health outcomes, and quality of care. Furthermore, the Defense Health Agency (DHA) is focused on leveraging cutting-edge technologies to optimize healthcare delivery and improve patient experiences. The purpose of this evidence-based practice process improvement project supports providing educational intervention to nursing staff through videoconferencing or lecture learning opportunities. The project focused on successfully educating nursing staff from at least three MTFs on the use of a patient education platform by the conclusion of the 30-day intervention through individual web-based pre and post questionnaires. Ultimately, 15 registered …


An Action Research Study Of The Spiritual Growth Among Veterans Within The Civilian Context, Long Tuan Nguyen Dec 2024

An Action Research Study Of The Spiritual Growth Among Veterans Within The Civilian Context, Long Tuan Nguyen

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Military-civilian transition (MCT) for Veterans has been commonly associated with negative mental health experiences as they had to go through the intercultural changes between the military and civilian life. The purpose for this DMIN action research project was to design, coordinate, and assess a chaplain model of care called Spiritual Growth Lectio (SGL) for recently discharged Veterans. Thirteen Veterans participated in this research project through purposive sampling. The SGL model comprised a pre-test survey, six-week intervention, posttest survey, and focus group interview guided by four research questions. Quantitative data was collected from participants’ pre-test and post-test surveys. Subsequently, qualitative data …


The Impact Of Intergenerational Racial Trauma On High-Achieving African American Women, Andrea L. Tanner Dec 2024

The Impact Of Intergenerational Racial Trauma On High-Achieving African American Women, Andrea L. Tanner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The historical trauma of chattel slavery in the United States created a system of race-based discrimination, exploitation, and oppression still experienced today. Extensive research is required to comprehensively understand and address the intergenerational effects of trauma. The intergenerational transmission of trauma affects future generations, as traumatic memories affect those who have personally experienced conflict and violence. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe how high-achieving African American women who are descendants of enslaved Africans experience intergenerational trauma. Conceptually, it is framed by Critical Race Theory, which this study utilized a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology. Qualitative interviews were conducted …


Examining Educational Experiences Of Healthcare Providers Who Transitioned Into A Different Healthcare Role: A Phenomenological Study, Dustin P. Carnell Dec 2024

Examining Educational Experiences Of Healthcare Providers Who Transitioned Into A Different Healthcare Role: A Phenomenological Study, Dustin P. Carnell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the educational experiences of healthcare practitioners seeking to transition into a different healthcare role. The theory guiding this study is adult learning theory, as this closely aligns with the learning experienced by advanced healthcare practitioners. This study answers the central research question, what are the experiences of healthcare professionals who seek additional education to transition into a different healthcare role? This study consists of an individual interview, focus group, and journal prompts to achieve triangulation and was distributed to healthcare workers across the United States who have transitioned roles in …


The Impact Of 21st-Century Technology Teaching On Socio-Economically Challenged Students In Public High Schools: A Phenomenological Study, Duncan Kenneth Guishard Dec 2024

The Impact Of 21st-Century Technology Teaching On Socio-Economically Challenged Students In Public High Schools: A Phenomenological Study, Duncan Kenneth Guishard

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative, transcendental phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of 10 teachers who have used 21st-century technology teaching methods in three U.S. public high schools (PHS), North, South, and West in the Mid-Eastern United States. Schlossberg’s transition theory guided this study and was used to address the central research question: What essential elements of 21st-century technology teaching practices do you believe can improve students’ performance and academic success in U.S. public high schools? The three sub-questions helped uncover the teachers’ lived experiences and perspectives using 21st-century technology teaching methods in public high schools. Purposeful sampling …


The Work-Life Balance Of Higher Education Faculty In Light Of Constant Access To Technology: A Case Study, Giordana Morales-Spier Dec 2024

The Work-Life Balance Of Higher Education Faculty In Light Of Constant Access To Technology: A Case Study, Giordana Morales-Spier

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this instrumental case study was to explore the perception of constant access to technology for faculty members in the university setting. Constant access to technology was defined as the majority of work tasks taking place in front of the computer, the expectation of quick email responses, and the pressure for continual student interaction, particularly outside of regular business hours. Burnout theory guided this study, which provided views of faculty’s efficiency, stress levels, and personal time. The central research question that guided the study was: How do higher education faculty at CVU guard against burnout while experiencing constant …


Mindful Design For Adolescent Minds: Moving Away From Digital Hook Models To Mindful Innovation Models, Donald R. Hendriksen Dec 2024

Mindful Design For Adolescent Minds: Moving Away From Digital Hook Models To Mindful Innovation Models, Donald R. Hendriksen

Masters Theses

In the domain of digital technology, an ethical issue surfaces from the design of user interfaces and applications tailored for adolescent users. Techniques frequently incorporated into these targeted systems, such as continuous scrolling, rewards for uninterrupted use, and game-like features, are increasingly linked to addictive inclinations in adolescents. Central to this issue is the stimulation these apps provide for the dopamine system. Adolescents, being in a vital phase of psychological growth, are especially vulnerable to the dangerous consequences of such designs. These effects are extensive and include a perceptible drop in academic achievement, a weakening of relational skills, and an …


Achieving Financial Resources For Women Of Color In Nonprofit Startup Organizations, Tanesha Nicole Graham Dec 2024

Achieving Financial Resources For Women Of Color In Nonprofit Startup Organizations, Tanesha Nicole Graham

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Organizational leaders, especially women of color, have been profoundly affected by a lack of strategies for obtaining capital for financial growth and viability. Nonprofit women of color business owners are struggling with the challenges of securing financial resources and maintaining business sustainability. Grounded in the Baldrige performance excellence framework (BPEF), the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore financial acquisition strategies that some women of color business owners need for long-term financial growth and viability in startup nonprofit organizations. The participant was one leader of a nonprofit business located in the southwestern part of San Bernardino County, …


Exploring The Impact Of Campus-Based Food Pantry Utilization And Food Security Levels On Sense Of Belonging In Nevada Community College Students: A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study, Racquel Melson Dec 2024

Exploring The Impact Of Campus-Based Food Pantry Utilization And Food Security Levels On Sense Of Belonging In Nevada Community College Students: A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study, Racquel Melson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental, causal-comparative research study was to examine the relationship between community college students’ campus-based food pantry utilization and sense of belonging, based on level of food security. This study was essential in a community college setting, because food insecurity has become prevalent, and the implementation of food pantries has the potential to meet not only physiological needs but also belonging needs. The study consisted of a convenience sample of at least 126 participants from an urban community college in Nevada. Participants were asked via email to anonymously complete a Qualtrics survey made up of two …


Participation As Preparation: A Phenomenological Study Of Black Greek Letter Organization (Bglo) Members In The Workforce, Letasha Carrie Mcfarlane Dec 2024

Participation As Preparation: A Phenomenological Study Of Black Greek Letter Organization (Bglo) Members In The Workforce, Letasha Carrie Mcfarlane

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how membership in a Black Greek Letter Organization (BGLO) impacts the experiences of Black professionals in overcoming obstacles in the modern workforce. This study utilized a qualitative, phenomenological design to capture the lived experiences of 10 BGLO members working in federal military and educational organizations in the United States. Participants were recruited through purposeful sampling, and data were collected via open-ended questionnaires, semi-structured individual interviews, and a focus group. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which revealed four major themes: (1) Utilization of Opportunities to Overcome Workplace Challenges, (2) Cultivation …


Health Literacy And Advocation Amongst Community Health Workers, Dustin R. King Dec 2024

Health Literacy And Advocation Amongst Community Health Workers, Dustin R. King

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Health literacy is an important component of global health maintenance and can be greatly influenced by the DNP. The trigger for the EBP was related to a limited amount of appropriate application of health literacy in South Asian communities and village medical leaders. Health literacy was assessed by distributing short questionnaires to medical professionals such as chemists, doctors, and community health workers. An educational intervention with one specific disease process, hypertension, was then delivered to those who accepted. Upon completion of the teaching, a re-assessment with the same questions was either distributed or reviewed with the participants. Descriptive statistics were …


A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Impact Of Spousal Support On Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd) In South Florida Firefighters, Karla Ramirez Dec 2024

A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Impact Of Spousal Support On Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd) In South Florida Firefighters, Karla Ramirez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the impact of spousal support on firefighters in South Florida who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Theory of Stress and Coping by Richard Lazarus proposed that stress occurs when situations are negatively interpreted, leading to health problems when adequate coping mechanisms are not utilized (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The way in which an individual copes or changes the cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands influences mental and physical outcomes, including PTSD. This qualitative phenomenological design allowed participants to interpret their lived experiences as they …


Virtual Reality Mindfulness For Nursing Stress And Burnout, Rebecca Jean Cantrell Dec 2024

Virtual Reality Mindfulness For Nursing Stress And Burnout, Rebecca Jean Cantrell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Burnout has been a term that has been researched since the 1970’s; however, it has been noted that throughout the past few years there has been increased burnout amongst healthcare workers. Mindfulness has been researched as a tool to decrease burnout and stress. The delivery of mindfulness activity has been completed through different avenues such as in-person and virtual. The purpose of this research project was to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality mindfulness experiences and the burnout rates amongst nursing staff in the ambulatory units of a VA Healthcare System. Six nursing staff members volunteered to participate in the …


Examining The Relationship Of Simulation To Nursing Communication Competency: A Quantitative, Causal-Comparative, Retrospective Study, Patresha Pamella Pearson Dec 2024

Examining The Relationship Of Simulation To Nursing Communication Competency: A Quantitative, Causal-Comparative, Retrospective Study, Patresha Pamella Pearson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative, causal-comparative, retrospective study investigated the impact of simulation-based education on nurse communication competence by evaluating communication skills between two groups of recently graduated and licensed registered nurses while controlling for total experience hours. Though nursing communication competence significantly impacts patient care outcomes, few studies have addressed the impact of simulation on the communication competence of licensed nurses practicing in the clinical setting. The study was conducted in the clinical setting with 78 participants divided between two categorical groups of recently graduated and licensed registered nurses depending on the proportion of simulation-based education received during clinical experience requirements. The …


Disunity Of Pentecostal Pastors Planting Churches In Suburban Areas: Unifying Leaders With The Same Goal, Jamare L. Razor Dec 2024

Disunity Of Pentecostal Pastors Planting Churches In Suburban Areas: Unifying Leaders With The Same Goal, Jamare L. Razor

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The problem is that disunity exists among suburban church planting pastors of multidenominational and nondenominational churches in a tri-state region of the United States. Approximately 4,000 churches are planted in America each year and sadly about 3,700 of those churches will close. One reason for this is disunity among pastors that leads to the lack of support needed for church plant success and longevity. This problem must be remedied if the church plants are to succeed. The purpose for this Doctor of Ministry action research project is to identify the causes of the disunity that hinder church plant success in …


College Students’ Perceptions On The Use Of Kahoot To Learn Vocabulary In A Second Language: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Adriana Hatch Dec 2024

College Students’ Perceptions On The Use Of Kahoot To Learn Vocabulary In A Second Language: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Adriana Hatch

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to discover college students’ perceptions of their lived experiences as they learn vocabulary in a second language with Kahoot. The self-efficacy theory of motivation (Bandura, 1995) provided the theoretical framework. The central question in this research was What are college students’ perception of their experiences using Kahoot to learn vocabulary in a second language? This study took place at Maleki College in Arizona. The study sought to understand second-language college students’ motivation when learning vocabulary. The data for this study was derive from individual interviews recorded on a computer, two questionnaires, and …


The Call To Worship/Music Vocational Ministry: A Case Study To Better Understand The Function Of The God-Ordained Call To Vocational Worship Ministry, Jerry Leonard Newman Dec 2024

The Call To Worship/Music Vocational Ministry: A Case Study To Better Understand The Function Of The God-Ordained Call To Vocational Worship Ministry, Jerry Leonard Newman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study investigates the multifaceted role of worship and music leaders in Christian congregations. It emphasizes that their responsibilities extend beyond mere musical proficiency to embody a profound spiritual calling rooted in a vocational call to ministry. A survey of 401 worship leaders from various Christian denominations reveals the role's dual nature: they are skilled musicians and spiritual guides uniquely called to facilitate the congregation’s faith journey. This vocational calling highlights their divine appointment to ministry, aligning with biblical principles such as those found in Ephesians 4:11-12, which stress the equipping of the saints and the building up of the …


A Mission Simulation Retreat For Senior Youth Leaders To Train Adventist Young Professionals In The South Bahamas Conference, Jamal Doran Franklyn Dec 2024

A Mission Simulation Retreat For Senior Youth Leaders To Train Adventist Young Professionals In The South Bahamas Conference, Jamal Doran Franklyn

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The mission simulation retreat SDA action research project trains senior youth leaders of young adult professionals for urban ministry through their vocational orientation. To address the problem of only having a global youth day one-day mission drive, the Mission Simulation Retreat (MSR) equipped young leaders in local SDA churches to simulate mission projects matching their professional careers. By building on the Hebrew culture, the priesthood of all believers, and spiritual gifts, MSR customizes a spiritual gifts database that aligns with vocational careers to provide mission project options by vocational skills. Through focus group presentations, a questionnaire, and a survey, data …


Exploring Family Mealtime Environment, Screens, And Mental Health Among School-Aged Children In Japan, Ami Nishimori Alnouri Dec 2024

Exploring Family Mealtime Environment, Screens, And Mental Health Among School-Aged Children In Japan, Ami Nishimori Alnouri

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of family mealtimes during breakfast and the mental health of school-aged children (6-18 years) in Japan, comparing those who used and did not use screens during breakfast. This study involved two research questions: How did parents of Japanese school-aged (6 to 18 years) children who used screens (electronic devices) at mealtime experience family mealtime during breakfast? How did parents of Japanese school-aged (6 to 18 years) children who did not use screens (electronic devices) at mealtime experience family mealtime during breakfast? In this study, a qualitative phenomenological approach employed semi-structured interviews with …


Rooted In Identity: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study Describing The Pre-Freshman Self-Esteem Experiences Of African American Female Students Entering Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Wanda Minor Dec 2024

Rooted In Identity: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study Describing The Pre-Freshman Self-Esteem Experiences Of African American Female Students Entering Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Wanda Minor

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative phenomenological study aimed to describe the pre-freshman self-esteem experiences of African American (AA) female students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). The study explored the experiences of AA women and the factors that contribute to the development of their self-esteem before their enrollment as students in HBCUs. Literature suggests that numerous issues, including racial discrimination and prejudice, cultural stereotypes, socioeconomic concerns, historical and intergenerational trauma, beauty standards, and institutional and systemic hurdles, have affected their self-esteem (Woods-Giscombe, 2010). However, there was a void in addressing the issues AA women face in college, particularly students at HBCUs. This …


Exploring Job Demands That Increase Burnout Rates Among Secondary, Public, Interrelated Special Education Teachers: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology, Wendy M. Turner Dec 2024

Exploring Job Demands That Increase Burnout Rates Among Secondary, Public, Interrelated Special Education Teachers: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology, Wendy M. Turner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology is to understand the experiences of secondary, interrelated, public-school teachers in Georgia and their job demands and job resources that affect the development of burnout syndrome. There are two theories guiding this study: the burnout theory and the job demands-resources theory. These theories work together to frame understanding and guide the research questions for this phenomenological study. The burnout theory lays the foundation for identifying the characteristics of burnout syndrome while the job demands-resources theory allows us to identify specific characteristics of the job that can increase or decrease the likelihood of special education …


Challenged And Chosen: Discipling Christians With Chronic Conditions Towards Kingdom Identity And Purpose, Allison J. Hampton Dec 2024

Challenged And Chosen: Discipling Christians With Chronic Conditions Towards Kingdom Identity And Purpose, Allison J. Hampton

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose for this DMIN action research project was to create an eight-week discipleship program and accompanying workbook to help Christians diagnosed with chronic medical conditions to rediscover their identity in God. Because of the limitations and physical changes that often accompany chronic diagnoses, members of Living Chronic Faith (a faith-first nonprofit organization that serves believers with chronic diagnoses) felt incapable of serving on the same level as their physiotypical counterparts. Marginalized by their faith community and hesitant to engage in their ministry contexts, eleven LCF members participated in this online focus group. This project’s surveys, interviews, journal entries, and …


A Case Study Exploring Implementation Of Gamified Adaptive Learning Technology As A Response To Instruction And Intervention (Rti²) Strategy In Elementary Mathematics Education, Tina Marie Clowser Dec 2024

A Case Study Exploring Implementation Of Gamified Adaptive Learning Technology As A Response To Instruction And Intervention (Rti²) Strategy In Elementary Mathematics Education, Tina Marie Clowser

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this single instrumental case study was to understand educators’ implementation of gamified adaptive learning programs in mathematics education as an intervention (RtI²) strategy for public elementary (K-5) teachers in a rural city school district in the Western United States. The study's central research question explored how educators implemented gamified adaptive learning technology as an intervention (RtI²) strategy in public elementary mathematics education. A single instrumental case study design was used for this study to illicit implementation strategies while uncovering successes, challenges, and barriers for in-service public elementary school educators. Data were collected from twelve participants through individual …