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Microfluidic Flowmeter Based On A Liquid Crystal-Filled Nested Capillary, Zhe Wang, Arun Kumar Mallik, Fangfang Wei, Zhuochen Wang, Anuradha Rout, Rayhan Habib Jibon, Qiang Wu, Yuliya Semenova, University College Cork

Articles

Microfluidic flowmeters are a powerful and highly accurate tool, enabling precise monitoring and measurements of flows of gases and fluids in a range of applications. Here we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a whispering gallery modes flowmeter composed of a liquid crystal-filled nested capillary. Whispering gallery modes are excited by a tapered fiber coupled perpendicularly to the nested capillary. The air flowing through the capillary cools it down, which leads to a temperature-induced change of the refractive index of the nematic liquid crystals. This change in turn leads to a spectral shift of the whispering gallery modes resonances, which can be …

Breaching Bad: Bad Faith Insurance Claims And Standards Across The United States, Scott W. Schwartz

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.

Research On The Soft Power Of Thai Traditional Food Culture Under The Process Of Globalization, Lu Han

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This research explores the role of Thai traditional food culture as a form of soft power in the context of globalization. According to Joseph S. Nye, Soft power operates through the resources of culture, political ideals, and foreign policies. Influenced by factors such as history, geography, climate, and social development, Thai traditional food culture has integrated the characteristics of multiple cultures with its inclusive and innovative ideas to form a unique culture. Through globalization, Thai food culture has gained widespread popularity. This research analyzes the mechanisms by which Thai food culture promotes Thailand’s soft power, including nation branding, gastro-diplomacy, tourism, …

A Study Of Developing Artificial Coral Innovation In Line With The Context Of Promoting Thailand’S Economy And Society, Chawin Poomee

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This research aimed to develop innovative artificial reef technology to align with the context of promoting the Thai economy and society. The objectives were to understand the development direction of artificial reefs to meet the needs of tourists and conservationists, explore the feasibility of introducing new technology into artificial reef production, and study methods to reduce environmental destruction caused by reef deployment. The research employed exploratory and qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews with a target group of 10 individuals and questionnaire surveys to study consumer behavior and product acceptance among a general consumer group of 100 individuals. Data analysis …

Understanding Angler Responses To Fish Stocking Programs Across South Dakota, Riley L. Mounsdon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Fisheries management is a complex process that often requires consideration of many factors to be implemented effectively. Stocking is one of the most often used fisheries management techniques for addressing a myriad of issues in the fisheries field. Stocking is also one of the largest expenses for many fisheries management agencies. Due to license sale declines, management actions including stocking, are being evaluated by many agencies to determine if there are ways to improve efficiency and effectiveness to reduce costs and enhance angler participation. For my second chapter, I evaluated the current fish stocking decision-making process within South Dakota Game, …

Hsp70 Is A Critical Regulator Of Hsp90 Inhibitor's Effectiveness In Preventing Hcl-Induced Chronic Lung Injury And Pulmonary Fibrosis, Ruben M. L. Colunga Biancatelli, Pavel A. Solopov, Tierney Day, Betsy Gregory, Michael Osei-Nkansah, Christiana Dimitropoulou, John D. Catravas

Bioelectrics Publications

Exposure to hydrochloric acid (HCl) can provoke acute and chronic lung injury. Because of its extensive production for industrial use, frequent accidental exposures occur, making HCl one of the top five chemicals causing inhalation injuries. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for HCl exposure. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors modulate transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and the development of chemical-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, little is known on the role of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) during injury and treatment with HSP90 inhibitors. We hypothesized that administration of geranylgeranyl-acetone (GGA), an HSP70 inducer, or gefitinib (GFT), an …

Understanding The Effects Of Hormone Treatments On The Transgender Singer: A Pedagogical Study And Voice Studio Guide, Erin M. Hannon

Theses and Dissertations--Music

Transitioning from one gender to another can be an arduous and emotionally charged experience, accompanied by many physical and mental transformations. The journey of self-discovery and vocal explorations is both unique and deeply personal. Modifications that emerge in an individual's vocal characteristics have a profound influence on their capacity to communicate and express themselves.

Transgender vocal students and professional singers must navigate the delicate balance between their vocal and gender identities while considering the possible risks of Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy. Though these therapies may significantly alter one's appearance and overall well-being, they are also capable of causing notable declines …

Barriers And Pathways To Music Teacher Professional Agency, David Dockan

Theses and Dissertations--Music

Teacher agency has been a burgeoning topic of research in education and music education. In education research, professional agency has been associated with the influence of policy, teacher demographics, teacher beliefs, professional developments, and teaching environments. In music education, music teacher professional agency is a music teacher’s perception of their capacity to exert power, act, or cause change in their curriculum. Although many researchers and scholars assume that music teachers have agency in their classroom regarding their curriculum, the landscape is shifting due to recent policy changes in the United States, specifically concerning Divisive Concept Laws. Since recent Divisive Concept …

Formative Musical Experiences Of Older Adult Sexual Minority Women From Rural Areas: An Adapted Case Study, Sabrina Hartsfield

Theses and Dissertations--Music

People often have strong emotional connections between music and memories, which can affect a person’s identity and self-concept. The deep meaning that individuals find within music that is important to them helps music therapists to make connections to clients and to work with clients to understand their experiences through the lens of music. The purpose of this project was to examine in depth the musical experiences of sexual minority women aged 65 and older from rural areas, and to see how musical experiences may have impacted their identity. In this adapted case study, I conducted in-depth one-on-one interviews and constructed …

Expert Perceptions Of Needs Of Pregnant Individuals With Substance Use Disorder In Kentucky: A Qualitative Multiple Case Study, Emma Foret Latham

Theses and Dissertations--Music

Substance misuse is a pandemic with far reaching effects on those personally affected, their families, and their communities. Kentucky has one of the highest rates of substance use disorder (SUD) in the country, and most research has focused on how to help men in recovery. There is very little research regarding how to support pregnant individuals with SUD. The purpose of this qualitative thesis was to identify the perceived needs of pregnant individuals with SUD, define characteristics of effective care, and learn how music therapists can support this population in substance use rehabilitation settings from the perspectives of experienced professionals. …

The Invisible Load Of Motherhood: Exploring Parental Stress Differences Among Caucasian And African American Mothers, Angena Mombrun

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Parental stress can be defined as the perceptions and feelings that are experienced in a parental role because the demands that are related to the role are unable to be fulfilled with the resources that are available (Abidin, 1992). Research suggests that African American women may experience more parental stress than their Caucasian counterparts due to various factors (Coll & Pachter, 2002). However, there is not sufficient evidence to support this notion as the majority of research available on parenting stress is comprised of middle-class Caucasian women (Coll & Pachter, 2002; Nomaguchi & House, 2013). The purpose of this study …

The Relationship Between Impulsivity, Avoidance, And Overly Positive Maladaptive Thinking In Adults With Adhd, Morgan Hagner

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience many difficulties in executive functioning and mental health. The literature supports cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as an evidence-based treatment, for many mental health disorders, including the cognitive and behavioral issues associated with adult ADHD. There is evidence that some of the problems associated with adult ADHD are related to cognitive distortions, functional impairment, and deficits in executive functioning. Previous studies have found a preliminary relationship between cognitive distortions and ADHD, but these studies did not assess overly positive cognitions, the latter, also theorized to be related to this disorder. The purpose of the current …

The Relationship Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder And Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Anna Podrasky

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) was first described as a syndrome associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, SCT may be a unique construct, independent of the presence of ADHD. Archival data from a specialty outpatient adult ADHD clinic were analyzed to further evaluate the relationship between SCT and ADHD. It was hypothesized that there would not be significant differences between ADHD and SCT on measures of anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and sleep disturbance. Second, it was hypothesized that after controlling for anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and sleep disturbance at level 1 of a hierarchical regression analysis, there would be no additive predictive relationship …

The Experience Of Social Connectedness Among Adolescent Cancer Patients, Jennifer H. Nack

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Adolescence and young adulthood are peak periods for the attainment of numerous physical and psychosocial developmental milestones. A cancer diagnosis during this time can disrupt the achievement of developmental milestones and have significant impacts on Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) physical, emotional, social, and academic wellbeing. Coping with the uncertainty of cancer treatment can be particularly daunting for AYAs, as they strive to maintain a sense of normalcy amidst the disruptions to their daily routines and expectations. Moreover, changes to daily routines and expectations are found to cause periods of isolation and significant changes to social relationships between cancer survivors …

Role Of Resilience, Quality Of Life, And Social Problem-Solving In Caregivers Of Patients Living With Dementia, Emily Helene Fannick

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

This study examined predictors of caregiver burden, mental health, physical health, overall quality of life, and the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains of quality of life in caregivers of persons living with complications of dementia. Predictors included social problem-solving, caregiver resilience, length of time as a caregiver, and severity of dementia symptomatology. Caregivers recruited from an outpatient memory care clinic completed an online survey that included a demographic questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Social Problem-Solving Inventory–Revised: Short Form (SPSI–R:S), the World Health Organization Quality of Life -Short Version (WHOQOL-BREF), the Dementia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS), and the …

Revisiting The Global Measures Of Overall Neuropsychological Function And The Impact Of Race-Based Normative Data In Clinical And Forensic Populations, Zachary Thomas Dipasquale

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

This research investigated the impact of race-based normative data, the removal of a subtest, and the reason for referral on neuropsychological assessments. Three hypotheses were tested using various statistical methods. The first hypothesis predicted a significant difference in the Average Impairment Rating (AIR) when comparing European American normative data to African American normative data. The second hypothesis posited that the removal of the 12th composite score (Av-1) would significantly alter the classification of brain injury using the AIR. The third hypothesis proposed that a significant difference would be observed in the AIR, General Deficit Scale (GDS), and Halstead Impairment Index …

Influence Of Reduced Salt In Fully Cooked Ham And Sausage Cured With Natural Celery Powder On The Growth Of Listeria Monocytogenes At 4⁰C, Anne Sherod

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This research evaluated the influence of reducing salt on outgrowth of L. monocytogenes on ready to eat (RTE) deli-style sliced ham cured with natural celery powder, fully cooked sausage links cured with traditional sodium nitrite and sausage links cured with natural celery powder, vacuum packaged and stored at 4⁰C on the outgrowth of L. monocytogenes. Experiment 1 evaluated L. monocytogenes outgrowth on ham over 153 days on the following treatments, current retail ham (HC) 2.0% salt; reduced salt 1 (HRS1) 1.5% salt; reduced salt 2 (HSR2) 1.35% salt; and reduced salt 2 without antimicrobials (HRS2WA) 1.35% salt without potassium lactate …

Scaffold Hopping For The Lead Optimization Of The Orally Active Antileishmanial Pyrrolo-Quinazoline Alkaloid Natural Product Peganine, Sunitha Jada

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease caused by the species Leishmania that affects millions of people around the world. It is a serious public health concern in the developing world with about 1 million cases and 70,000 fatalities occurring each year. It has several forms with visceral, and cutaneous leishmaniasis being the most common forms of the disease. Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the Leishmania donovani occurs mainly in Brazil, Eastern Africa, and India, and is fatal if left untreated. The current treatments for leishmaniasis such as pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, pentamidine, and some azoles suffer from serious drawbacks. …

Various Surfactant Soil Conditioner Effect On Plant Nutrient Concentration, Soil Nutrient Depletion, Soil Volumetric Water Content, Plant Biomass And Yield In Corn, Timothy Veldkamp

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Soil conditioners help improve soil structure by increasing aeration, water infiltration and water holding capacity leading to nutrient availability and reduced irrigation needs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of multiple soil conditioners (SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4, and SC5) on corn (Zea mays L.) and their ability to reduce irrigation by 30%. This was evaluated in the field in 2022 and 2023 by Aurora, SD using a Randomized Complete Block Design with six replications. Conditioners were applied as broadcast pre-emergence treatments with 70% irrigation. Control treatments of 70% and 100% irrigation, respectively were included. SC1 application …

Impact Of Varying Molecular Weights Of Hyaluronic Acid On The Functional Properties Of Process Cheese Product, Rutvi Joshi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is being accepted for use as a food ingredient and/or food supplement. It is available in a wide range of molecular weights (MW) and represents unique moisture retention properties depending on the MW. The moisture retention property of HA would be of great economic potential for the dairy industry. HA is a natural polysaccharide and holds the potential as a functional ingredient in dairy and food applications to modify viscosity and textural properties. The first research objective of the study was to determine the impact of very low to high MW of HA - 8kDa, 320kDa, 980kDa, …

Role Of Production Systems On Carcass And Palatability Attributes Of Bison, Lydia Margaret Hite O'Sullivan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The overall objective of this dissertation was to determine the impact of finishing systems on carcass and palatability attributes of bison. The specific objectives were 1) determine the influence of finishing system (grain-finished vs. grass-finished) on the mechanisms of tenderness formation in the longissimus lumborum of bison bulls, 2) determine the influence of diverse finishing systems on carcass characteristics and proximate composition of bison heifers, and 3) determine the influence of diverse finishing systems on palatability of striploin steaks from bison heifers. Results indicate that finishing systems differentially influence carcass characteristics, tenderness, and flavor attributes of bison. Specifically, this is …

Optimizing Large Language Models And Multimodal Approaches For Biomedical Publication And Satellite Imagery, Youngsun Jang

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation comprises two main sections: the first focuses on natural language processing (NLP) for extracting key information from scientific literature using large language models (LLMs), and the second addresses remote sensing for detecting natural disasters, such as floods, from satellite imagery using a multimodal approach. The first section investigates methods to enhance Transformer-based models in classifying and extracting information from biomedical scientific publications. Key contributions include the development of a custom dataset for classification and Question and Answering (Q&A) tasks, fine-tuning Transformer models like the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and addressing multi-span answer issues with the TAg-based …

Genetic And Ecologic Effects Of Seed Dormancy Genes On Seed Aging, Soil Seedbank Longevity, And Microbiome In An Isogenic Background Of Rice ( Oryza Sativa L.), Bhupinder Singh Batth

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Whole Genome Crispr-Cas9 Screens Identify Genes Contributing To Viral Entry And Phagocytosis, Md Saddam Hossain

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary technique for genome editing where Cas9 nucleases can be targeted to specific genomic sites by single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) containing roughly 20-nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the target region. Double strand breaks created by Cas9 are repaired through non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in most cells, resulting in insertions and deletions leading to frame shift mutations in coding regions. Thus, the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be exploited for systematic evaluation of gene function relationships by whole genome screening. We also developed a CRISPR whole‐genome screen and counter‐screen strategy based on a pseudoviral platform that allowed identification of genes specific …

Impacts Of Starter Fertilizer On Corn Development, Nutrient Uptake And Grain Yield In Eastern South Dakota, Larousse Dorissant

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cold and wet spring conditions during planting in the Northern Corn Belt can limit nutrient mobility, especially phosphorus (P) due to reduced mineralization. This often triggers the use of starter fertilizers to enhance nutrient availability within the root zone, and as a result improve nutrient uptake and the overall plant growth. Albeit research has shown that starter fertilizer applications can significantly boost corn grain yield potential, the most substantial yield responses from starter fertilization are typically observed in fields where soil test P levels fall below the critical soil test P threshold. This dissertation explores i) the effects of starter …

Analysis Of Toxic Chemical Agents And Therapeutics For Toxic Inhaled Agents’ Exposure, Khadija Bilkis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

When inhaled, toxic inhalation agents (TIAs) such as cyanide (CN), ammonia and sulfur compounds (e.g. methanethiol (MeSH)) can be fatal. Many TIAs cause cellular hypoxia, cytotoxic anoxia, apnea, respiratory failure, neurodegenerative disorder, circulatory collapse, seizures, and potential death by blocking mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. All TIA’s have the potential to be employed as chemical warfare agents, terrorist weapons, or dangerous occupational gases. Although many TIAs are potential threats, there are minimal FDA-approved treatments for these substances useful in a mass-casualty situation. Recently, cobinamide (Cbi) has come to light as a potential antidote for MeSH poisoning. However, methods for analyzing MeSH …

ผลของโปรแกรมการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธต่อพฤติกรรมก้าวร้าวของผู้ป่วยจิตเภท, พรประภา เหล็กกล้า

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการวิจัยแบบกึ่งทดลองศึกษาแบบสองกลุ่มวัดผลก่อนและหลังการทดลอง มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อเปรียบเทียบพฤติกรรมก้าวร้าวของผู้ป่วยจิตเภทก่อนและหลังได้รับโปรแกรมการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธ และเปรียบเทียบพฤติกรรมก้าวร้าวระหว่างกลุ่มที่ได้รับโปรแกรมการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธ กับกลุ่มที่ได้รับการพยาบาลตามปกติ กลุ่มตัวอย่าง คือ ผู้ป่วยจิตเภทที่เข้ารับการรักษาในแผนกผู้ป่วยใน โรงพยาบาลสวนสราญรมย์ จำนวน 50 คน โดยใช้วิธีการเลือกกลุ่มตัวอย่างแบบเจาะจง เพื่อคัดกรองให้ได้กลุ่มเป้าหมายที่ต้องการศึกษาและควบคุมความแปรปรวน แล้วนำมาจับสลากหากลุ่มควบคุมและกลุ่มทดลอง หลังจากนั้นคัดเลือกผู้ป่วยที่มีคุณสมบัติตามเกณฑ์การคัดเข้า และจับคู่ที่มีลักษณะคล้ายคลึงกันในด้านเพศ และ คะแนนทางบวก แบ่งเป็นกลุ่มทดลอง 25 คน กลุ่มควบคุม 25 คน กลุ่มทดลองได้รับกิจกรรมการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธ กลุ่มควบคุมได้รับการพยาบาลตามปกติ เครื่องมือวิจัยประกอบด้วย โปรแกรมการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธ แบบบันทึกข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล แบบประเมินพฤติกรรมก้าวร้าว (KR-20 = .85) แบบวัดการแสดงความโกรธ (α = .81) และแบบประเมินความสามารถในการจัดการกับอาการทางบวก (α = .82) และแบบประเมินอาการทางบวก (α = .83) ซึ่งผ่านการตรวจสอบความตรงเชิงเนื้อหาโดยผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิจำนวน 5 ท่าน มีค่าความตรงเชิงเนื้อหาเท่ากับ 1 (CVI = 1.00) วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยใช้ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน และสถิติค่าที ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ ดังนี้ 1. ค่าเฉลี่ยคะแนนพฤติกรรมก้าวร้าวของผู้ป่วยจิตเภทของกลุ่มทดลองภายหลังได้รับการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธต่ำกว่าก่อนได้รับการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธ อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 2. ค่าเฉลี่ยคะแนนพฤติกรรมก้าวร้าวของผู้ป่วยจิตเภทที่เข้าร่วมโปรแกรมการจัดการอาการร่วมกับการควบคุมความโกรธต่ำกว่าผู้ป่วยจิตเภทที่ได้รับการพยาบาลตามปกติ อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05

[Ordered] Liberty And Justice For All? The Elusive "Right To Privacy" And A Comparison Of American And Canadian Women's Rights Schemes, Caroline Wakefield

South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business

No abstract provided.

Association Of Genetic Polymorphisms With Clinical Characteristics And Survival Of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients With Or Without Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (Masld), Theint Cho Zin Aung

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of etiological factors remains to be explored. This study evaluated the distribution of PNPLA3 rs738409, TM6SF2 rs58542926, and HSD17B13 rs6834314 and overall survival of HCC patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD-HCC) and viral-related HCC (VIRAL-HCC). In this study, 564 patients with HCC were included: 254 with MASLD-HCC and 310 with VIRAL-HCC. The SNPs were determined by real-time PCR using TaqMan assays. Results: The mean ages of patients with MASLD-HCC and VIRAL-HCC were 68.4 vs. 60.9 years (p < 0.001), with a significant difference between groups. The prevalence of PNPLA3 genotype GG in MASLD-HCC was significantly higher in MASLD-HCC than in VIRAL-HCC (24.0 % vs. 15.5%; OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.14–3.05; p = 0.009). Similarly, the prevalence of TM6SF2 genotype TT in MASLD-HCC and VIRAL-HCC was 7.1% vs. 2.6% (OR = 3.39; 95% CI = 1.36–9.21; p = 0.003), while HSD17B13 genotype GG in the corresponding groups was 7.1% vs. 12.6% (OR = 0.53; 95 % CI = 0.27–1.01; p = 0.039). The overall median survival of MASLD-HCC was significantly shorter than the VIRAL-HCC group (42 vs. 66 months; p = 0.035). In Cox regression hazard analysis, HSD17B13 GG genotype was significantly associated with a lower mortality rate in MASLD-HCC (HR = 0.38 ; 95% CI = 0.18–0.81; p = 0.011). In contrast, PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 were not associated with overall survival in patients with MASLD-HCC or VIRAL-HCC. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that the prevalence of the studied SNPs significantly differed between MASLD-HCC and VIRAL-HCC. The HSD176B13 GG genotype was also associated with a survival benefit in Thai patients with MASLD-HCC.

Crosstalk Between Cytokines And The Diverse Pattern Of Tumor Immune Microenvironment (Time) In Egfr Mutant Advanced Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Egfr Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Sorawich Kuendee

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Introduction: Although EGFR-TKI therapy significantly improves outcomes in patients with EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC, inter-individual variability in treatment response remains a major challenge. One potential contributing factor is the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which plays a critical role in tumor behavior and may influence therapeutic efficacy. However, the relationship between baseline cytokine profiles and TIME features in this patient population remains unclear. Methods: Prospective observational study involving patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC receiving first-line EGFR-TKI therapy. Baseline cytokine levels were measured using the Bio-Plex Pro™ Human 27-Plex Cytokine Assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate CD8⁺ TILs and PD-L1 expression. The primary …