Digital Commons Network^™

The Importance Of Multimodal Play And Storytelling In Medtech For Children: A Case Study Of Co-Designing A Mixed Realities Play Kit To Prepare 4 To 10-Year-Olds For An Mri Scan, D Yamada-Rice, S Love, J Thompson, S Thompson, H Mcquillian

School of Art, Design and Architecture

This article examines the research and development of a mixed realities play-kit to prepare children for an MRI scan to be undertaken without the need for a General Anaesthetic. The kit uses three different types of play; augmented, virtual reality and physical to help children become familiar with the look of an MRI scanner, the noises it makes, the role of the radiographer, what to expect when they go to hospital and to practise staying still. We reflect on the initial multimodal research methods that were used to bring children into the first stages of the design and development process. …

Modelling And Evaluation Of Driving Simulator For Driving Education In Malaysia, Y-Q Cheng, Sarina Mansor, J-J Chin, Md Mushfiqur Rahman, Karim H Abdul, Kw Ban

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

Driving simulator has been widely used as one of driver training tools because it provides a safe environment which does not expose drivers to hazards. However, Malaysia has yet to adopt the driving simulator in the driving course. In this paper, a cost effective and modular driving simulator prototype integrated is designed and developed based on the Malaysian Ministry of Transport’s Standardised License Test. Seven modules which correspond to five practical syllabus circuit tracks and two on-the-road theories are created using a real time development tool named “Unity” and integrated with some off-the-shelf hardware namely a steering wheel, gear shifter …

Factors Associated With Persistent Postsurgical Pain After Total Knee Or Hip Joint Replacement: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Arunangshu Ghoshal, Shivam Bhanvadia, Som Singh, Lauren Yaeger, Simon Haroutounian

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Studies have identified demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and perioperative variables associated with persistent pain after a variety of surgeries. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with persistent pain after total knee replacement (TKR) and total hip replacement (THR) surgeries. To meet the inclusion criteria, studies were required to assess variables before or at the time of surgery, include a persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) outcome measure at least 2 months after a TKR or THR surgery, and include a statistical analysis of the effect of the risk factor(s) on the outcome measure. Outcomes from studies …

Air Quality And Mental Health: Evidence, Challenges And Future Directions, Kamaldeep Bhui, Joanne B. Newbury, Rachel M. Latham, Marcella Ucci, Zaheer A. Nasir, Briony Turner, Catherine O'Leary, Helen L. Fisher, Emma Marczylo, Philippa Douglas, Stephen Stansfeld, Simon K. Jackson, Sean Tyrrel, Andrey Rzhetsky, Rob Kinnersley, Prashant Kumar, Caroline Duchaine, Frederic Coulon

School of Biomedical Sciences

Background Poor air quality is associated with poor health. Little attention is given to the complex array of environmental exposures and air pollutants that affect mental health during the life course. Aims We gather interdisciplinary expertise and knowledge across the air pollution and mental health fields. We seek to propose future research priorities and how to address them. Method Through a rapid narrative review, we summarise the key scientific findings, knowledge gaps and methodological challenges. Results There is emerging evidence of associations between poor air quality, both indoors and outdoors, and poor mental health more generally, as well as specific …

Preconception Care For People With Health Conditions: What Approaches Work, For Whom, And In What Circumstances? A Realist Review, Heather Hopper, Kerryn Husk, Kate Maslin, Bridie Kent, Amanda Wanner, Jill Shawe

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Preconception care for people with chronic health conditions is recommended in view of the implications for them and their offspring during pregnancy and beyond. This realist review of published and grey literature explored factors that explain why people seek or receive appropriate preconception counseling and why they engage in recommended health behavior change prior to pregnancy. Fifty-two studies contributed to phase one synthesis, and 38 studies provided explanations in phase two. Ten program theories were developed, explored, and refined through iterative discussion and coding. Causal explanations of the ways in which components of preconception care contribute to effective access to …

Incorporating Usability Evaluation Into Iterative Development Of An Online Platform To Support Research Participation In Parkinson’S Disease: A Mixed Methods Protocol, Rebecca Chapman, Marie Louise Zeissler, Edward Meinert, Stephen Mullin, S Whipps, J Whipps, K Hockey, P Hockey, Camille B. Carroll

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Abstract Introduction Many people with Parkinson’s (PwP) are not given the opportunity or do not have adequate access to participate in clinical research. To address this, we have codeveloped with users an online platform that connects PwP to clinical studies in their local area. It enables site staff to communicate with potential participants and aims to increase the participation of the Parkinson’s community in research. This protocol outlines the mixed methods study protocol for the usability testing of the platform. Methods and analysis We will seek user input to finalise the platform’s design, which will then be deployed in a …

Nutritional Practices And Dietetic Provision In The Endometriosis Population, With A Focus On Functional Gut Symptoms, Komal Deepak Kumar, Bridie Appleby-Gunnill, Kate Maslin

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Background: Endometriosis is a common condition causing chronic pain, fatigue and gut symptoms. Research suggests that dietary changes may improve symptoms; however, evidence is lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional practices and needs of individuals with endometriosis (IWE) and the management of endometriosis by dietitians in the UK, focusing on gut symptoms. Methods: Two online questionnaires were distributed via social media: a survey of dietitians working with IWE and functional gut symptoms and a survey of IWE. Results: All respondents to the dietitian survey (n = 21) used the low fermentable oligosaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) …

Unravelling And Understanding Local Perceptions Of Water Quality In The Santa Basin, Peru, Sally Rangecroft, Dextre R Maria, Isabel Richter, Bueno Cv Grados, Claire Kelly, Cecilia Turin, Beatriz Fuentealba, Hernandez M Camacho, Sergio Morera, John Martin, Adam Guy, Caroline Clason

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Water quality is an integral part of water security. Measuring the physico-chemical indicators for water quality can provide an objective picture of water health, but it does not provide information on lived experiences related to water quality, expectations of water resources, nor how the quality of water affects its usage. Perceptual information and traditional ecological knowledge on water quality can help to understand interactions between water and people, and thereby support locally appropriate sustainable water resource strategies. Accordingly, our project sought to collect and synthesise insights from local perspectives on water quality in the upper Santa River basin, Peru, a …

Informing Youth-Centred Opioid Agonist Treatment: Findings From A Retrospective Chart Review Of Youths’ Characteristics And Patterns Of Opioid Agonist Treatment Engagement In A Novel Integrated Youth Services Program, Kelly Mcinerney, Kristen Marchand, Jennifer Buckley, Chloe Gao, Andrew Kestler, Steve Mathias, Aubree Argyle, Skye Barbic

Nursing Faculty Scholarship

Aim: Youth ages 12–24 account for approximately 20% of overdoses and yet are poorly reached by opioid agonist treatment (OAT), the most widely recommended treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). This study contributes to understanding this critical gap by describing youths' patterns of OAT engagement at a novel integrated youth-specific OAT program. Methods: A retrospective chart review was carried out on electronic medical records of n = 23 youth with OUD accessing a community-based integrated youth services (IYS) centre. Data abstraction focused on four domains: sociodemographic, social determinants of health, patterns of OAT engagement, and other services utilized. Results: Youths' …

Jason N. Houle And Fenaba R. Addo. A Dream Defaulted: The Student Loan Crisis Among Black Borrowers. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard Education Press, 2022. 208p. Paper, $39 Isbn: 978-1-68253-756-5, Kyra Hahn, Heather James

Foley Library Scholarship

To discuss student loan debt and racial injustice may seem to be disparate conversations, yet these two crises in our society are so ubiquitous that they feel like the water we swim in. We all feel the water is noxious and poisoning us. In A Dream Defaulted: The Student Loan Crisis among Black Borrowers, Houle and Addo patiently and thoroughly connect the quantitative data with the lived experiences of nearly fifty individuals who are both student loan borrowers and Black in order to show “that student debt is a new mechanism by which racial, social, and economic inequalities are …

Clinical Deterioration As A Nurse Sensitive Indicator In The Out-Of-Hospital Context: A Scoping Review, Kylie Mccullough, Melanie Baker, Dianne Bloxsome, Carol Crevacore, Hugh Davies, Gemma Doleman, Michelle Gray, Nilufeur Mckay, Peter Palamara, Gina Richards, Rosemary Saunders, Amanda Towell-Barnard, Linda L. Coventry

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aims: To explore and summarise the literature on the concept of ‘clinical deterioration’ as a nurse-sensitive indicator of quality of care in the out-of-hospital context. Design: The scoping review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review and the JBI best practice guidelines for scoping reviews. Methods: Studies focusing on clinical deterioration, errors of omission, nurse sensitive indicators and the quality of nursing and midwifery care for all categories of registered, enrolled, or licensed practice nurses and midwives in the out-of-hospital context were included regardless of methodology. Text and opinion papers were also …

Treating Psychological Depression Utilising Artificial Intelligence: Ai For Precision Medicine- Focus On Procedures, Marwa M. Eid, Wang Yundong, George Benneh Mensah, Pramila Pudasaini

Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Depression is a common and complex mental health condition that affects millions of people in the world. Medical advice, medications, and constant medical supervision by a specialist are common components of traditional treatment methods. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence to improve the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of depression. The potential of artificial intelligence algorithms has been demonstrated in the development of chatbots, or virtual agents, that can provide treatment, assistance, and support to individuals with depression. These artificial intelligence (AI) systems can simulate therapy sessions, offer strategies, monitor progress in treatment phases, …

Category Versus Labeled Magnitude Scale Measures Of Immediate Conscious Leisure Experiences: Engagement, Immersion, And Absorption, Gary D. Ellis, Patti A. Freeman, Brian J. Hill, Jingxian Jiang

Faculty Publications

We developed and validated single-item category (CAT) and labeled magnitude (LM) scales of three recalled immediate conscious leisure experiences: engagement, immersion, and absorption. These minimally invasive scales are suitable for use in experiments, surveys, and evaluations in the travel and leisure industries. The CAT scales followed a familiar Likert-type format, while the LM scales involved calibration by 169 judges using two modalities (drawing lines of differing lengths and providing numeric magnitude judgments) to establish empirically determined ratio-scaled distances among seven modifiers (not at all, slightly, somewhat, quite, very, greatly, and extremely). We collected 3,821 experience observations from 621 visitors to …

A Randomized Trial Of Behavioral Nudges Delivered Through Text Messages To Increase Influenza Vaccination Among Patients With An Upcoming Primary Care Visit, Mitesh S. Patel, Katherin L. Milkman, Linnea Gandhi, Heather N. Graci, Dena Gromet, Brigitte C. Madrian

Faculty Publications

Purpose: To evaluate if nudges delivered by text message prior to an upcoming primary care visit can increase influenza vaccination rates.

Design: Randomized, controlled trial.

Setting: Two health systems in the Northeastern US between September 2020 and March 2021.

Subjects: 74,811 adults.

Interventions: Patients in the 19 intervention arms received 1-2 text messages in the 3 days preceding their appointment that varied in their format, interactivity, and content.

Measures: Influenza vaccination.

Analysis: Intention-to-treat.

Results: Participants had a mean (SD) age of 50.7 (16.2) years; 55.8% (41,771) were female, 70.6% (52,826) were White, and 19.0% (14,222) were Black. Among the interventions, …

Automatic Enrollment With A 12 Percent Default Contribution Rate, Josh Beshears, Ruofei Guo, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, James J. Choi

Faculty Publications

We study a retirement savings plan with a default contribution rate of 12 percent of income, which is much higher than previously studied defaults. Twenty-five percent of employees had not opted out of this default 12 months after hire; a literature review finds that the corresponding fraction in plans with lower defaults is approximately one-half. Because only contributions above 12 percent were matched by the employer, 12 percent was likely to be a suboptimal contribution rate for employees. Employees who remained at the 12 percent default contribution rate had average income that was approximately one-third lower than would be predicted …

Autonomy Versus Support: Self-Reliance And Help-Seeking For Mental Health Problems In Young People, Amelia Ishikawa, Debra Rickwood, Emily Bariola, Navjot Bhullar

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose:

Many young people with mental ill-health do not seek support, and developmental growth in self-reliance may be a barrier to help-seeking. Increasing autonomy is a positive developmental task for youth and a key aspect of resilience. This study examined the influence of perceived social support and resilience on the previously unexamined relationship between self-reliance and intentions to seek help from informal, professional, and self-help sources for mental health problems.

Methods:

An online survey was completed by a representative Australian community sample of 5,203 young people aged 12–25 years (half female), in May–June 2020.

Results:

Path analysis showed the hypothesised …

Green Human Resource Management And Employee Innovative Behaviour: Does Inclusive Leadership Play A Role?, Azadeh Shafaei, Mehran Nejati

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between green human resource management (green HRM) and employee innovative behaviour. It also investigates the mediating role of job satisfaction to explore the mechanism through which green HRM is related to employee innovative behaviour. Additionally, it examines the moderating role of inclusive leadership to determine the boundary condition of the relationship between green HRM and employee innovative behaviour. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a quantitative research approach using survey and collected 508 responses from full-time employees in Australia. Findings: The authors have found support for all the hypothesised relationships in the study. Specifically, green HRM …

Are We Essential, Or Sacrificial? The Effects Of Felt Public Gratitude On Essential Worker Recovery Activities During Covid-19, Hee Young Kim, Sijun Kim, Taeya M. Howell, Sarah P. Doyle, Nathan C. Pettit, Michael Bizzarro

Faculty Publications

COVID-19 has been characterized by unprecedented levels of public gratitude to some, but not all, essential workers. In this research, we integrate insights from the stigmatized occupations and gratitude literature to build theory on the positive and negative relationships between such displays of public gratitude and essential workers’ recovery activities. We argue that felt public gratitude positively relates to adaptive recovery activities (e.g., exercise) and negatively relates to maladaptive recovery activities (e.g., overdrinking). We further explain how felt public gratitude impacts (mal)adaptive recovery activities through (a) felt invisibility and (b) negative/positive affect. We find support for our predictions in a …

The Benefits To Bone Health In Children And Pre-School Children With Additional Exercise Interventions: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Callum Mccaskie, Aris Siafarikas, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie, Vanessa Sutton, Paola Chivers, Nicolas H. Hart, Myles C. Murphy

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: Determine if exercise interventions, beyond what is already provided to children and preschool children, improve bone health and reduce fracture incidence. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis reported using the PRISMA guidelines. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE recommendations. Data sources: Five electronic databases were searched for records: PUBMED; CINAHL; CENTRAL; SPORTDiscus; Web of Science. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Randomised, quasi-randomised and non-randomised controlled trials (including cluster-randomised) assessing the impact of additional exercise interventions (e.g., increased physical education classes or specific jumping programs) on bone health in children (6 – 12 years) and pre-school children (2 – 5 …

Authentic Leadership And Psychological Well-Being Of Nurses: A Mediated Moderation Model, Stephen Teo, Andrei Lux, David Pick

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aims. This study investigates how authentic leadership influences the psychological well-being of Australian nurses. We examined whether authentic leadership could reduce the prevalence of workplace incivility and tested whether shared values and person-organization (P-O) fit could moderate the relationship between workplace incivility and psychological well-being (PWB). A mediated moderation model underpinned by social learning theory was developed to test the influence of authentic leadership on PWB.

Design. We adopted a descriptive correlational research design to test the hypothesized model with a cross-sectional sample of Australian nurses using an online survey. Data were collected across two-waves separated by a …

Perceptions And Experiences Of Career Success Among Aspiring And Early Career Accountants And The Role Of Organisational Support, Denise Jackson, Julia Richardson, Grant Michelson, Rahat Munir

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Positive perceptions of career success are critical among accounting professionals, given their connection with performance, turnover and organisational commitment. Drawing on career stage theory, this study explores the perceptions and experiences of career success among 475 aspiring (Accounting/Finance students), 305 early career accountants (ECAs) and 165 managers/recruiters in Australia. Findings reflected both objective and subjective dimensions of career success alongside notable differences between aspiring accountants and ECAs, highlighting shifting views across the career stages of exploration and establishment. While ECAs were largely positive about their access to career success, managers/recruiters identified ways to create further opportunities for ECAs' career success.

Human Or Ai? Using Digital Behavior To Verify Essay Authorship, David W. Wilson, Parker Burnett, Joseph S. Valacich, Jeffrey L. Jenkins

Faculty Publications

Large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's GPT-4 have transformed natural language processing with their ability to understand context and generate human-like text. This has led to considerable debate, especially in the education sector, where LLMs can enhance learning but also pose challenges to academic integrity. Detecting AIgenerated content (AIGC) is difficult, as existing methods struggle to keep pace with advancements in generation technology. This research proposes a novel approach to AIGC detection in short essays, using digital behavior capture and follow-up questioning to verify text authorship. We executed a controlled experiment as an initial evaluation to test the prototype …

Climate Change Risk Perception And Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Moderating Role Of Environmental Values And Psychological Contract Breach, Badar Latif, James Gaskin, Nuwan Gunarathne, Robert Sroufe, Arshian Sharif, Abdul Hanan

Faculty Publications

Purpose – Debates regarding climate change risk perception (CCRP), particularly its scale and impact on social and environmental sustainability, have continued for decades. CCRP is experiencing a renaissance with an increased focus on environmentally relevant behaviors to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, CCRP lacks investigation from the employee perspective. Supported by the social exchange and value–belief–norm theories, this study aims to address the impact of employees’ CCRP on their proenvironmental behavior (PEB) via the moderating roles of environmental values and psychological contract breach.

Design/methodology/approach – The nonprobability convenience sampling technique was used to collect survey data froma sample …

Student Engagement In The Hyflex And Online Classrooms: Lessons From The Covid‑19 Pandemic, Karoly Bozan, James Gaskin, Claire Stoner

Faculty Publications

Student engagement is determined by the degree to which students perceive that their psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met as prescribed. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its sudden and dramatic shift to mandatory HyFlex (alternating online and face-to-face student attendance) or online learning only, meant less or no faceto- face interactions with peers and faculty, which had an impact on student motivation and engagement in the classroom, as reflected in the National Survey of Student Engagement. This new educational landscape will likely remain in effect to a certain extent, and, thus, there is a need for a deeper …

The Impact Of Weibo Features On User’S Information Comprehension: The Mediating Role Of Cognitive Load, Ying Xu, Jia-Qiong Xie, Fu-Xing Wang, Rebecca L. Monk, James Gaskin, Jin-Liang Wang

Faculty Publications

Social media, such as Microblogs, have become an important source for people to obtain information. However, we know little about how this would influence our comprehension over online information. Based on the cognitive load theory, this research explores whether and how two important features of Weibo, which are the feedback function and information fragmentation, would increase cognitive load and may in turn hinder users’ information comprehension in Weibo. A 2 (feedback or non-feedback) × 2 (strong-interference or weak-interference information) between-participants experimental design was conducted. Our results revealed that the Weibo feedback function and interference information exerted a negative impact over …

How Certain Robot Attributes Influence Human-To-Robot Social And Emotional Bonds, James Gaskin, P. Thomas Fife, Warren Rosengren

Faculty Publications

A growing population of humans are feeling lonely and isolated and may therefore benefit from social and emotional companionship. However, other humans cannot always be available to fulfill these needs, and such in-need individuals often cannot care for pets. Therefore, we explore how robot companions may be designed to facilitate bonds with humans. Our preliminary examination of 115 participants in a scenario based quasi-experimental study suggests that humans are more likely to develop social and emotional bonds with robots when those robots are good at communicating and conveying emotions. However, robots’ anthropomorphic attributes and responsiveness to external cues were found …

Typing Fast Versus Typing Slow: Using Typing Dynamics To Reveal Authentic And Imposter Users, David Kim, Joseph S. Valacich, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Manasvi Kumar

Faculty Publications

Real-time assessment of users' cognitive states has practical importance, allowing organizations to infer user behaviors. Realizing its importance, prior studies – specifically those using mouse cursor movements – have applied various theories to answer a similar question, i.e., how does a high cognitive load influence the users' device usage behavior? While numerous activities can increase cognitive load, we argue that the mechanisms behind how humans process information can more holistically be explained using Dual Process Theory (DPT) (i.e., when cognitive load is either low or high) and can be applied under a broad range of usage contexts. Using a within-participant …

Leukocyte Surface Biomarkers Implicate Deficits Of Innate Immunity In Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease, Xin Huang, Yihan Li, Christopher Fowler, James D. Doecke, Yen Ying Lim, Candace Drysdale, Vicky Zhang, Keunha Park, Brett Trounson, Kelly Pertile, Rebecca Rumble, John W. Pickering, Robert A. Rissman, Floyd Sarsoza, Sara Abdel-Latif, Yong Lin, Vincent Doré, Victor Villemagne, Christopher C. Rowe, Jurgen Fripp, Ralph Martins, James S. Wiley, Paul Maruff, Jacobo E. Mintzer, Colin L. Masters, Ben J. Gu

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction:

Blood-based diagnostics and prognostics in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) are important for identifying at-risk individuals for therapeutic interventions.

Methods:

In three stages, a total of 34 leukocyte antigens were examined by flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Data were analyzed by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.

Results:

We identified leukocyte markers differentially expressed in the patients with AD. Pathway analysis revealed a complex network involving upregulation of complement inhibition and downregulation of cargo receptor activity and Aβ clearance. A proposed panel including four leukocyte markers – CD11c, CD59, CD91, and CD163 – predicts patients’ PET Aβ status with an …

Plasma Aβ42/40 Ratio, P-Tau181, Gfap, And Nfl Across The Alzheimer's Disease Continuum: A Cross-Sectional And Longitudinal Study In The Aibl Cohort, Pratishtha Chatterjee, Steve Pedrini, James D. Doecke, Rohith Thota, Victor L. Villemagne, Vincent Doré, Abhay K. Singh, Penghao Wang, Stephanie Rainey-Smith, Christopher Fowler, Kevin Taddei, Hamid R. Sohrabi, Mark P. Molloy, David Ames, Paul Maruff, Christopher C. Rowe, Colin L. Masters, Ralph N. Martins, Aibl Research Group

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction:

Plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, phosphorylated-tau181 (p-tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NfL) are putative blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, head-to-head cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of the aforementioned biomarkers across the AD continuum are lacking.

Methods:

Plasma Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, p-tau181, GFAP, and NfL were measured utilizing the Single Molecule Array (Simoa) platform and compared cross-sectionally across the AD continuum, wherein Aβ-PET (positron emission tomography)–negative cognitively unimpaired (CU Aβ−, n = 81) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI Aβ−, n = 26) participants were compared with Aβ-PET–positive participants across the AD continuum (CU Aβ+, n = …

Kids, Courts And Canines: An Evaluation Of The Justice Facility Dog Pilot Program In Perth's Children's Court, Suzanne Rock, Natalie Gately

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The Justice Facility Dog Pilot Program (JFDPP) was introduced to Perth Children's Court, Western Australia in September 2021 to improve the wellbeing of victims, witnesses and other Court users attending the Court for criminal or child protection matters.

As requested by the Office for the Commissioner of Victims of Crime, the program was evaluated by independent researchers from Edith Cowan University. The project was funded by ECU and Partial funding was sought and granted by the Western Australian Office of Crime Statistics and Research Criminal Justice Grant scheme to facilitate the evaluation (See Appendix J).

Short surveys were conducted at …