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2024

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Total Quality Management Practices (Tqmps) Advancement In Academic Libraries: Nexus Of Organizational Culture (Oc) In Ghana, Edward Asante Dr, Emmanuel Eric Kakraba Mr Jan 2024

Total Quality Management Practices (Tqmps) Advancement In Academic Libraries: Nexus Of Organizational Culture (Oc) In Ghana, Edward Asante Dr, Emmanuel Eric Kakraba Mr

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study analyzed the progression of total quality management practices (TQMPs) in academic libraries, which serve as the central hub of organizational culture (OC) in Ghana. The study focused on selected technical university libraries in Ghana. The study reviewed relevant literature on total quality management practices, advancement, and the role of organizational culture. The objectives guided the design of the research protocol, which included a questionnaire. At technical universities in Ghana, the population consisted of librarians and library staff. The sample size was 60 respondents. The response rate was 91.66%, which was valid for analysis. The correlation analysis established that …

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Desirable Candidates For High-Performance Lead-Free Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells, Sajid Sajid, Salem Alzahmi, Imen Ben Salem, Nouar Tabet, Yousef Haik, Ihab M. Obaidat Jan 2024

Desirable Candidates For High-Performance Lead-Free Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells, Sajid Sajid, Salem Alzahmi, Imen Ben Salem, Nouar Tabet, Yousef Haik, Ihab M. Obaidat

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently demonstrating tremendous potential in terms of straightforward processing, a plentiful supply of materials, and easy architectural integration, as well as high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the elemental composition of the widely utilized organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) contains the hazardous lead (Pb). The presence of Pb in the PSCs is problematic because of its toxicity which may slow down or even impede the pace of commercialization. As a backup option, the scientific community has been looking for non-toxic/less-toxic elements that can replace Pb in OIHPs. Despite not yet matching the impressive results of Pb-containing …

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Informing The State Of Process Modeling And Automation Of Blood Banking And Transfusion Services Through A Systematic Mapping Study, Shaima' Abdallah Elhaj, Yousra Odeh, Dina Tbaishat, Anwar Rjoop, Asem Mansour, Mohammed Odeh Jan 2024

Informing The State Of Process Modeling And Automation Of Blood Banking And Transfusion Services Through A Systematic Mapping Study, Shaima' Abdallah Elhaj, Yousra Odeh, Dina Tbaishat, Anwar Rjoop, Asem Mansour, Mohammed Odeh

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Purpose: The current state of the art in process modeling of blood banking and transfusion services is not well grounded; methodological reviews are lacking to bridge the gap between such blood banking and transfusion processes (and their models) and their automation. This research aims to fill this gap with a methodological review. Methods: A systematic mapping study was adopted, driven by five key research questions. Identified research studies were accepted based on fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: 1) research studies should focus on blood banking and transfusion process modeling since the late 1970s; and 2) research studies should focus on …

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Mixed Criticality Reward-Based Systems Using Resource Reservation, Amjad Ali, Shah Zeb, Madallah Alruwaili, Asad Masood Khattak, Bashir Hayat, Ki Il Kim Jan 2024

Mixed Criticality Reward-Based Systems Using Resource Reservation, Amjad Ali, Shah Zeb, Madallah Alruwaili, Asad Masood Khattak, Bashir Hayat, Ki Il Kim

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Real-time systems mostly interact with the external world and each input operation must meet predetermined deadlines to be useful. However, in many real-time applications, a partial result is also acceptable. We developed a reward-based mixed criticality system based on the resource reservation approach to address the problem of ensuring the effective execution of low- and high-criticality tasks in both low- and high modes, even under heavy workloads. Using dedicated servers with pessimistic resource allocation for each high criticality task ensured their execution in both modes unaffected by low criticality tasks. The surplus resources are reclaimed and assigned to low critical …

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Optimizing Tomato Seedling Growth With Indigenous Mangrove Bacterial Inoculants And Reduced Npk Fertilization, Soumaya Tounsi-Hammami, Munawwar Ali Khan, Aroosa Zeb, Aneesa Rasheed Anwar, Naman Arora, Muhammad Naseem, Sunil Mundra Jan 2024

Optimizing Tomato Seedling Growth With Indigenous Mangrove Bacterial Inoculants And Reduced Npk Fertilization, Soumaya Tounsi-Hammami, Munawwar Ali Khan, Aroosa Zeb, Aneesa Rasheed Anwar, Naman Arora, Muhammad Naseem, Sunil Mundra

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The search for ecofriendly products to reduce crop dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers presents a new challenge. The present study aims to isolate and select efficient native PGPB that can reduce reliance on synthetic NPK fertilizers. A total of 41 bacteria were isolated from the sediment and roots of mangrove trees (Avicennia marina) and assessed for their PGP traits under in vitro conditions. Of them, only two compatible strains of Bacillus species were selected to be used individually and in a mix to promote tomato seedling growth. The efficiency of three inoculants applied to the soil was assessed in a …

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Analyzing The Effects Of Knowledge Management On Organizational Performance Through Knowledge Utilization And Sustainability, Faezeh Mohaghegh, Halil Zaim, Vladimir Dzenopoljac, Aleksandra Dzenopoljac, Nick Bontis Jan 2024

Analyzing The Effects Of Knowledge Management On Organizational Performance Through Knowledge Utilization And Sustainability, Faezeh Mohaghegh, Halil Zaim, Vladimir Dzenopoljac, Aleksandra Dzenopoljac, Nick Bontis

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In today's turbulent business environment, gaining sustainable competitive advantage requires organizations to manage knowledge capabilities effectively and use resources efficiently. The primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship among knowledge management (KM) processes, including knowledge generation, knowledge codification, and knowledge sharing, with knowledge utilization, sustainability, and organizational performance. The research mainly examines both the direct effect of KM on organizational performance and its indirect effect through sustainability and knowledge utilization. A theoretical framework is introduced and tested using data gathered from companies within the services sector in Kuwait. The results indicate that knowledge utilization and sustainability fully …

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Assessing The Impact Of Chatbot-Human Personality Congruence On User Behavior: A Chatbot-Based Advising System Case, Mohammad Amin Kuhail, Mohamed Bahja, Ons Al-Shamaileh, Justin Thomas, Amina Alkazemi, Joao Negreiros Jan 2024

Assessing The Impact Of Chatbot-Human Personality Congruence On User Behavior: A Chatbot-Based Advising System Case, Mohammad Amin Kuhail, Mohamed Bahja, Ons Al-Shamaileh, Justin Thomas, Amina Alkazemi, Joao Negreiros

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Chatbot personality has been demonstrated to influence user behavior, such as trust and intended engagement. However, previous research on chatbot-user personality congruence’s influence on user behavior is scant despite its significance in human-human conversations. This study explores the effect of chatbot-human personality trait congruence on user behavior in the context of a chatbot-based advising system. In this study, 54 college students interacted with chatbots with three different personalities (extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and rated their trust, usage intention, and intended engagement with the chatbots. Additionally, 18 participants were interviewed to gain further insights into their perceptions and evaluations of the …

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Complex Shadowed Set Theory And Its Application In Decision-Making Problems, Doaa Alsharo, Eman Abuteen, Abd Ulazeez M.J.S. Alkouri, Mutasem Alkhasawneh, Fadi M.A. Al-Zubi Jan 2024

Complex Shadowed Set Theory And Its Application In Decision-Making Problems, Doaa Alsharo, Eman Abuteen, Abd Ulazeez M.J.S. Alkouri, Mutasem Alkhasawneh, Fadi M.A. Al-Zubi

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Modern technology makes it easier to store datasets, but extracting and isolating useful information with its full meaning from this data is crucial and hard. Recently, several algorithms for clustering data have used complex fuzzy sets (CFS) to improve clustering performance. Thus, adding a second dimension (phase term) to the range of membership avoids the problem of losing the full meaning of complicated information during the decision-making process. In this research, the notion of the complex shadowed set (CSHS) was introduced and considered as an example of the three region approximations method simplifying processing with the support of CFS and …

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The Information Age For Education Via Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning: A Bibliometric And Systematic Literature Analysis, Hassan Abuhassna, Fareed Awae, Mohamad A.B.M. Adnan, Mahyudin Daud, Abdulla S.B. Almheiri Jan 2024

The Information Age For Education Via Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning: A Bibliometric And Systematic Literature Analysis, Hassan Abuhassna, Fareed Awae, Mohamad A.B.M. Adnan, Mahyudin Daud, Abdulla S.B. Almheiri

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The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in education is a rapidly evolving field, yet the long-term implications and actual impacts on student learning outcomes require more in-depth study. Address this gap, our study offers a novel approach combining bibliometric analysis and a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), guided by the PRISMA methodology. The first phase, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, identified key nations, educational institutions, journals, keywords, and influential authors in the realm of AI/ML in educational settings. This phase provided a macro-level understanding of the field’s landscape, showcasing the global and interdisciplinary nature of AI/ML research in …

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Mangrove Sediments-Associated Bacterium (Bacillus Sp. Sw7) With Multiple Plant Growth-Promoting Traits Promotes The Growth Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum), Mahideen Afridi, Balamurugan Sadaiappan, Amna Saood Nassar, Henda Mahmoudi, Munawwar Ali Khan, Sunil Mundra Jan 2024

Mangrove Sediments-Associated Bacterium (Bacillus Sp. Sw7) With Multiple Plant Growth-Promoting Traits Promotes The Growth Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum), Mahideen Afridi, Balamurugan Sadaiappan, Amna Saood Nassar, Henda Mahmoudi, Munawwar Ali Khan, Sunil Mundra

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Global food production intensification presents a major hurdle to ensuring food security amidst a growing world population. Widespread use of chemical fertilizers in recent decades has risked soil fertility, compounded by the challenges posed by climate change, particularly in arid regions. To address these issues, adopting plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria stands out as a promising solution, offering multifaceted benefits to arid agroecosystems. We isolated a bacterial strain, SW7, from mangrove sediment, characterised the entire genome followed by phylogenetic analyses, and evaluated its in-vitro PGP activity. Subsequently, we examined its impact on tomato seed germination and plant growth. The strain SW7 …

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Unlocking The Potential Of Simulated Hyperspectral Imaging In Agro Environmental Analysis: A Comprehensive Study Of Algorithmic Approaches, Shafaq Khan, Munir Majdalawieh, Boubakeur Boufama, Yajan Sharma, Ashwitha Basani Jan 2024

Unlocking The Potential Of Simulated Hyperspectral Imaging In Agro Environmental Analysis: A Comprehensive Study Of Algorithmic Approaches, Shafaq Khan, Munir Majdalawieh, Boubakeur Boufama, Yajan Sharma, Ashwitha Basani

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This study focuses on identifying and evaluating the severity of powdery mildew disease in tomato plants. The uniqueness of this work lies in combining the imaging and advanced deep learning methods to develop a technique that transforms Red Green Blue (RGB) images into Simulated Hyperspectral Images (SHSI) to perform spectral and spatial analysis for precise detection and assessment of powdery mildew severity, thereby enhancing disease management. Furthermore, this research evaluates three advanced pre-trained VGG16 models, ResNet50 and EfficientNet-B7 algorithms for image preprocessing and feature extraction. Extracted features are passed to a neural network generator model to convert RGB image features …

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Digraph Enabled Digital Twin And Label-Encoding Machine Learning For Scada Network's Cyber Attack Analysis In Industry 5.0, Nabeel Al-Qirim, Anoud Bani-Hani, Munir Majdalawieh, Hussam Al Hamadi, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan Jan 2024

Digraph Enabled Digital Twin And Label-Encoding Machine Learning For Scada Network's Cyber Attack Analysis In Industry 5.0, Nabeel Al-Qirim, Anoud Bani-Hani, Munir Majdalawieh, Hussam Al Hamadi, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan

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False-Data Injection Attack (FDIA), Remote-Tripping Command Injection (RTCI), and System Reconfiguration Attack (SRA) on SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) networks impact industry 5.0 enabled smart grid components such as intelligent-electronic-device (IED), circuit-breaker, network-switch, and power transmission lines. Since the SCADA-network-based cyber-attacking flow is not in digital-twin form, it is impossible to simulate the effects of the attack. Furthermore, the string nature of these affected components' data makes it challenging to incorporate into machine-learning-enabled intelligence (CTI) processes. To visualize the attacking flow of FDIA, RTCI, and SRA cyber-attacks on SCADA networks, this paper presents a novel "Digital Twin and Machine …

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Integrated Energy-Efficient Distributed Link Stability Algorithm For Uav Networks, Altaf Hussain, Shuaiyong Li, Tariq Hussain, Razaz Waheeb Attar, Farman Ali, Ahmed Alhomoud, Babar Shah Jan 2024

Integrated Energy-Efficient Distributed Link Stability Algorithm For Uav Networks, Altaf Hussain, Shuaiyong Li, Tariq Hussain, Razaz Waheeb Attar, Farman Ali, Ahmed Alhomoud, Babar Shah

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Ad hoc networks offer promising applications due to their ease of use, installation, and deployment, as they do not require a centralized control entity. In these networks, nodes function as senders, receivers, and routers. One such network is the Flying Ad hoc Network (FANET), where nodes operate in three dimensions (3D) using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are remotely controlled. With the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), these nodes form an IoT-enabled network called the Internet of UAVs (IoU). However, the airborne nodes in FANET consume high energy due to their payloads and low-power batteries. An optimal routing …

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Enhancing Medication Adherence With Chronic Diseases Through Iot Technology: A Novel Approach, Nadia Dahmani, Suja A. Alex Jan 2024

Enhancing Medication Adherence With Chronic Diseases Through Iot Technology: A Novel Approach, Nadia Dahmani, Suja A. Alex

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This paper proposes a novel IoT-based Medication Adherence System to combat the pervasive issue of non-adherence among chronic disease patients. This system leverages real-time monitoring and timely reminders to improve medication intake and, consequently, patient outcomes. We delve into the factors behind non-adherence and explore how IoT technology can empower patient education and alleviate medication anxieties. The study emphasizes the significance of proactive interventions in fostering adherence and ultimately improving health for those with chronic conditions. Advocating for a holistic approach that merges patient education, behavioral modifications, and technological advancements, this research proposes a transformative model for chronic disease management. …

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Potato Leaf Disease Detection Approach Based On Transfer Learning With Spatial Attention, Rima Grati, Emna Abdallah, Khouloud Boukadi, Ahmed Smaoui Jan 2024

Potato Leaf Disease Detection Approach Based On Transfer Learning With Spatial Attention, Rima Grati, Emna Abdallah, Khouloud Boukadi, Ahmed Smaoui

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No abstract provided.

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Values Integration And The Professional Counselor, Rebecca Randall Jan 2024

Values Integration And The Professional Counselor, Rebecca Randall

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

This qualitative study, informed by narrative inquiry, examined how counselors described the interplay of values in professional practice. Participant narratives highlighted the challenges they experience in the process of values integration, defined as counselors’ awareness and management of personal values in counseling processes. Participants often made value judgments that occurred rapidly and beneath awareness and only became aware as a result of discordance in the counseling relationship. They further struggled in skillfully working through values conflicts. These findings reveal that values integration is a developmental process that challenges counselors beyond the training years and thus requires an infrastructure that supports …

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Dynamic Genomic Evolution Via Active Ltr Transposable Elements In Maize, Taylor Isles Jan 2024

Dynamic Genomic Evolution Via Active Ltr Transposable Elements In Maize, Taylor Isles

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Long terminal repeats (LTR) retrotransposons, found across eukaryotes, are transposable elements which can copy and insert themselves into other loci within a genome. These transposable elements are similar to retroviruses in that they rely on reverse transcriptase to “copy and paste” themselves elsewhere in the genome. From the RNA transcript they are able to use reverse transcriptase to make another DNA copy of themselves. This initially gave them the moniker, selfish genes. However, in the decades after the discovery of reverse transcriptase and LTR retrotransposons, it became known that non-genic DNA could have other functions. LTR retrotransposons are sources of …

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Using Modern Motivational Theories As A Design Framework For Vr Gamification, Christopher Thomas Boardman Jan 2024

Using Modern Motivational Theories As A Design Framework For Vr Gamification, Christopher Thomas Boardman

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Virtual reality has shown promise as a tool for organizational training. Implementing gamification, the use of game elements, has been shown to further improve learning outcomes. However, gamification has shown inconsistent results when applied to VR. To investigate this, we used motivational theory as a framework to select, justify, and implement game elements based on each theory to create different versions of a virtual grocery store training. Our results did not indicate any differences on performance, persistence, or error rate between each training condition, and exploratory analyses investigated the link between perceived competence and VR program quality. We discuss potential …

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Feature Matching Methods Comparison With Limited Computing Power, Xu Du Jan 2024

Feature Matching Methods Comparison With Limited Computing Power, Xu Du

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

This work presents a comparative analysis of feature-matching techniques implemented on low-end hardware, focusing on their efficiency and performance under various image transformations. The study evaluates several well-established feature matching algorithms, including ORB, AKAZE, BRISK, FAST combined with ORB, and SIFT, for their robustness against rotation, perspective, and scale changes in images. The base image used for experimentation features is the Montclair State University's Red Hawk mascot—a complex, textured subject that presents a substantial challenge for feature matching algorithms. The experiment simulates real-world conditions by applying a series of transformations to the base image and utilizes the default settings of …

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Infusing Commonsense Via Knowledge Bases In Multipurpose Robotic Task Organization, Rafael Omar Hidalgo Jan 2024

Infusing Commonsense Via Knowledge Bases In Multipurpose Robotic Task Organization, Rafael Omar Hidalgo

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

This research explores the innovative integration of commonsense knowledge (CSK) within AI systems, with a particular focus on domestic robotics. At the heart of this study is the Robo- CSK-Organizer, a groundbreaking system that utilizes a classical knowledge base, namely ConceptNet, to enhance robotic decision-making through sophisticated object organization and classification. This system is contrasted with a ChatGPT-based organizer, examining their performance in terms of ambiguity resolution, consistency in object placement, adaptability to task classifications, and crucially, in explainability, a key aspect of XAI (Explainable AI). Through a combination of controlled experiments, quantitative and qualitative analysis, the study demonstrates that …

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Active Techniques Of Heat Transfer Enhancement: A Review, Duaa Mraiza, Foad Faraji Jan 2024

Active Techniques Of Heat Transfer Enhancement: A Review, Duaa Mraiza, Foad Faraji

Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

In this work, active methods for improving heat transfer are discussed, with a particular emphasis on new ideas and their applicability in various sectors of different types. Heat transfer efficiency is essential for optimising energy utilisation in industries such as chemical processing, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and renewable energy. Mechanical assistance, surface vibrations, electrostatic fields, and fluid injection are some approaches investigated in this research. The study also investigates the ideas behind these techniques and their practical ramifications. The results of this study indicate that active approaches, even though they often call for more power, have the potential to …

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Sharing Pathogen Sequence Data For Global Scientific Research Under The Nagoya Protocol To The Convention On Biological Diversity, Jerome H. Reichman, Carolina Dos S. Ribeiro, George B. Haringhuizen, Paul F. Uhlir Jan 2024

Sharing Pathogen Sequence Data For Global Scientific Research Under The Nagoya Protocol To The Convention On Biological Diversity, Jerome H. Reichman, Carolina Dos S. Ribeiro, George B. Haringhuizen, Paul F. Uhlir

Faculty Scholarship

The Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has threatened to impede access to genetic resources and related data for cross-border scientific research. In principle, every use of genetic resources would require a set of contracts under the CBD, in a “bilateral” regime. The related transaction costs could overwhelm many transnational research undertakings, affecting even public health responses to outbreaks and epidemics. However, the Nagoya Protocol also offers a unique opportunity to resolve this dilemma, despite struggles to define the meaning and coverage of “digital sequence information.” The coverage of genetic sequence data under the CBD remains controversial …

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Ucc § 2-510: A Commercial Law Blunder?, Steven L. Schwarcz Jan 2024

Ucc § 2-510: A Commercial Law Blunder?, Steven L. Schwarcz

Faculty Scholarship

Commercial law, as codified by the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC"), recognizes certain important policy goals and commercial realities as a basis to override property law. Among other provisions, § 2-509 of the UCC allocates the risk of loss to goods in transit to the party who controls and would be expected to insure the goods, whether or not that party owns the goods at the time of their loss. Promoting commercial reality over the "arbitrary shifting" of rights based on property has been widely praised. Shortly after that risk-of-loss provision was enacted, however, it was modified by an additional UCC …

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Deepfakes In Court: How Judges Can Proactively Manage Alleged Ai-Generated Material In National Security Cases, Abhishek Dalal, Chongyang Gao, Paul W. Grimm, Maura R. Grossman, Daniel W. Linna Jr., Chiara Pulice, V. S. Subrahmanian, John Tunheim Jan 2024

Deepfakes In Court: How Judges Can Proactively Manage Alleged Ai-Generated Material In National Security Cases, Abhishek Dalal, Chongyang Gao, Paul W. Grimm, Maura R. Grossman, Daniel W. Linna Jr., Chiara Pulice, V. S. Subrahmanian, John Tunheim

Faculty Scholarship

Dall-E. ChatGPT GPT-4. Words that did not exist in the English lexicon just a few years ago are now commonplace. With the widespread availability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, specifically Generative AI, whether in the context of text, audio, video, imagery, or even combinations of these, it is inevitable that trials related to national security will involve evidentiary issues raised by Generative AI. We must confront two possibilities: first, that evidence presented is AI-generated and not real and, second, that other evidence is genuine but alleged to be fabricated. Technologies designed to detect AI-generated content have proven to be unreliable, …

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Improving Risk Governance Strategies Via Learning: A Comparative Analysis Of Solar Radiation Modification And Gene Drives, Khara Grieger, Jonathan B. Wiener, Jennifer Kuzma Jan 2024

Improving Risk Governance Strategies Via Learning: A Comparative Analysis Of Solar Radiation Modification And Gene Drives, Khara Grieger, Jonathan B. Wiener, Jennifer Kuzma

Faculty Scholarship

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) and gene drive organisms (GDOs) have been proposed as technological responses to complex entrenched environmental challenges. They also share several characteristics of emerging risks, including extensive uncertainties, systemic interdependencies, and risk profiles intertwined with societal contexts. This Perspective conducts a comparative analysis of the two technologies, and identifies ways in which their research and policy communities may learn from each other to inform future risk governance strategies. We find that SAI and GDOs share common features of aiming to improve or restore a public good, are characterized by numerous potential ecological, societal, and ethical risks associated …

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Human Psychology And Robot Evidence In The Courtroom, Alternative Dispute Resolution, And Agency Proceedings, Sara Sun Beale, Hayley Lawrence Jan 2024

Human Psychology And Robot Evidence In The Courtroom, Alternative Dispute Resolution, And Agency Proceedings, Sara Sun Beale, Hayley Lawrence

Faculty Scholarship

In human–robot interactions in legal proceedings, human responses to robot-generated evidence will present unique challenges to the accuracy of litigation as well as ancillary goals such as fairness and transparency, though it may also enhance accuracy in other respects. The most important feature of human–robot interactions is the human tendency to anthropomorphize robots, which can generate misleading impressions and be manipulated by designing robots to make them appear more trustworthy and believable. Although robot-generated evidence may also offer unique advantages, there are concerns about the degree to which the traditional methods of testing the accuracy of evidence, particularly cross-examination, will …

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Antisocial Innovation, Christopher Buccafusco, Samuel N. Weinstein Jan 2024

Antisocial Innovation, Christopher Buccafusco, Samuel N. Weinstein

Faculty Scholarship

Innovation is a form of civic religion in the United States. In the popular imagination, innovators are heroic figures. Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs, and (for a while) Elizabeth Holmes were lauded for their vision and drive and seen to embody the American spirit of invention and improvement. For their part, politicians rarely miss a chance to trumpet their vision for boosting innovative activity. Popular and political culture alike treat innovation as an unalloyed good. And the law is deeply committed to fostering innovation, spending billions of dollars a year to make sure society has enough of it. But this sunny …

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False Accuracy In Criminal Trials: The Limits And Costs Of Cross Examination, Lisa Kern Griffin Jan 2024

False Accuracy In Criminal Trials: The Limits And Costs Of Cross Examination, Lisa Kern Griffin

Faculty Scholarship

According to the popular culture of criminal trials, skillful cross-examination can reveal the whole “truth” of what happened. In a climactic scene, defense counsel will expose a lying accuser, clear up the statements of a confused eyewitness, or surface the incentives and biases in testimony. Constitutional precedents, evidence theory, and trial procedures all reflect a similar aspiration—that cross-examination performs lie detection and thereby helps to produce accurate outcomes. Although conceptualized as a protection for defendants, cross-examination imposes some unexplored costs on them. Because it focuses on the physical presence of a witness, the current law of confrontation suggests that an …

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The Right To A Glass Box: Rethinking The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Criminal Justice, Brandon L. Garrett, Cynthia Rudin Jan 2024

The Right To A Glass Box: Rethinking The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Criminal Justice, Brandon L. Garrett, Cynthia Rudin

Faculty Scholarship

Artificial intelligence (“AI”) increasingly is used to make important decisions that affect individuals and society. As governments and corporations use AI more pervasively, one of the most troubling trends is that developers so often design it to be a “black box.” Designers create AI models too complex for people to understand or they conceal how AI functions. Policymakers and the public increasingly sound alarms about black box AI. A particularly pressing area of concern has been criminal cases, in which a person’s life, liberty, and public safety can be at stake. In the United States and globally, despite concerns that …

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Gerontovis: Data Visualization At The Confluence Of Aging, Zack While, R. Jordan Crouser, Ali Sarvghad Jan 2024

Gerontovis: Data Visualization At The Confluence Of Aging, Zack While, R. Jordan Crouser, Ali Sarvghad

Computer Science: Faculty Publications

Despite the explosive growth of the aging population worldwide, older adults have been largely overlooked by visualization research. This paper is a critical reflection on the underrepresentation of older adults in visualization research. We discuss why investigating visualization at the intersection of aging matters, why older adults may have been omitted from sample populations in visualization research, how aging may affect visualization use, and how this differs from traditional accessibility research. To encourage further discussion and novel scholarship in this area, we introduce GerontoVis, a term which encapsulates research and practice of data visualization design that primarily focuses on older …

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