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2024

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Memory Lost And Revived: Zhang Chengzhi's Fictional Works On Educated Youth Sent To The Countryside, Jane Qian Liu Dec 2024

Memory Lost And Revived: Zhang Chengzhi's Fictional Works On Educated Youth Sent To The Countryside, Jane Qian Liu

Kritika Kultura

The experience of life as sent-down youth was often depicted as a poignant life journey in many contemporary Chinese literary works, the memory of which people tend to obliterate. However, in his earlier fictional works, particularly in Rivers of the North (1984), Zhang Chengzhi (b. 1948) endeavors to revive that memory by having his protagonists revisit the locations where they were once sent, as a result of which they not only revisit “inhabited space”, but also relive “past time”. Youthful idealism which is closely associated with these geographical peripheries is revived and the memory of life as sent-down youth once …

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The Compositional Paradox In Violence: Classes Of Bhadralok And Chotolk In The Naxalite Novel, Debjani Sarkar, Nirban Manna Dec 2024

The Compositional Paradox In Violence: Classes Of Bhadralok And Chotolk In The Naxalite Novel, Debjani Sarkar, Nirban Manna

Kritika Kultura

This article problematizes the class and caste-based binary of the bhadralok and the chotolok entwined with the Naxalite/Maoist insurgency in India. These long-catalogued terms have been defined and categorized in this article through a study of Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland (2013) and Swati Sengupta’s Guns on My Red Earth (2013). In the 1970s, India’s tryst with communism in the form of the Naxalite-Maoist movement saw these two srenis (bhadralok and chotolok) of Bengali society come together. Though superficially corresponding to the Marxist class binary of the bourgeois and the proletariat, these classes entail a subtle difference and do not necessarily …

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Democratic Poetics: A Comparative Study Of The Us And Iran, Behnam Fomeshi Dec 2024

Democratic Poetics: A Comparative Study Of The Us And Iran, Behnam Fomeshi

Kritika Kultura

Walt Whitman (1819–1892), the father of American free verse, and Nima Yushij (1897–1960), the father of Persian New Poetry, each played a central role in his respective poetic tradition. Whitman’s free verse and Yushij’s New Poetry are the results of translating the discourse of democracy to a literary discourse. In this way, there are multiple points of comparison between these poets’ corresponding approaches to poetic theory, practice, and context. The purpose of the present study is to unravel the relationship between sociopolitical situations in Whitman’s and Yushij’s societies and examine the resulting literary changes. Analysis of the points of similarity …

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A Study On Reconstruction Of Movement And Space In Basho's Haiku: Movement And Space On Horse, Hyunyoung Lee, Jooyoung Kim Dec 2024

A Study On Reconstruction Of Movement And Space In Basho's Haiku: Movement And Space On Horse, Hyunyoung Lee, Jooyoung Kim

Kritika Kultura

To write a poem is to unlock an immaterial space to invite and inhabit varied events and people from the material space. Japanese haiku is a fixed-verse poetry with a 5-7-5 string of sound units. Interestingly, Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉: 1644-1694), the best-known Japanese haiku poet, succeeds in unfolding a diversity of spatialities through this 17-syllable genre. How could Bashō use only 17 syllables to open complicated spatialities in his haiku? To do this, Bashō implants a series of mobile variables into his haiku. Horse, as a figure constantly interacting with Bashō in the journey, stands out from other living beings, …

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Construction And Comprehension Of Fictional Dystopia: A Cognitive Study Of Anna Burns's Milkman, Roghayeh Farsi, Abbas Ali Hallaji Dec 2024

Construction And Comprehension Of Fictional Dystopia: A Cognitive Study Of Anna Burns's Milkman, Roghayeh Farsi, Abbas Ali Hallaji

Kritika Kultura

This paper investigates how fictional dystopia is constructed and comprehended, relying upon the cognitive operations of categorization and positioning. It argues that characters develop out of tensions between self-aligned categories and others-aligned ones. The argument is carried out through a detailed analysis of Burns’s fictional dystopia, Milkman (2018). It divides the novel along three story levels, each level examining how the narrator, as the presenting self, positions her presented self with respect to other characters, to herself, and to readers. The study also looks for the narrator’s cognitive urges for portraying herself along the imposed categories and inflicted positions. It …

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Editor's Introduction, Vincenz Serrano Dec 2024

Editor's Introduction, Vincenz Serrano

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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The Philippines In Contemporary Mexican Poetry: Presence And Omission, Ignacio Ballester Pardo Dec 2024

The Philippines In Contemporary Mexican Poetry: Presence And Omission, Ignacio Ballester Pardo

Kritika Kultura

In 1606, Antonio de Morga published Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, appearing to establish a point of contact, which endures in the still-overlooked but undeniably extant relationship of the Philippines with contemporary Mexican Spanish-language poetry. Although minimal, certain Philippine ties have been observed in recent decades in Mexico, the country with the greatest number of Spanish speakers in the world. Unlike Cuba or Puerto Rico, the Philippines has been forgotten by Hispanic culture in a tradition that continues in the twenty-first century. Despite this uprooting from, which might be observed in a first a preliminary study that other researchers may …

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Father's Rearview Mirror: Translation Of Huang Yongmei's Story, Hang Lin Dec 2024

Father's Rearview Mirror: Translation Of Huang Yongmei's Story, Hang Lin

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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Positronic Brain Vs. Human Brain: Robots' Brain Text As The Representation Of Ethical Guiding Principles In Isaac Asimov's The Complete Robot, Wen Guo Dec 2024

Positronic Brain Vs. Human Brain: Robots' Brain Text As The Representation Of Ethical Guiding Principles In Isaac Asimov's The Complete Robot, Wen Guo

Kritika Kultura

This article contributes to a large discussion on the paradigm of Isaac Asimov’s robot stories— the positronic brain—and postulates that the “Three Laws of Robotics” represent essential guiding principles of ethical systems by applying the concept of “brain text” with the framework of Zhenzhao Nie’s ethical literary criticism. With focus on the analogy between positronic brain and human brain, and based on the analysis from The Complete Robot (2018), this article argues that the positronic brain is the embodiment of the qualities of humans’ ethical choices by gathering and calculating the programmed brain text. By raising a copy-versus-real ethical issue, …

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Brain Text, Brain-To-Text, And The Mind Style Of Literature, Songlin Wang Dec 2024

Brain Text, Brain-To-Text, And The Mind Style Of Literature, Songlin Wang

Kritika Kultura

Zhenzhao Nie’s ethical literary criticism, specifically his theory of brain text and ethical selection, envisions an innovative and energetic understanding of the psychological and ethical processing of literature in the brain. This is evidenced by a survey of the ontological controversy between dualism and monism and a review of contemporary research in neuroscience, together with an investigation of the concept of brain text. Based on a comparative study of the neurolinguistic and neuroethical approaches and Nie’s theory of brain text, the paper endorses Nie in his proposal of the brain text as the source of literature and his advocating of …

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Problematizing The Validity Of Neurethics And Moral Treatment: Brain Text As A New Humanistic Approach To Moral Education, Yanyan Jia, Houliang Chen Dec 2024

Problematizing The Validity Of Neurethics And Moral Treatment: Brain Text As A New Humanistic Approach To Moral Education, Yanyan Jia, Houliang Chen

Kritika Kultura

With the advancements in neuroscience and technology, the neurocognitive approach to the human brain seems to outrun the traditional humanistic approach to moral studies, while its demystification and biological reduction of morality is also questionable, particularly, its implicative suggestion for moral treatment. Contrastingly, ethical literary criticism, especially the brain text theory proposed by Zhenzhao Nie, enlightens us with a new approach to moral education. Essentially different from the clinical moral treatment advocated by neuroethics, ethical literary criticism does not diagnose a particular reader as a “moral patient” in advance, but instead thinks it necessary for all people to get good …

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Ethical Selection And Brain Text: The Development Of Ethical Literary Criticism, Gexin Yang, Hongxia Zheng Dec 2024

Ethical Selection And Brain Text: The Development Of Ethical Literary Criticism, Gexin Yang, Hongxia Zheng

Kritika Kultura

This essay examines the discursive emergence of ethical literary criticism—a new wave of theory and practice of literary criticism that has developed in the West even as it has also historically thrived in China. It begins with the revival of ethical criticism in the West when American ethical criticism blossomed and advanced new conceptions of reading. The paper then turns “eastward” to China and discusses the historical context in which ethical literary criticism emerged in the country. It surveys the history of importation of Western theories and the resulting inundation of the “theoretical complex” since China’s opening up to the …

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Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And Ian Mcewan's Machines Like Me, Biwu Shang, Fong Keng Seng Dec 2024

Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And Ian Mcewan's Machines Like Me, Biwu Shang, Fong Keng Seng

Kritika Kultura

From the perspective of the conceptual system of ethical literary criticism and specific key concepts such as brain text and electronic text, this paper attempts to examine the conflicts between the mechanical and the human in Ian McEwan’s novel Machines Like Me (2019) in order to explore issues such as natural selection, ethical selection, ethical consciousness, and artificial intelligence. Taking these thematic concerns as reference points, this paper argues that a human being is a product of natural selection and ethical selection, while a machine is a product of scientific selection. In the novel, the conflicts between the three main …

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Introduction: Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And New Readings Of World Literature, Biwu Shang, Maria Luisa F. Torres Reyes Dec 2024

Introduction: Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And New Readings Of World Literature, Biwu Shang, Maria Luisa F. Torres Reyes

Kritika Kultura

This introduction briefly frames the parameters within which the eight articles of the Forum explore the topic of ethical literary criticism, and more specifically brain text, and attempts at reading anew selected texts from World Literature. In addition to offering brief summaries of the articles, it also reflects on possible directions for future research and theory and practice of ethical criticism in response to recent developments in the literary scene like the rise of new “genres” in the digital world.

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Ethical Literary Criticism: Oral Literature And The Formation Mechanism Of Brain Text, Zhenzhao Nie Dec 2024

Ethical Literary Criticism: Oral Literature And The Formation Mechanism Of Brain Text, Zhenzhao Nie

Kritika Kultura

In the conceptual system of ethical literary criticism, the existence of all literatures relies on what is called a text; it includes oral literature, a term that largely refers to literature disseminated orally. Before its dissemination, however, the text of oral literature, which can be properly termed as “brain text,” is stored in the human brain. By brain text, what is referred to is the textual form used for storytelling before writing symbols were created and used to record information; it has continued to exist even after the creation of such symbols. Other types of texts exist apart from brain …

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Outsiders On The Inside: Mestizaje And The Economics Of Colonial Desire In Sinibaldo De Mas And Francisco De Paula Entrala, Joyce Tolliver Dec 2024

Outsiders On The Inside: Mestizaje And The Economics Of Colonial Desire In Sinibaldo De Mas And Francisco De Paula Entrala, Joyce Tolliver

Kritika Kultura

Throughout the last twenty-five years of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, Spaniards published essays and fiction that echoed the view that the colonial project was doomed to failure, clearly expressed in Sinibaldo de Mas’s 1843 Informe secreto (Secret Report). Less attention is paid to nineteenth-century works by peninsulares that mirrored Mas’s alternative plan preparing for Philippine “emancipation” and economically incentivizing mestizaje. Among these were the fiction and essays of the self-described “aplatanado” Francisco de Paula Entrala, which suggested that any failure of mestizaje as a normalizing colonial project was due to the shortcomings of the peninsular Spaniards themselves. In …

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The Bago And The Matandá: Representations Of The Colonizer In Spanish Narratives About The Philippines In The Late Nineteenth Century, Cristina Guillén Arnáiz Dec 2024

The Bago And The Matandá: Representations Of The Colonizer In Spanish Narratives About The Philippines In The Late Nineteenth Century, Cristina Guillén Arnáiz

Kritika Kultura

This article sets out to explore two of the most prominent recurring figures in Spanish literary production about the Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century: the so-called bago, a Spaniard who is “new” to the islands, meaning that they just arrived in the Philippines, and the bago’s counterpart, the matandá, a Spaniard who has spent a considerable amount of time in the colony. The bipartite trope is studied in nine texts by Spanish authors, written between 1876 and 1894. By composing scenes of encounter between these two figures, the authors seek to illuminate an idea of ambivalence present …

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"Asylum Of Incurably Lazy And Depraved Men": The Philippines As A Space Of Degenerate Masculinity In The Late Fiction Of Emilia Pardo Bazán, Susana Bardavío Estevan Dec 2024

"Asylum Of Incurably Lazy And Depraved Men": The Philippines As A Space Of Degenerate Masculinity In The Late Fiction Of Emilia Pardo Bazán, Susana Bardavío Estevan

Kritika Kultura

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the presence of the Philippines in Spanish political discourses and media gradually intensified. This was caused by an increase in migration to the archipelago and by the importance that the colonies acquired in the imperialist discourse, which combined constructions of nation, race, and gender. The Spanish writer Emilia Pardo Bazán paid attention to these Pacific islands in several of her stories and articles about the colonial conflict. The perception of the Philippines as an exotic alterity allowed the author to configure the archipelago as a narrative space that subverted the hegemonic discourse …

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Playwright As Guerilla Warlord: Robert Serumaga's Art, Activism, Revolt, And A Performance Of Uganda's Political Deficits, Niyi Akingbe Dec 2024

Playwright As Guerilla Warlord: Robert Serumaga's Art, Activism, Revolt, And A Performance Of Uganda's Political Deficits, Niyi Akingbe

Kritika Kultura

This paper outlines the maturation of Robert Serumaga’s art, politics, and activism as he confronted the dilemma of totalitarianism unleashed by Idi Amin’s dictatorship on postcolonial Uganda. The paper establishes a direct link between literature, resistance, and performance of Uganda’s political failure within the context of the playwright’s individualistic disposition to art as his complicated inclination to revolt. Most obviously, the association between art and politics in Serumaga’s lifestyle is embedded in his undeniable prosecution of rebellion through guerilla warfare against Amin in 1979. The striking tenets of reactance and resistance theories are appropriated to contextualize the struggle, resistance, and …

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Mapping The Sea Islands Culture In Paule Marshall's Praisesong For The Widow, Ashma Shamail Dec 2024

Mapping The Sea Islands Culture In Paule Marshall's Praisesong For The Widow, Ashma Shamail

Kritika Kultura

The Sea Islands off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina function as a vital bridge between African Americans and their African ancestry, retaining a unique African culture that had been forgotten in the mainland communities. The Gullah/Geechee people, the inhabitants of the Sea Islands, are the most distinctive group of African Americans, who maintained a separate creole language and are unique from any other subset of African Americans. Paule Marshall’s vision of the Sea Islands in her 1983 novel Praisesong for the Widow illustrates the mythical landscape as a place for excavating and forging cultural as well as historical …

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Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islemecocritical Reading Of Inanimateness Animism, Inas Samy Abolfotoh Dec 2024

Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islemecocritical Reading Of Inanimateness Animism, Inas Samy Abolfotoh

Kritika Kultura

Inanimateness is a common characteristic of physical matter. Non-living nature is regarded as a lifeless object. Its value in scientific fields stems from being a container of living ecosystems. Poets, however, have a different vision. They perceive a type of mysterious life in what is scientifically labeled inanimate. It is a different type of life, an anonymous one that cannot be empirically proven but is strongly sensed by persistent observers. Material Islamecocriticism, which is a Material Ecocriticism from an Islamic perspective, deciphers this puzzling view of the inert world: the in-between death-life position. This position makes some see it as …

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Animal Welfarism In American Law: Animal Farming, Privilege, And Disempowerment, Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues Dec 2024

Animal Welfarism In American Law: Animal Farming, Privilege, And Disempowerment, Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues

Kritika Kultura

The instrumentalization of rights and interests for furthering political and economic ends is a common phenomenon in contemporary societies. Routinely, these are a trojan horse to political goals that involve discrimination of disempowered groups. This phenomenon of instrumentalization is present in many social phenomena; a less explored phenomenon where this has been researched is this instrumentalization with respect to animal protection law. In this article, I explore how American animal law is instrumentalized to privilege the animal farming industry and disadvantage disempowered groups. I explain how American animal law tends to further disempower individuals according to class and perceived ethnicity. …

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A Case Study On Picture Book Application For Children As Semiotic Technology In Representing Asian Identities, Dhayapari Perumal, Shanthini Pillai, Melissa Shamini Perry Dec 2024

A Case Study On Picture Book Application For Children As Semiotic Technology In Representing Asian Identities, Dhayapari Perumal, Shanthini Pillai, Melissa Shamini Perry

Kritika Kultura

Digital book applications have emerged as new formats of picture books, with an integration of digitally mediated resources to construct meaning. These picture book apps are written artefacts that contain cultural messages and values about the world that children live in. Dually, as semiotic artefacts, they consist of meaning potentials through the concept of interactivity along with other technologically created multimodal resources. These resources form the semiotic surfaces of picture book apps and thus the picture book app is classified as Semiotic Technology. Picture book apps as semiotic technology are instrumental in changing the way in which current young readers …

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Speaking Across The Lines: 1965, The Family, And Reconciliation In Indonesia, Kar-Yen Leong Dec 2024

Speaking Across The Lines: 1965, The Family, And Reconciliation In Indonesia, Kar-Yen Leong

Kritika Kultura

In the aftermath of the 1965 killings, Suharto’s New Order regime in Indonesia initiated a series of policies and ideological programs that sought to turn the Southeast Asian nation into an “integral state.” The family unit then became institutionalized and idealized as an object providing the state with the necessary discursive language to maintain then-president Suharto’s three-decade long rule. His regime, however, continued to demonize hundreds of thousands of former political detainees, denying their families access to basic rights. Branded as having come from “unclean environments,” the descendants of the Suharto regime’s political detainees continue to face discrimination even after …

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Remembering And Re-Membering Home: Asynchronicity As Postcolonial Poetics In 21st Century Southeast Asian Diasporic Narratives, Christine Vicera Dec 2024

Remembering And Re-Membering Home: Asynchronicity As Postcolonial Poetics In 21st Century Southeast Asian Diasporic Narratives, Christine Vicera

Kritika Kultura

In examining the dialectic between the diasporic subject’s homes—both the absent and adopted home—this monograph maps out the ways through which collective memory and postmemory mediate traumatic experiences of dislocation. The literary and cinematic representations of mobility in Hannah Espia’s film Transit (2013), Clement Baloup’s graphic novel Vietnamese Memories and Lian Gouw’s novel Only a Girl reveal a dual-displacement that characterizes the experience of diasporic mobility in the 21st century—a displacement in both space and time. This dual-displacement, which is a result of the inability to reduce the “many temporal worlds” they live in, that is, “the past of the …

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Mobility In The Work Of Haruki Murakami, Focusing On Dance Dance Dance As A Narrative Of Mobility, Inseop Shin Dec 2024

Mobility In The Work Of Haruki Murakami, Focusing On Dance Dance Dance As A Narrative Of Mobility, Inseop Shin

Kritika Kultura

This article discusses how advanced capitalism, criticized in Haruki Murakami’s Dance Dance Dance (1988), relates to “mobility,” which defines human life as well as Murakami’s narrative strategy. Various forms of movement in Murakami’s novels have yet to be observed in previous studies, possibly due to readings of advanced capitalism and alienation being limited to the Japanese context. Applying the issue of mobility to Dance Dance Dance can be a useful tool in analyzing the universality of Murakami’s work in the contemporary world. The concept of mobility includes technological means and infrastructure for movement of individuals, people who move around, networks …

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Contested Javeneseness In Sociocultural Documentaries Of The Post-New Order Indonesia, Gerardus Majella Adhyanggono Dec 2024

Contested Javeneseness In Sociocultural Documentaries Of The Post-New Order Indonesia, Gerardus Majella Adhyanggono

Kritika Kultura

This article fleshes out how two Indonesian sociocultural-themed documentary films of the post-New Order era articulate the counter-imaginaries of Javaneseness. They are Jamu (Javanese Traditional Medicine) and Kulo Ndiko Sami (We are Brothers). The emergence of bringing the issue of Javaneseness to light has its cause on its complex politicization in the New Order regime. Javaneseness was ideologically manipulated as the hegemonic narrative of the state to construct an image of Indonesian society. Javaneseness incorporated by the regime was of a desired aristocratic model in combination with other non-Javanese worldviews. This desired strand of imagining was then politically used to …

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Slow And Quick Violence: Illnesses And Injuries In America Is In The Heart, Ling Liu Dec 2024

Slow And Quick Violence: Illnesses And Injuries In America Is In The Heart, Ling Liu

Kritika Kultura

This article aims to offer a new route into the study of Carlos Bulosan’s America Is in the Heart by going beyond the usual sociocultural focus and turning instead to the material, specifically the illnesses and injuries borne by Filipino bodies—tuberculosis, syphilis, hunger, injuries, even death—to learn about their colonial and migrant experiences. In the novel, tuberculosis affects working-class migrant Filipinos disproportionately in both the Philippines and the United States of America. Migrant Filipinos are also constantly haunted by hunger and are always injured, or even shot; and working-class women frequently die from syphilis. Applying ecocritical theories to study the …

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Vultures And Candles As Metaphors Of Leadership Failures In Emeka Nwabueze's A Parliament Of Vultures And Uche-Chinemere Nwaozuzu's The Candles, Emeka Aniago, Norbert Oyibo Eze, Stella Okoye-Ugwu, Divine Sheriff Joe Dec 2024

Vultures And Candles As Metaphors Of Leadership Failures In Emeka Nwabueze's A Parliament Of Vultures And Uche-Chinemere Nwaozuzu's The Candles, Emeka Aniago, Norbert Oyibo Eze, Stella Okoye-Ugwu, Divine Sheriff Joe

Kritika Kultura

Poor leadership has unarguably been recognized as a major national question around which many socioeconomic and political problems revolve in Nigeria. It has led to decadence and a squandermania mentality which breeds all sort of vices, mass poverty, absent and decaying infrastructure, kidnapping, agitations, banditry, and all kinds of insurgency. Playwrights, like other social scientists, have continued to interrogate this ugly phenomenon, which make socioeconomic and political development a will-o’-the-wisp in the country. This paper attempts to examine Emeka Nwabueze’s A Parliament of Vultures and Uche-Chinemere Nwaozuzu’s The Candles, especially as they deploy the vulture and the candle, respectively, as …

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Spaces Of Affectivity: Innovating Interdisciplinary Discourse In Open, "Free" Space, Mary Mills, Janet Speake Dec 2024

Spaces Of Affectivity: Innovating Interdisciplinary Discourse In Open, "Free" Space, Mary Mills, Janet Speake

Kritika Kultura

This essay presents a reflective narrative on an innovative approach taken to create an open, “free” space in which to share ideas and discuss the theme “Spaces of Affectivity” across the disciplines of arts, humanities, and geography with a focus on the exploration and negotiation of socio-spatial cultural productions of identity. These reflections are based on the planning of two symposia held in 2014 and 2015 under the title Spaces of Affectivity at Liverpool Hope University with the remit of encouraging scholars to stand in their own space and engage with cross-disciplinary discourse. What emerged was a deepening awareness of …

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