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2023

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The State Of The Unions 2023: A Profile Of Organized Labor In New York City, New York State, And The United States, Ruth Milkman, Joseph Van Der Naald Aug 2023

The State Of The Unions 2023: A Profile Of Organized Labor In New York City, New York State, And The United States, Ruth Milkman, Joseph Van Der Naald

Publications and Research

This report released by the CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies, State of the Unions 2023: A Profile of Organized Labor in New York City, New York State, and the United States, is a part of an annual publication series, documents recent trends in unionization patterns. The overall level of unionization in both the City and State has been roughly double the national rate over the past two decades. But recently, union density has fallen more in New York City and New York State than in the United States as a whole. In the mid-2010s, both the City and …


Environmental Crisis And Legitimacy Struggle: A Discourse Network Analysis In The Prabumulih Oil Spill Case, Tasya Febi Karter, Anang Dwi Santoso, Erlisa Saraswati Aug 2023

Environmental Crisis And Legitimacy Struggle: A Discourse Network Analysis In The Prabumulih Oil Spill Case, Tasya Febi Karter, Anang Dwi Santoso, Erlisa Saraswati

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This study seeks to comprehend the legitimacy dynamics of various actors involved in the oil pipeline spill case in Sungai Kelekar, Prabumulih City. A dataset consisting of 132 online media articles curated into 36 pertinent news stories was analyzed using the discourse network analysis method. The results of this study indicate that the community plays a crucial role as mediators and victims, which are the primary criteria for evaluating the moral legitimacy of those who pollute the environment and local governments, where it was also discovered that the two organizations in this study face a variety of challenges in maintaining …


In Quest Of Mother’S Worth: How Millennial Instamoms’ Sharenting Revisits Women’S Traditional Roles, Rony Agustino Siahaan Aug 2023

In Quest Of Mother’S Worth: How Millennial Instamoms’ Sharenting Revisits Women’S Traditional Roles, Rony Agustino Siahaan

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This paper aims to investigate the performance of the so-called digital mothers "Instamom" in Indonesia in the cultural contradiction between the construction of women's subjectivity that commodifies motherhood and intersubjectivity as to fulfilling women’s traditional role. Using performativity theory, I argue that the phenomenon of Instamoms’ sharenting is a communicative practice in the digital space that demonstrates the performance of a fluid and dynamic maternal identity without rigid boundaries. This research applies a digital ethnography approach to the everyday life’s practices of Stay-At-Home-Mothers that focus on the complexities of women's experiences in engaging with social media throughout the transition to …


Masculinity Reconstruction By K-Pop Idol Bts: Bts Army’S Reception Analysis Towards Bts’S Musics And Contents, Jasmine Qurrota Ayuni Perwiradmoko Aug 2023

Masculinity Reconstruction By K-Pop Idol Bts: Bts Army’S Reception Analysis Towards Bts’S Musics And Contents, Jasmine Qurrota Ayuni Perwiradmoko

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This study have an aim to see the reception analysis from BTS ARMY towards the reconstruction of masculinity that BTS do. The previous studies showed that the K-Pop Male Idol have reconstructed the meaning of masculinity, and also see how the masculinity reconstruction that the K-Pop Male Idol did has been consumed by the fangirls. However, those studies have not explained about how the fangirls point of view about the reconstruction of masculinity, especially if it is contexted in Indonesia’s masculinity construction. This study argues that the various product of Korean popular culture or Hallyu, which in the context of …


Development And Validation Of A Questionnaire To Explore Teachers’ Knowledge About The Nature Of Mathematics The Teaching And Learning Of Mathematics, Munira Amirali Aug 2023

Development And Validation Of A Questionnaire To Explore Teachers’ Knowledge About The Nature Of Mathematics The Teaching And Learning Of Mathematics, Munira Amirali

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Investigating teachers’ knowledge about the nature of mathematics and their viewpoints about the teaching and learning of mathematics is important as it has a great influence on what they do in classrooms. This paper describes the two phases of the development and validation process of an instrument named as Mathematics Teacher Survey Questionnaire (MTSQ) developed to determine Pakistani teachers’ knowledge about the nature of mathematics, its influence on their viewpoints about the teaching and learning of mathematics. Phase one includes item writing, item analysis and item administration whereas phase two includes the tool validation process using Cronbach’s alpha and content …


The Predictable Relationship Between Demographic Factors And Persistence Of First-Year Students At A Historically Black College & University, Dominic Thomas, Syreeta Landy-Blacklock, Jessica D. Davis, Lillian Poats, Ronnie Davis, Dwalah Brown-Fisher Aug 2023

The Predictable Relationship Between Demographic Factors And Persistence Of First-Year Students At A Historically Black College & University, Dominic Thomas, Syreeta Landy-Blacklock, Jessica D. Davis, Lillian Poats, Ronnie Davis, Dwalah Brown-Fisher

The Journal of the Research Association of Minority Professors

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship and predictability of demographic factors, on the persistence rates among first-year, full-time, four-year degree-seeking students at a Historically Black College and University. Specifically, this study focused on the predictive power of demographic factors (gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), and (high school GPA and number of hours passed) on the persistence rates among first-year, full-time, four-year degree-seeking students attending a Historically Black College and University.

The study approached the research questions from a correlational research design perspective. This type of research design was the most appropriate for this study because the …


The Illusion Of Consumer: Ads Influence For Agent Of Intelligence, Vercia Muhammad Aug 2023

The Illusion Of Consumer: Ads Influence For Agent Of Intelligence, Vercia Muhammad

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This article will description influence pattern from ads, with saw case an agent of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) namely Aldrich Hazen Ames. Ames arrested because information selling to other parties (double agent) for making money. The author assumed that his act influence by ads. Therefore the Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign car ads that driven by Ames at arrest used for sample. The author using Roland Barthes semiotics theory with explain meaning of denotative, connotative, and myth on the Jaguar car ads and then related with Jean Baudrillard concept. The method used is descriptive method, its is a method that makes systematically, …


Indonesian Capital Market Investor Protection In Cases Of Embezzlement, Arman Nefi, Adiwarman Adiwarman Aug 2023

Indonesian Capital Market Investor Protection In Cases Of Embezzlement, Arman Nefi, Adiwarman Adiwarman

Indonesia Law Review

Law Number 8 of 1995 on Capital Market, in Articles 90 to 98, regulates fraud, market manipulation and insider trading. There is no regulation of embezzlement in the Indonesian Capital Market. Have the legislators forgotten, or have anticipated that there will never be embezzlement in the legal realm of the Indonesian Capital Market? The paper deals with the absent of criminalization of embezzlement in capital market act and produce the recommendation to cope with the issue. This study uses a normative legal analysis method with a conceptual, an analytical, and a case study approach. Several legal cases that are strongly …


Tradisi Penculikan Pengantin Perempuan Dalam Film Alaa Kachuu: Representasi Ketidaksetaraan Gender Di Kirgizstan, Aprina Luzti Lubis, Mina Elfira Aug 2023

Tradisi Penculikan Pengantin Perempuan Dalam Film Alaa Kachuu: Representasi Ketidaksetaraan Gender Di Kirgizstan, Aprina Luzti Lubis, Mina Elfira

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This research investigates how two movies, both entitled Ala Kachuu (2018 and 2002), represent ala kachuu, i.e. a tradition of bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan. Even though the Kyrgyz government has formally banned this practice since 2016, which is considered as a form of forced marriage, it still exists and is practiced by some Kyrgyz. This research used the qualitative method coupled with the mise-en-scène cinematographic technique. By using Stuart Hall’s representation theory (1997) and Mansour Fakih’s gender inequality theory (2008) as analysis tools, this study concludes that both movies represent ala kachuu as a tradition which promotes gender inequality. …


Illness-Related Attitudes Toward Covid-19 And Precautionary Practices Among Kuwaiti Males During The Total Lockdown And Curfew In Kuwait Illness-Related Attitudes Toward Covid-19 And Precautionary Practices Among Kuwaiti Males During The Total Lockdown And Curfew In Kuwait, Hend Batel Al-Ma’Seb, Maha Meshari Al-Sejari Aug 2023

Illness-Related Attitudes Toward Covid-19 And Precautionary Practices Among Kuwaiti Males During The Total Lockdown And Curfew In Kuwait Illness-Related Attitudes Toward Covid-19 And Precautionary Practices Among Kuwaiti Males During The Total Lockdown And Curfew In Kuwait, Hend Batel Al-Ma’Seb, Maha Meshari Al-Sejari

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic that affects individuals’ physical and mental health. The aim of this descriptive cross sectional study was to investigate relationships between precautionary practices (washing hands, taking vitamins, and eating a healthy diet) and attitudes about illness related to COVID-19 (worry about illness, concern about pain, hypochondriacal beliefs, thanatophobia, and treatment experience). This study used non-probability sample method to recruit the participants. The study sample was restricted to males who were 18 and older and who lived in Kuwait during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 430 males volunteered to participate in this study. The participants completed …


Organizational Fear: Barriers To Effective Performance Among Malaysian Fresh Graduates’ Employees, Leong Ling Ling, Chong Chin Wei, Muhammad Sabbir Rahman, Gan Geok Chew Aug 2023

Organizational Fear: Barriers To Effective Performance Among Malaysian Fresh Graduates’ Employees, Leong Ling Ling, Chong Chin Wei, Muhammad Sabbir Rahman, Gan Geok Chew

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The aim of this research study is to determine the factors, i.e., childhood socialization, institutional socialization, cultural socialization, fear of workplace penalty and afraid of getting terminated from work of organizational fear that influence the effective performance among the Malaysian fresh graduate employees. Data were collected from 119 fresh graduate employees who have their jobs in their first year in organization and data was analysed by using statistical analyses. The findings show that all the factors (childhood socialization, institutional socialization, cultural socialization, fear of workplace penalty and afraid of getting terminated from work) have significant relationships with effective performance. Among …


أثرُ المؤسَّسات الاقتصاديّة في التَّنمية المجتمعيّة المكانيّة في مدينة الرِّياض, فهد بن عبد العزيز آل عبد العزيز, حمد بن أحمد التويجري Aug 2023

أثرُ المؤسَّسات الاقتصاديّة في التَّنمية المجتمعيّة المكانيّة في مدينة الرِّياض, فهد بن عبد العزيز آل عبد العزيز, حمد بن أحمد التويجري

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

المسؤولية الاجتماعية، اقتصاد مدينة الرِّياض، سوق المال السعودي، القطاع الخاص، الشراكة المجتمعيّة.


From Both Sides Now: Reflections On Recent Methodological Trends In The Study Of Islam, Aaron W. Hughes Prof Aug 2023

From Both Sides Now: Reflections On Recent Methodological Trends In The Study Of Islam, Aaron W. Hughes Prof

Abdou Filali-Ansary Occasional Paper Series

This is a set of critical reflections on the place and role of ‘theory and method’ within the context of the study of Islam, especially (but not solely) as carried out in the field of religious studies, over the course of roughly the last twenty years. The goal here is not to criticise, but instead to come at this issue of ‘theory and method’ in the study of Islam from a more mature perspective. At present in the field there is a diverse set of attempts to imagine ‘Islam’, not as a theological category that must be defended, but as …


Morality In Law: An Analysis Towards The Legal Philosophy And Indonesia National Legal System, Ade Adhari, Tundjung Sitabuana, Indah Siti Aprilia Aug 2023

Morality In Law: An Analysis Towards The Legal Philosophy And Indonesia National Legal System, Ade Adhari, Tundjung Sitabuana, Indah Siti Aprilia

Indonesia Law Review

The philosophy of law schools, such as positivism and naturalism, always have opposing arguments about moral and law separation. Positivism on one side, believes that morality is a non-law element that has to be strictly separated from the law, while on the other side, naturalism says moral can not be separated from the law and that moral has to become the basis of every law. However, the positivism idea is arduous to be implemented in the current situation as the legal product is constantly managed to conform with the moral values. The objectives of this paper are to study: (1) …


Using A Novel To Help Sociology Students Feel Less “At Sea” In Their Sociology Of Aging Course, Roger Clark, Emily Stier Adler Aug 2023

Using A Novel To Help Sociology Students Feel Less “At Sea” In Their Sociology Of Aging Course, Roger Clark, Emily Stier Adler

Sociology Between the Gaps: Forgotten and Neglected Topics

No abstract provided.


Guidelines For Conducting Cbpr In American Indian And Alaska Native Communities And The Use Of Artificial Intelligence, Julie Smith- Yliniemi Aug 2023

Guidelines For Conducting Cbpr In American Indian And Alaska Native Communities And The Use Of Artificial Intelligence, Julie Smith- Yliniemi

AI Assignment Library

In this assignment, students will have the opportunity to delve into the intricate intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and community dynamics. The assignment is to write an insightful and thought-provoking reflective essay that encompasses key takeaways from a guest speaker's presentation on AI, critical analysis of AI-generated papers, personal reactions to AI's impact on your community, and an exploration of AI's role in future community endeavors.


Knowledge Mapping Of Board Governance Research: A Visual Analysis Using Citespace, Yawei He, Sunita Lylia Hamdan, Sellywati Mohd Faizal Aug 2023

Knowledge Mapping Of Board Governance Research: A Visual Analysis Using Citespace, Yawei He, Sunita Lylia Hamdan, Sellywati Mohd Faizal

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Based on the bibliometric and visualization analysis of relevant board governance research literature from 2003 to 2022, this study summarizes and outlines the knowledge structure, hot topics, and future research directions in the field of board governance. The research findings indicate that the publication volume in the field of board governance has shown an exponential growth trend, which highlights the increasing importance and research demand in this area. Company performance has become a critical topic in the field of board governance research. Furthermore, collaboration and communication among research institutions promote knowledge sharing and enhance the quality of board governance research. …


Local Labor Markets Exposure To Artificial Intelligence, Greg Call Aug 2023

Local Labor Markets Exposure To Artificial Intelligence, Greg Call

Dissertations

As more evidence builds that artificial intelligence (AI) is a new general-purpose technology driving a fourth industrial revolution, scholars have begun to consider its potential impact on labor markets. The current debate among researchers is centered on whether AI will ultimately produce net new job gains or losses and what type of workers will benefit or be displaced. While no consensus has developed yet within the literature on AI’s predicted net employment impact, a majority of studies are forecasting that a skill-biased technological change will occur.

This exploratory study contributes to the current literature by operationalizing Webb’s objective patent-based AI …


Advocating For Social Change: How A Human Service Nonprofit Organization Makes Sense Of Its Advocacy Successes And Failures, Megan Pontes Aug 2023

Advocating For Social Change: How A Human Service Nonprofit Organization Makes Sense Of Its Advocacy Successes And Failures, Megan Pontes

Dissertations

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are uniquely positioned to play a vital role in social change, and many integrate advocacy in their efforts. This dissertation examined how one human service nonprofit organization working to help the unhoused engaged in advocacy and advocacy evaluation using formal and informal methods. Through an in-depth case study of Think Dignity, a San Diego-based NPO engaged in the day-to-day work of social change, this research revealed how it developed its advocacy efforts, collaborated with partners, and assessed its successes and failures. Informed by the framework of social change leadership, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with Think Dignity. …


Equity In The Math Classroom How Math Teachers Can Achieve Equity Despite District’S Budget, Tony Edward Kohanek Aug 2023

Equity In The Math Classroom How Math Teachers Can Achieve Equity Despite District’S Budget, Tony Edward Kohanek

School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Projects

American pedagogical theorist and teacher educator, Gloria Ladson-Billings, has done the research and shown how impactful the achievement gap is as it is “one of the most pressing education-policy challenges that the states are facing” (Ladson-Billings, 2006). What makes this issue such a problem is that students don’t even need to be in school for it to appear as noted by Andy Porter of Penn State’s GSE (Graduate School of Education). He states that by the time children reach the age of three or four, there’s already a one standard deviation achievement gap between white children and POC, people of …


The Ninth Myth Of Appalachia, Randolph Wykoff Aug 2023

The Ninth Myth Of Appalachia, Randolph Wykoff

Journal of Appalachian Health

Many stereotypes afflict our much-maligned region, and the Jonesborough­­–Washington County History Museum displays eight of these "myths of Appalachia." Here, our Editor-in-Chief suggests a ninth—that the people of Appalachia "do not care" about their health—and argues that regional health disparities result not from apathy but from a confluence of socioeconomic factors.


The Prevalence Of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Racial And Ethnic Minority Adolescents During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chinenye Lynette Ejezie, Lara S Savas, Casey Durand, Ross Shegog, Paula Cuccaro Aug 2023

The Prevalence Of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Racial And Ethnic Minority Adolescents During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chinenye Lynette Ejezie, Lara S Savas, Casey Durand, Ross Shegog, Paula Cuccaro

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among adolescents has steadily improved over the past several years. However, research conducted to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted this positive trend in HPV vaccine initiation among racial and ethnic minority adolescents is limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine if the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting changes in the US health-care sector affected the increasing HPV vaccine initiation among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adolescents aged 13-17 years.

METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design to examine data from the National Immunization Survey-Teen (2019-2021), logistic regression and moderation analysis were used to model race-specific variations …


Arabic Gastronomic Register: The Case Of Moroccan Arabic Recipes Arabic Gastronomic Register: The Case Of Moroccan Arabic Recipes, Sakina Alaoui Aug 2023

Arabic Gastronomic Register: The Case Of Moroccan Arabic Recipes Arabic Gastronomic Register: The Case Of Moroccan Arabic Recipes, Sakina Alaoui

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

Food is vital to human existence, but perspectives about food have altered from food as an intrinsic exigency to food as a pleasurable luxury. This change runs in tandem with the birth and flourish of recipe writing. This paper looks at recipe writing in Arabic, an aspect that has been overlooked despite the ubiquitous nature of food and food preparation in the Arab world. It brings to light the verbal resources employed in Arabic culinary writing, such as the use of a type of modern standard Arabic which tolerates certain features not allowed in the “high” (or literary) variety of …


Healing Racial Trauma From Public School Systems, Lisa Y. Collins Aug 2023

Healing Racial Trauma From Public School Systems, Lisa Y. Collins

Journal of Research Initiatives

Oregon needs Black educators in the K-12 public school system. In 35 school districts throughout the state, the number of students of color has risen by over 40% in recent years (Oregon Chief Education Office, 2019). The number of educators of color in the state is under 10%. The number of Black educators is even lower. Research has shown that Black educators improve all students' academic, cultural, and social aspects, especially Black students. Nationally, Black educators were impacted by the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. At that time in history, Black communities fought for civil rights as they experienced …


The Lived Experiences Of Teachers Of Color And Racial Microaggressions, Torine Champion, Linda Wilson-Jones Aug 2023

The Lived Experiences Of Teachers Of Color And Racial Microaggressions, Torine Champion, Linda Wilson-Jones

Journal of Research Initiatives

This qualitative study describes the lived experiences of teachers of color and identify commonalities within the lived experiences of teachers of color employed in predominately White K–12 schools. This study utilized interpretive phenomenological analysis, viewed through the White racial frame lens. There were 15 participants who were included in this research study. Participants were teachers of color with at least five years of teaching experience in predominately White K–12 environments. Data collection procedures included confidential virtual, semi-structured interviews with specific information the researcher wanted to explore. A lack of professional connectivity and microaggression was revealed as a theme. While teachers …


Small Historically Black Colleges And Universities Bridging Social Capital: The Use Of Language, Tone And Content To Share Information On Instagram, Pamela Peters Aug 2023

Small Historically Black Colleges And Universities Bridging Social Capital: The Use Of Language, Tone And Content To Share Information On Instagram, Pamela Peters

Journal of Research Initiatives

The COVID-19 pandemic has strained higher education institutions, especially small Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). As campuses closed and reopened, Black communities' digital divide grew, adding to the need to stay connected. This study uses social capital to examine how institutions use language, tone, content, and information to bridge social capital. An analysis of 35 small liberal arts HBCUs’ Instagram posts was undertaken to compare post frequency, types of information, engagement, tone, language, and content in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the pandemic, 2020 and 2021. This study indicates that post-oversaturation in 2020 and 2021 and information …


Cultural Consumption And Citayam Fashion Week: Study Of Meaning Of Tiktok Content, Imamatul Silfia Aug 2023

Cultural Consumption And Citayam Fashion Week: Study Of Meaning Of Tiktok Content, Imamatul Silfia

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This thesis examines the consumption practices of fashion culture and the meaning of TikTok content in the Citayam Fashion Week phenomenon. Scholars have studied cultural consumption as a factor that creates social class hierarchies based on cultural capital or tastes, including the consumption of fashion culture. Hierarchy in the practice of cultural consumption of fashion places the working class in an artistically inferior position compared to the elite class. The fashion tastes of the working class are considered to be economically limited and they primarily imitate the tastes of the dominant class. This assumption considers the cultural appropriation of working-class …


Government Domination On Television Digital Migration Regulation In Indonesia, Feni Fasta, Ade Armando, Pinckey Triputra Aug 2023

Government Domination On Television Digital Migration Regulation In Indonesia, Feni Fasta, Ade Armando, Pinckey Triputra

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the migration from analog television to digital television in Indonesia, which has been going on for more than a decade. One of them is the issue of multiplexing management rules. This multiplexing should be used for the benefit of the public because it uses public frequency. Researchers assume that there is government domination in determining policies that accommodate the interests of investors with significant capital and ignore the public interest, including the interests of small investors in the broadcasting industry. This study analyzes various regulations related to digital migration using critical policy analysis methods. The …


Mastering Consumer Conversion: Unveiling The Management Of E-Commerce Purchase Intentions, Anusuyah Subbarao, Nasreen Khan, Nirmaladevi A/P Suppiah Aug 2023

Mastering Consumer Conversion: Unveiling The Management Of E-Commerce Purchase Intentions, Anusuyah Subbarao, Nasreen Khan, Nirmaladevi A/P Suppiah

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The global market structure has undergone significant transformations due to the widespread integration of information technology. As a result, electronic commerce has emerged, propelled by technological advancements, and has established itself as a fundamental pillar of the digital economy. This research paper aims to provide a thorough analysis and evaluation of various scholarly works and studies concerning digital shopping and explore the factors that impact consumers' purchasing behaviour on e-commerce sites. The quantitative method was used to analyse the connection between price consciousness, trustworthiness, business competency with customer buying inclination, perceived convenience and effectiveness. The findings reveal that trustworthiness and …


Karakteristik Aksara Pakpak Berdasarkan Sumber Tertulis Di Dairi Dan Pakpak Bharat, Sumatera Utara, Churmatin Nasoichah, Ninny Soesanti Tedjowasono, Tomson Sibarani, Mehammat Br. Karo Sekali, Wahyu Rizky Andhifani, Lolita Refani Lumban Tobing Aug 2023

Karakteristik Aksara Pakpak Berdasarkan Sumber Tertulis Di Dairi Dan Pakpak Bharat, Sumatera Utara, Churmatin Nasoichah, Ninny Soesanti Tedjowasono, Tomson Sibarani, Mehammat Br. Karo Sekali, Wahyu Rizky Andhifani, Lolita Refani Lumban Tobing

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The Pakpak ethnic group occupy two areas in North Sumatra, namely Dairi and Pakpak Bharat, and speak a language with its own set of characters called the Pakpak script. This study discusses the Pakpak script characteristics and writing materials, and provides a compiled description of the Pakpak community in the past based on written sources. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of the Pakpak script and provide a historical description of the ethnic group based on written sources. This study uses the exploratory inductive reasoning model. Results show that the Pakpak and Batak scripts share similar …