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2024

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“Not Here To Steal Sheep”: A Reading Of The History And Politics Of Catholicism In Thailand, Coeli Barry Dec 2024

“Not Here To Steal Sheep”: A Reading Of The History And Politics Of Catholicism In Thailand, Coeli Barry

Kritika Kultura

This article investigates how Catholicism has had to evolve and adapt in order to sustain itself in Thailand. As Siam/Thailand developed through economic, political and cultural interactions with Western powers, Christianity in general and Catholicism in particular served as a site on which Thai national identity was forged in response to these interactions. Christianity was an ‘other’ against which Thai Buddhist identity coalesced yet the appeal of first Catholic and later Protestant missionary education was very strong. This article combines interpretive historical method and analysis of contemporary shifts that reflect a more assertive Thai Catholic Church. In so doing, the …


Love Of Religion, Love Of Nation: Catholic Mission And The Idea Of Indonesian Nationalism, Albertus Bagus Laksana Dec 2024

Love Of Religion, Love Of Nation: Catholic Mission And The Idea Of Indonesian Nationalism, Albertus Bagus Laksana

Kritika Kultura

The relationship between nationalism and religion is very complicated. In the context of colonialism, Christianity has surely been perceived as a foreign religion that poses a menace to native nationalism. This essay presents a different picture, taking the case of colonial Java (the Netherlands East Indies) to illustrate the complex historical relationship between Catholicism and Indonesian nationalism. Perhaps it is rather ironic that it was chiefly through their connection with the Dutch Church and their mission enterprise that the Javanese Catholic intelligentsia were made deeply aware of their own dignity as a particular people and the limitations of European colonialism. …


Kidlat Tahimik And The Determination Of A Native Filmmaker, Patrick F. Campos Dec 2024

Kidlat Tahimik And The Determination Of A Native Filmmaker, Patrick F. Campos

Kritika Kultura

Using field notes drawn from participative research in the context of his home life in Hapao, Ifugao and Baguio City, Benguet, as well as information gathered through interviews with his family, confidantes, and mentees, the article revaluates the oeuvre of pioneering independent filmmaker, Kidlat Tahimik. It is written self-reflexively, approximating the critic’s process of understanding Kidlat’s work through the lenses of a personal encounter. It critiques Kidlat’s cinema, with special focus on Why is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow? (1994), and reads it as his determination to author himself as “native” and “Third World” filmmaker, the same determination that …


Christianity From The Margins In Southeast Asia, Jose Mario C. Francisco, Shanthini Pillai Dec 2024

Christianity From The Margins In Southeast Asia, Jose Mario C. Francisco, Shanthini Pillai

Kritika Kultura

Studies on Christianity in Asia have been weighed down by a double burden—the commonplace of Christianity as a passive minority and an invading foreign as well as the notions of religion and secularization derived from western experience. The following essays of Forum Kritika shed both burdens by focusing on the “lived religion” of different Christian groups and leaders on the margins of Southeast Asian societies because of religious faith as well as ethnicity, status or location. Their critical analysis shows how these actors interacted with other social and cultural traditions and problematized narratives of identity linked to the dominant sociocultural …


Interactive Meaning Potentials In Weight-Loss Web-Advertising: The Female Body In Crisis, Emily Lau Kui Ling Dec 2024

Interactive Meaning Potentials In Weight-Loss Web-Advertising: The Female Body In Crisis, Emily Lau Kui Ling

Kritika Kultura

The common saying, “a picture is worth a thousand words” is no longer questioned in the twenty-first century where information is extensively rendered in visual terms. The rise of digital capture devices and online social media presumes that visual culture is head- ing towards greater influence in every aspect of life. This paper explores the ways visual representations attract the viewer’s attention, and based on Jewitt and Oyama’s analytical framework of visual social semiotics seeks to understand the meaning-making potentials of weight-loss advertising. Three key factors: distance, contact, and point of view are shown to be crucial in creating complex …


Global Aestheticscapes: Re-Imag(In)Ing The Global Experiences Of Selected Filipino Artists Through Their Installation Artworks, Clod Marlan Krister V. Yambao Dec 2024

Global Aestheticscapes: Re-Imag(In)Ing The Global Experiences Of Selected Filipino Artists Through Their Installation Artworks, Clod Marlan Krister V. Yambao

Kritika Kultura

This paper attempts to look at the contemporary global condition of Filipino art production by using the term “aestheticscapes”1 as a critical category of analysis. The confluence of the terms “aesthetics” and “-scapes” allows us to stretch the language of aesthetic production in a global scale of interactions, exchanges, contacts, circulations, negotiations, and amalgamations of geo and ethnoaesthetic positions. Significantly, “aestheticscapes” magnify the conditions of epistemic relations between global powers and discourses of the agencies of the artists via history, geography, aesthetic epistemes, and other social narratives. By looking at the installation artworks of selected Filipino diasporic, migrant, and mobile …


Inside Out, Outside In: Teaching World Literature Through Philippine Literature, Resil B. Mojares Dec 2024

Inside Out, Outside In: Teaching World Literature Through Philippine Literature, Resil B. Mojares

Kritika Kultura

How to fit a subject so immense into curricular space so small is a continuing challenge in Philippine education, particularly when there are sweeping curricular changes as in the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 (“K-12′′). This paper critiques mechanistic conceptions of “world literature” and “Philippine regional literature” under the proposed new curriculum, and proposes an approach that stresses the interactive, mutually constitutive relations between the two, and thus requires a pedagogical plan in which world literature is taught through Philippine literature, and vice versa. The approach is based not only on the assumption that the two (world/nation) should not …


But For The Apocalypse: Wilfrido Nolledo’S Dark Mirror Of Empire, Ryan Canlas Dec 2024

But For The Apocalypse: Wilfrido Nolledo’S Dark Mirror Of Empire, Ryan Canlas

Kritika Kultura

This essay reads Wilfrido Nolledo’s novel, But for the Lovers (1970), across the rocky terrain in which the postcolonial Anglophone novel intersects with the question of postmodernity. Using Paul Ricoeur’s Memory, History, and Forgetting and Fredric Jameson’s exhortation to the critic to “Always historicize!” as my primary theoretical frameworks, I argue against the seemingly common accusation that the “postmodern” Anglophone Filipino novel––of which But for the Lovers is a kind of prototypical example––is incapable of creating a perspective on the political and historical conditions of the Philippines as a postcolonial nation and that it is merely symptomatic of the much …


Queer Aswang Transmedia: Folklore As Camp, Bliss Cua Lim Dec 2024

Queer Aswang Transmedia: Folklore As Camp, Bliss Cua Lim

Kritika Kultura

In recent years, the aswang—a supernatural creature of Philippine folklore that is often associated with female monstrosity and patriarchal misogyny—is being flamboyantly queered across a range of media. The aswang is a centuries-old transmedial, transgeneric figure whose monstrosity has been interpellated by gender-essentialist agendas while nonetheless epitomizing disruptive gender instabilities. In the handful of texts that comprise queer aswang transmedia—a 2011 Filipino novel (Ricky Lee’s Si Amapola sa 65 na Kabanata [Amapola in 65 Chapters]), mainstream film (Mga Bata ng Lagim [Children of Terror], dir. Mar S. Torres, 1964), and amateur digital video (Amabilis 2, Napoleon Lustre, 2011)—the aswang, an …


The Zobel Nexus, Patrick D. Flores Dec 2024

The Zobel Nexus, Patrick D. Flores

Kritika Kultura

Fernando Zobel is an important figure in Philippine art history. His influence is wide and deep, from art making to formation of taste and to the production of discourse on iconography and identity. This essay focuses on his role in generating critical texts on the history of art in the Philippines, initiating a much-needed discussion on the categories of form, the cultural context of style, and the criteria for evaluating the value of objects. As a collector and connoisseur, Zobel endeavored to significantly set the terms with which the history of colonial and modern art would be written. Such an …


The Catholic Church In The Philippine Public Sphere, Ranilo B. Hermida Dec 2024

The Catholic Church In The Philippine Public Sphere, Ranilo B. Hermida

Kritika Kultura

Whether religion has a place in the public sphere is a complex issue. Many thinkers believed that the rationalization process of modernity would result in secularization and banish religion into the private sphere. Religion has not only survived; it has even taken an active role in the political affairs of the state. This has been the case in countries like the Philippines where the publicity and activism of the Catholic hierarchy in the political public sphere of the country have been sustained and to some extent dominant. Said publicity and activism are carried out in the name of religion and …


Translation Politics In Ilocano-Hawaiian Writing, Ma. Socorro Q. Perez Dec 2024

Translation Politics In Ilocano-Hawaiian Writing, Ma. Socorro Q. Perez

Kritika Kultura

The essay explains the translation process of three GUMIL Hawaii (Gunglo Dagiti Mannurat iti Ilocano ti Hawaii) Ilocano short fiction into English, as the receptor language. Three concerns come to configure in the deployment of postcolonial translation: first, that the exilic sensibility (concerned with rootlessness, departure, leave-takings, nostalgia, etc.) is addressed; second, that the materiality of Ilocano-Hawaiian diasporic culture as distinct from other Asian ethnicities in Hawaii and the Whites is clear; third, that the register of the original is approximated. The translation, therefore, offers a hybridized and syncretic Ilocano-Hawaiian English variety that is at once familiar, estranging and different.


“We Were War Surplus, Too”: Nick Joaquin And The Im/Possibilities Of Filipino Historical Becoming, Josen Masangkay Diaz Dec 2024

“We Were War Surplus, Too”: Nick Joaquin And The Im/Possibilities Of Filipino Historical Becoming, Josen Masangkay Diaz

Kritika Kultura

This article reads Nick Joaquin’s 1983 novel Cave and Shadows alongside his persistent engagement with Filipino identity and history to argue that an investigation of Philippine historiography reveals the colonial entrapments of Filipino subjectivity. A mystery novel set in the period immediately preceding Ferdinand Marcos’s 1972 declaration of martial law, it contextualizes Marcos authoritarianism within the scope of post-World War II concerns about national politics in the wake of independence. It also simultaneously grapples with overarching ideas about the legacies of colonial conquest and their effects on the Filipino common sense. Jack Henson’s traversals through Manila find him grappling with …


The Nigerian Diaspora And National Development: Contributions, Challenges, And Lessons From Other Countries, Sharkdam Wapmuk, Oluwatooni Akinkuotu, Vincent Ibonye Dec 2024

The Nigerian Diaspora And National Development: Contributions, Challenges, And Lessons From Other Countries, Sharkdam Wapmuk, Oluwatooni Akinkuotu, Vincent Ibonye

Kritika Kultura

The paper, in general terms, clarifies and discusses the link between the Diaspora and the issue of development in general, and, in specific terms examines the role as well as the huge potential of the Nigerian Diaspora in national development. Drawing lessons from the historical as well as contemporary experiences of some countries such as India, China, Philippines, Italy, and Ghana, the paper argues that the Diaspora can be an agent of national development. In analyzing the different Diasporas and remittances from Diasporas from the different countries, the paper took cognizance of the fact that they are not similar to …


Carlos Bulosan And A Collective Outline For Critical Filipina And Filipino Studies, Michael Viola, Valerie Francisco, Amanda Solomon Amorao Dec 2024

Carlos Bulosan And A Collective Outline For Critical Filipina And Filipino Studies, Michael Viola, Valerie Francisco, Amanda Solomon Amorao

Kritika Kultura

As an activist-scholar formation called the Critical Filipina and Filipino Studies Collective (CFFSC) we take the position that Carlos Bulosan is indispensable for an emerging multidisciplinary field that is equipped in defying the neoliberal onslaught against ethnic studies in the United States and the unbridled racism most evident in the ongoing US “wars of terrorism” that haunt people of color throughout the world. We take seriously Bulosan’s insight that “[I]f the writer has any significance, [s]he should write about the world in which [s]he lives: interpret his [her] time and envision the future through his [her] knowledge of historical reality” …


Manuel Blanco’S El Indio And The History Of A Rumor, Resil B. Mojares Dec 2024

Manuel Blanco’S El Indio And The History Of A Rumor, Resil B. Mojares

Kritika Kultura

The paper explores the social meanings that can be elicited from tracking the history of a rumor. It takes as its example the nineteenth-century apocryphal story of an Augustinian friar who labored for years on a treatise on the character of the Philippine native (indio) only to leave behind, upon his death, a book of blank pages. Tracing the origins and passage of the rumor and unpacking the various interpretations of the story, the paper demonstrates what can be gained from the study of rumors in Philippine history.


Beyond The Innocence Of Globalization: The Abiding Necessity Of Carlos Bulosan’S Anti-Imperialist Imagination, Tim Libretti Dec 2024

Beyond The Innocence Of Globalization: The Abiding Necessity Of Carlos Bulosan’S Anti-Imperialist Imagination, Tim Libretti

Kritika Kultura

This essay analyzes Carlos Bulosan’s writing in terms of the way he works to develop an aesthetic that comprehends and cognitively maps the repetitive dynamics of US and global colonial capitalism. More precisely, the essay examines how Bulosan’s aesthetic practice both grapples with the question of how an individual and collective consciousness can grasp the systemic processes that condition experience and also how it fosters that consciousness in the way it represents the relationships among experience, the larger class and colonial dynamics that produce that experience, and the ideological processes that intervene in our comprehension of those dynamics. In developing …


The Manong’S “Songs Of Love”: Gendered And Sexualized Dimensions Of Carlos Bulosan’S Literature And Labor Activism, Amanda Solomon Amorao Dec 2024

The Manong’S “Songs Of Love”: Gendered And Sexualized Dimensions Of Carlos Bulosan’S Literature And Labor Activism, Amanda Solomon Amorao

Kritika Kultura

This article takes the 2013 passage of California Assembly Bill 123, which mandates instruction on the Filipino contribution to the state’s farm workers movement in public education curriculum, as an occasion to analyze the gendered and sexualized dimensions of Carlos Bulosan’s literature and labor activism. The article considers the texts and contexts of America is in the Heart and Bulosan’s short story “As Long as the Grass Shall Grow” to demonstrate how Bulosan’s materialist, dialectical analysis also involves an incisive critique of the intersections of class, race, gender, and sexuality. As Bulosan narrates the proletariat struggles of the manong generation, …


Carlos Bulosan On Writing: The Role Of Letters, Marilyn C. Alquizola, Lane Ryo Hirabayashi Dec 2024

Carlos Bulosan On Writing: The Role Of Letters, Marilyn C. Alquizola, Lane Ryo Hirabayashi

Kritika Kultura

Two themes from Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s study, Kafka Toward a Minor Literature, serve as an inspiration for this rumination on Carlos Bulosan’s 1955 letter to Florentino B. Valeros about writing and the responsibilities of the writer. Because Bulosan was an inherently political writer, his correspondence is part-and-parcel of his writing machine, inclusive of his poetry, short stories, novels, and expository essays. In this, Bulosan’s case is parallel to that of Kafka. In contradistinction to Kafka, however, Bulosan’s letters are not easily categorized in terms of thematics such as those Deleuze and Guattari identify in the cases of Kafka …


Writers And Exile: Carlos Bulosan And Dolores Stephens Feria, Monica Feria Dec 2024

Writers And Exile: Carlos Bulosan And Dolores Stephens Feria, Monica Feria

Kritika Kultura

This paper explores the links between two writers in exile – Carlos Bulosan, a Filipino migrant in the United States, and Dolores Stephens Feria, an American migrant in the Philippines. Its aim is to gather more insight into the “condition of exile” as a framework for understanding writers and literary traditions. For the author, being the daughter of Dolores, this is both a personal and academic exploration.


Introduction By Guest Editor, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao Dec 2024

Introduction By Guest Editor, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.


Translation And The Problem Of Realism In Philippine Literature In English, J. Neil C. Garcia Dec 2024

Translation And The Problem Of Realism In Philippine Literature In English, J. Neil C. Garcia

Kritika Kultura

To the degree that Philippine literature in English is translational it cannot be realistic: realism is a signifying practice that presupposes a monocultural ground, upon which the “consensus” of representational fidelity can happen. And yet, much of the criticism of this literature, as produced by Filipinos themselves, has generally failed to take note of this crucial precondition, enacting a ruinous category mistake that, among other things, unwittingly confounds contemporary departures from the referential towards the “avant-garde” and/or antimimetic modes, as these are espoused by young Filipino poets and fictionists alike. Finally, this paper argues that the various literary practices encoded …


Performing Elusive Homecomings: Mobility, Embodiment, And Diasporic Filipino Youth, Martin F. Manalansan Iv Dec 2024

Performing Elusive Homecomings: Mobility, Embodiment, And Diasporic Filipino Youth, Martin F. Manalansan Iv

Kritika Kultura

The Filipino global diaspora has precipitated the circulation of embodied modes of identification and belonging. This paper focuses on the experiences of Filipino young people who were born and/or raised abroad, and who have returned to the Philippines to seek fame and economic mobility in the entertainment industry. These migrant hopefuls, unlike older counterparts, enact the material tensions and semantic contradictions that form part of popular discourse around life abroad. As such, institutional media practices and mass audience perceptions mirror such conditions and create shifting systems of valuation around such things as skin color, accent, and bodily comportment. To respond …


In The Defiles Of Abstraction, Patrick D. Flores Dec 2024

In The Defiles Of Abstraction, Patrick D. Flores

Kritika Kultura

In this rereading of the history of modern art in the Philippines, Lee Aguinaldo is situated within the turns in the engagement of the field with modernity, beginning in the late twenties until the sixties and so scanning the period after the academic romanticism of Fernando Amosolo through the eclectic modernist styles of the Philippine Art Gallery. In this scheme, the work of Aguinaldo and the manner in which it has been imagined in the context of modern art is revisited, with the view of reflecting on the historiographic and critical language that has been harnessed to explain and understand …


Days Of Yore, Days Of Change, Wai Chew Sim, Chuah Guat Eng Dec 2024

Days Of Yore, Days Of Change, Wai Chew Sim, Chuah Guat Eng

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.


Beyond The Color Line: Intersectional Considerations In Chuah Guat Eng’S Fiction, Wai Chew Sim Dec 2024

Beyond The Color Line: Intersectional Considerations In Chuah Guat Eng’S Fiction, Wai Chew Sim

Kritika Kultura

This essay argues that the work of Malaysian-Chinese author Chuah Guat Eng gives pause to the culturalism that dominates literary analysis. Articulated primarily through identity politics (the politics of recognition), culturalism’s self- understanding keeps at a distance other forms of social justice commitments including class struggle. However, Chuah spotlights their intersectionality in Malaysia and enjoins us to combine the two – to see the native population’s demand for economic parity and rural development as coterminous in some respects with the demands for recognition made by settler communities. In particular, Chuah’s Echoes of Silence (1994) points to the commensurability between socialist …


Ghostly Allegories: Haunting As Constitution Of Philippine (Trans) National (Cinema) History, Patrick Campos Dec 2024

Ghostly Allegories: Haunting As Constitution Of Philippine (Trans) National (Cinema) History, Patrick Campos

Kritika Kultura

By reading through the con–texts of Yam Laranas’s The Echo (2008) and Kelvin Tong’s The Maid (2005), the essay considers three Filipino genres that ironically gathered momentum at the time of the Philippine film industry’s crisis and decline in the 1990s up to the 2000s – the historical drama, the OFW (overseas Filipino worker) film, and horror. In the process, the essay constitutes an alternative map of Philippine cinema premised on inter-national transactions across states and film industries, on the one hand, and on the nodal and spectral bodies of Filipinas that network these states and industries, on the other …


Reincarnation Of The Pinay Subaltern In Foreign Cinema, Taeyun Yu Dec 2024

Reincarnation Of The Pinay Subaltern In Foreign Cinema, Taeyun Yu

Kritika Kultura

This paper explores the paradoxical condition of postcolonial practice in South Korea1 that is, in many ways, complicit with dominant discourses such as nationalism, patriarchy, and global capitalism. In such a condition, what remains obscured is the voice of women that behooves us to hypothesize that the image of diasporic Filipino women in Korean cinema is predetermined by such complicity and is ideologically reincarnated as the subaltern. By conflating two postcolonial concepts, hybridity (Bhabha) and subalternity (Spivak), the study inspects the hypothesis through an analysis of two films that depict diasporic Pinay images: as entertainer in Yangil Choi’s All Under …


Phantom In Paradise: A Philippine Presence In Hollywood Cinema, Joel David Dec 2024

Phantom In Paradise: A Philippine Presence In Hollywood Cinema, Joel David

Kritika Kultura

The Philippines’ experience with its last foreign occupant, the US, resulted in an entire clutch of problematic “special relations” that, coupled with the country’s responses to the challenges of self-government, ultimately led to a global dispersal of the population, effectively turning the Philippines into the major Asian nation arguably most reliant on its citizens’ overseas remittances. This paper takes the position that diasporic Filipinos, for a variety of reasons starting with the effectiveness of maintaining unintrusive presences in alien cultures (including the acceptance of menial positions), have possibly developed and have enabled others to perceive them as silent and discreet …


A Dog's Obeyed In Office: Beyond The Boalian Binary, Tim Prentki Dec 2024

A Dog's Obeyed In Office: Beyond The Boalian Binary, Tim Prentki

Kritika Kultura

This essay explores some of the contradictions and paradoxes in the relation between performance and domination. In particular, it offers a consideration of some ways in which Applied Theatre succumbs to the dominant, despite its rhetoric of resistance, and how it might be co-opted afresh into the service of social and political transformation. The essay follows Paulo Freire’s dialectical method of “denouncing” and “announcing” in order to pursue its own utopia of performance strategies that might take us beyond the neoliberal impasse. The conceptual framework for these explorations is the classical Marxist analysis of dialectical materialism, revisited in order to …