Digital Commons Network^™

Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion Training, Carmen Mclamb

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Achieving peripheral venous access in patients is one of the first steps in most treatment protocols. Delays or even failures to obtain peripheral venous access can delay lifesaving treatments, prolong hospital stays, and affect patient outcomes. Peripheral venous access can be difficult due to chronic disease processes, scarring of valves from frequent cannulation, limitation due to dialysis fistulas, or due to acute conditions such as hypovolemia and hypotension. Studies have found the use of ultrasound-guided techniques can achieve peripheral venous access quickly and prevent the need for more aggressive procedures (Skulec et al., 2020). However, there is a gap between …

Enhancing Emotional Intelligence In Prelicensure Nursing Students, Aimee G. Motley

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Nursing programs are intended to prepare nursing students to become competent nurses, that can make decisions to promote positive patient outcomes. However, studies suggest that as students transition into clinical practice, they are still lacking decision-making skills. Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been suggested to improve communication skills, problem-solving, and resilience. The purpose of this project was to enhance the emotional intelligence of Baccalaureate prelicensure nursing students. The PICOT statement was: Can formal EI training combined with interactive EI training, influence EI awareness, knowledge, and skills of baccalaureate nursing students as evidenced by scoring 77% or higher on an EI posttest …

Self-Advocacy Training To Support Self-Confidence In Transition To Practice, Debora Shingleton Allder

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: The crisis in the competency of newly licensed graduate nurses continues to grow despite the efforts of nursing academia. Transition to practice programs has improved new graduate attrition and narrowed the gap of practice readiness, but much of the responsibility to train graduate nurses falls on nurse preceptors. Many of these preceptors have minimal nursing experience and little to no training in fostering clinical judgment. Furthermore, nurse preceptors must balance providing care for their clients while also guiding novice nurses. They often do not have the time to provide the emotional support, real-time reflection, and timely feedback required to …

Effectual Text Classification In Data Mining: A Practical Approach, Israa Ezzat, Alaa Wagih Abdulqader, Atheel Sabih Shaker

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

Text classification is the process of setting records into classes that have already been set up based on what they say. It automatically puts texts in natural languages into categories that have already been set up. Text classification is the most crucial part of text retrieval systems, which find texts based on what the user requests, and text understanding systems, which change the text in some way, like by making summaries, answering questions, or pulling out data. Existing algorithms that use supervised learning to classify text automatically need enough examples to learn well. The algorithms for data mining are used …

Active Learning With Bayesian Cnn Using The Bald Method For Hyperspectral Image Classification, Mahmood Siddeeq Qadir, Gokhan Bi̇lgi̇n

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

Deep learning DL techniques have recently been used to examine the classification of remote sensing data like  hyperspectral images HSI. However, DL models are difficult to obtain since they rely largely on a large number of labeled training data. Therefore, a current challenge in the field of HSI classification is how to effectively incorporate DL models in constrained labeled data. The Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks BCNN method is robust against overfitting on small datasets. One of the key methods for automating data selection is active learning AL, which has gained popularity in recent decades. By choosing the most informative samples, …

The Data-Driven Future Of Healthcare: A Review, Muhammad Miftahul Amri, Saad Abbas Abed

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

The future of disease detection, treatment, and prevention may very well lie in data-driven healthcare. Here, we take stock of where things stand and highlight certain emerging issues and long-standing difficulties. We looked at all the research that has been published on the topic of data-driven healthcare decision-making. Our research shows that the use of data in healthcare has already improved patient care and results. However, there are substantial obstacles that must be overcome, such as the need to more effectively integrate data from multiple sources, as well as issues with data quality, privacy, and security. Furthermore, healthcare data use …

Portable Smart Emergency System Using Internet Of Things (Iot), Batool Jamal, Muneera Alsaedi, Parag Parandkar

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

The portable smart emergency system is a pre-test tool, implemented using a set of modern devices and technologies to monitor the patient's health. This tool has capability to send reports of the patient to the doctor treating the patient as well as to the relatives, close friends of the patient in real time. Health parameters of the patient viz. heart rate, blood oxygen and temperature are monitored using electronic devices viz. WEMOS D1, MAX30100, DS18B20, SIM808 on the LCD screen and stored using the MySQL database. PHP script is used to connect MySQ database for easy tracking and analysis of …

From Machine Learning To Artificial General Intelligence: A Roadmap And Implications, Omar Ibrahim Obaid

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

The prospect of developing artificial general intelligence (AGI) with the same comprehensive capabilities as the human mind presents humanity both tremendous opportunities and dire risks. This paper explores the potential applications and implications of AGI across diverse domains including science, healthcare, education, security, and the economy. However, realizing AGI's benefits requires proactive alignment of its goals and values with those of humanity through responsible governance. As AGI approaches and possibly surpasses human-level intellectual abilities, we must grapple with complex ethical issues surrounding autonomy, consciousness, and disruptive societal impacts. The exact timeline for achieving AGI remains uncertain, but its emergence will …

Tennessee Farm Bureau News - January 2023, Tennessee Farm Bureau Federation

Tennessee Farm Bureau News

No abstract provided.

Climate Changes Through Data Science: Understanding And Mitigating Environmental Crisis, Ahmed Hussein Ali, Rahul Thakkar

Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data

Climate change represents an urgent environmental crisis with far-reaching risks to ecosystems and human communities worldwide. Rapid development of mitigation strategies and solutions is imperative but relies profoundly on advancements in detection, attribution, and prediction derived from climate data analytics. This paper examines the growing role of data science in not only quantifying anthropogenic climate change but also informing impact assessment and targeted intervention across climate-sensitive sectors. First, we survey established and emerging techniques for climate characterization, including machine learning applications on Earth systems data. Next, we discuss how sophisticated climate models alongside statistical analysis of multi-domain datasets—from migration patterns …

Powerful, Scalable And Resource-Efficient Meta-Analysis Of Rare Variant Associations In Large Whole Genome Sequencing Studies, Xihao Li, Corbin Quick, Hufeng Zhou, Sheila M. Gaynor, John Blangero, Joanne E. Curran, Ravindranath Duggirala, Harald H. H. Goring, Michael Mahaney, Juan M. Peralta

School of Medicine Publications

Meta-analysis of whole genome sequencing/whole exome sequencing (WGS/WES) studies provides an attractive solution to the problem of collecting large sample sizes for discovering rare variants associated with complex phenotypes. Existing rare variant meta-analysis approaches are not scalable to biobank-scale WGS data. Here we present MetaSTAAR, a powerful and resource-efficient rare variant meta-analysis framework for large-scale WGS/WES studies. MetaSTAAR accounts for relatedness and population structure, can analyze both quantitative and dichotomous traits and boosts the power of rare variant tests by incorporating multiple variant functional annotations. Through meta-analysis of four lipid traits in 30,138 ancestrally diverse samples from 14 studies of …

Serotonin Regulation Of Behavior Via Large-Scale Neuromodulation Of Serotonin Receptor Networks, Piergiorgio Salvan, Madalena Fonseca, Anderson M. Winkler, Antoine Beauchamp, Jason P. Lerch, Heidi Johansen-Berg

School of Medicine Publications

Although we understand how serotonin receptors function at the single-cell level, what role different serotonin receptors play in regulating brain-wide activity and, in turn, human behavior, remains unknown. Here, we developed transcriptomic–neuroimaging mapping to characterize brain-wide functional signatures associated with specific serotonin receptors: serotonin receptor networks (SRNs). Probing SRNs with optogenetics–functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pharmacology in mice, we show that activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons differentially modulates the amplitude and functional connectivity of different SRNs, showing that receptors’ spatial distributions can confer specificity not only at the local, but also at the brain-wide, network level. In humans, …

Synchronous Gastrointestinal Metastatic Large Cell Neuroendocrine Tumor And Metastatic Colon Adenocarcinoma: Case Report, Hari Movva, Giri Movva, Christian Pena, Vijian Dhevan

School of Medicine Publications

This article reports a case involving a synchronous silent metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma and metastatic large cell neuroendocrine tumor of the cecum and ascending colon. The patient presented with left sided abdominal pain and hematochezia with a noncontributory family, social, and medical history. This case presents a rare pathology not only due to the low incidence of synchronous gastrointestinal malignancies, but due to the unusual silent patient presentation.

Estrés Postraumático Y Covid-19 En América Latina: Un Llamado A La Acción/Posttraumatic Stress And Covid-19 In Latin American: A Call To Action, Alfonso Mercado, Andy Torres, Amanda Palomin, Frances Morales, Cecilia Colunga-Rodríguez, Mario Angel Gonzalez, Luis E. Sarabia-López, Gabriel Davalos-Picazo, Diemen Delgado-García, Daniel Duclos

Psychological Science Faculty Publications

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the mental wellbeing of the entire globe. However, Latin American countries’ systemic and environmental challenges hindered the ability of many nations in the region to serve the mental health needs of its habitants. Compared to other mental health symptoms, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms (PTSS) were particularly higher among this geographical region. Nonetheless, there is scarcity of research identifying the unique symptom profile of PTSS. Given that the typology of PTSS is multidimensional and appears to be contingent on the type of stressor, this study (as part of larger international study) aimed to identify differences in PTSS …

Learning A Healthy Rhythm: An Intervention To Increase Children’S Resources For Stress Management, Kristin Haglund, Amanda L. King, Abir K. Bekhet, Mauricio Garnier-Villarreal, Karen Olson, Rashs Atshan, Angela Ortiz, Johanna De Los Santos, Ruth Ann Belknap

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

This article describes a pilot test of a community engaged, culturally relevant, arts-based intervention. The purpose was to increase children’s personal protective buffering resources. Protective buffering resources help children cope with stressful stimuli, reduce activation of their systemic stress response, mitigate allostatic load, and promote optimal health. The “Learning a Healthy Rhythm” intervention included a stress management component and an ongoing Afro-Latino percussion program for 18 children ages 9–11. The stress management component included educational content about stress, self-assessment of stress symptoms, and stress management techniques. A mixed-method intervention evaluation design was used. Qualitative data, quantitative data, and biometrics including …

A Randomized Implementation Trial To Increase Adoption Of Evidence-Informed Consent Practices, Erin D Solomon, Jessica Mozersky, Melody Goodman, Meredith V Parsons, Kari A Baldwin, Annie B Friedrich, Jenine K Harris, James M Dubois

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Several evidence-informed consent practices (ECPs) have been shown to improve informed consent in clinical trials but are not routinely used. These include optimizing consent formatting, using plain language, using validated instruments to assess understanding, and involving legally authorized representatives when appropriate. We hypothesized that participants receiving an implementation science toolkit and a social media push would have increased adoption of ECPs and other outcomes.

METHODS: We conducted a 1-year trial with clinical research professionals in the USA (

RESULTS: Participants who engaged more with the toolkit were more likely to have tried to implement an ECP during the trial …

Predictors Of Nonadherence Among Patients With Infectious Complications Of Substance Use Who Are Discharged On Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy, Shivakumar Narayanan, Patrick R Ching, Edward C Traver, Nivya George, Anthony Amoroso, Shyam Kottilil

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: The management of invasive infections related to substance use disorder (SUD) needing parenteral antimicrobial therapy is challenging and may have poor treatment outcomes including nonadherence and lack of completion of parenteral antimicrobial therapy.

METHODS: In this retrospective cohort of 201 patients with invasive infections related to SUD, we looked at frequency and determinants of unfavorable outcomes including nonadherence.

RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent of patients with SUD-related infection completed parenteral antibiotic therapy in skilled nursing facilities. A total of 21.5% of patient episodes had documentation of nonadherence. Nonadherence was higher in patients with active injection drug use (IDU) (28.5% versus 15% …

Design Of Effisayil™ 2: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Of Spesolimab In Preventing Flares In Patients With Generalized Pustular Psoriasis, Akimichi Morita, Siew Eng Choon, Hervé Bachelez, Milan J Anadkat, Slaheddine Marrakchi, Min Zheng, Tsen-Fang Tsai, Hamida Turki, Harry Hua, Sushmita Rajeswari, Christian Thoma, A David Burden

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare autoinflammatory skin disease characterized by flares of widespread erythema with sterile pustules, and can be relapsing with recurrent flares, or persistent with intermittent flares. Spesolimab, a humanized anti-interleukin-36 (IL-36) receptor monoclonal antibody, targets the key IL-36 pathogenetic pathway in GPP. A previous study showed that spesolimab treatment led to rapid pustular and skin clearance in patients with GPP flares, which was sustained for up to 12 weeks. This study investigates the long-term effects of spesolimab on GPP flares, for which no specific treatments are currently available. The Effisayil™ 2 study will assess …

Healthcare-Associated Infections (Hais) During The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic: A Time-Series Analysis, John M Sahrmann, Katelin B Nickel, Dustin Stwalley, Erik R Dubberke, Patrick G Lyons, Andrew P Michelson, Kathleen M Mcmullen, Sumanth Gandra, Margaret A Olsen, Jennie H Kwon, Jason P Burnham

2020-Current year OA Pubs

OBJECTIVE: To use interrupted time-series analyses to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We hypothesized that the pandemic would be associated with higher rates of HAIs after adjustment for confounders.

DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study of HAIs in 3 hospitals in Missouri from January 1, 2017, through August 31, 2020, using interrupted time-series analysis with 2 counterfactual scenarios.

SETTING: The study was conducted at 1 large quaternary-care referral hospital and 2 community hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS: All adults ≥18 years of age hospitalized at a study hospital for ≥48 hours were included in …

Autologous T Cell Therapy For Mage-A4+ Solid Cancers In Hla-A*02+ Patients: A Phase 1 Trial, David S Hong, Brian A Van Tine, Armin Ghobadi, Amanda Cashen, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Affinity-optimized T cell receptors can enhance the potency of adoptive T cell therapy. Afamitresgene autoleucel (afami-cel) is a human leukocyte antigen-restricted autologous T cell therapy targeting melanoma-associated antigen A4 (MAGE-A4), a cancer/testis antigen expressed at varying levels in multiple solid tumors. We conducted a multicenter, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial in patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic solid tumors expressing MAGE-A4, including synovial sarcoma (SS), ovarian cancer and head and neck cancer ( NCT03132922 ). The primary endpoint was safety, and the secondary efficacy endpoints included overall response rate (ORR) and duration of response. All patients (N = 38, nine tumor types) experienced …

A Single-Molecule Method For Measuring Fluorophore Labeling Yields For The Study Of Membrane Protein Oligomerization In Membranes, Melanie Ernst, Tugba N. Ozturk, Janice L. Robertson

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Membrane proteins are often observed as higher-order oligomers, and in some cases in multiple stoichiometric forms, raising the question of whether dynamic oligomerization can be linked to modulation of function. To better understand this potential regulatory mechanism, there is an ongoing effort to quantify equilibrium reactions of membrane protein oligomerization directly in membranes. Single-molecule photobleaching analysis is particularly useful for this as it provides a binary readout of fluorophores attached to protein subunits at dilute conditions. However, any quantification of stoichiometry also critically requires knowing the probability that a subunit is fluorescently labeled. Since labeling uncertainty is often unavoidable, we …

The Mutational Landscape In Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia And Its Impact On Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Outcomes: A Center For Blood And Marrow Transplantation Research (Cibmtr) Analysis, Matthew Mei, Ravi Vij, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Somatic mutations are recognized as an important prognostic factor in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). However, limited data are available regarding their impact on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In this registry analysis conducted in collaboration with the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Registry database/sample repository, we identified 313 adult patients with CMML (median age: 64 years, range, 28- 77) who underwent allogeneic HCT during 2001-2017 and had an available biospecimen in the form of a peripheral blood sample obtained prior to the start of conditioning. In multivariate analysis, a CMML-specific prognostic scoring system (CPSS) score of …

Factors Associated With Persistent Postsurgical Pain After Total Knee Or Hip Joint Replacement: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Arunangshu Ghoshal, Shivam Bhanvadia, Som Singh, Lauren Yaeger, Simon Haroutounian

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Studies have identified demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and perioperative variables associated with persistent pain after a variety of surgeries. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with persistent pain after total knee replacement (TKR) and total hip replacement (THR) surgeries. To meet the inclusion criteria, studies were required to assess variables before or at the time of surgery, include a persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) outcome measure at least 2 months after a TKR or THR surgery, and include a statistical analysis of the effect of the risk factor(s) on the outcome measure. Outcomes from studies …

Higher Dose Oral Fluconazole For The Treatment Of Aids-Related Cryptococcal Meningitis (Hiflac)--Report Of A5225, A Multicentre, Phase I/Ii, Two-Stage, Dose-Finding, Safety, Tolerability And Efficacy Randomised, Amphotericin B-Controlled Trial Of The Aids Clinical Trials Group, Umesh G. Lalloo, David B. Clifford, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: The WHO recommended 1200mg/day of fluconazole (FCZ) in the induction phase of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) in HIV prior to 2018 in regions where amphotericin-B (AMB) was unavailable. A 2-stage AMB-controlled, dose-escalation study to determine the maximum tolerated dose and the safety/efficacy of an induction-consolidation strategy of higher doses FCZ (1200mg-2000mg/day), adjusted for weight and renal function (eGFR)in adults with CM was undertaken.

METHODS: In Stage-1, three induction doses of FCZ (1200mg/day, 1600mg/day and 2000mg/day) were tested in sequential cohortsand compared with AMB in a 3:1 ratio. A particular dose was not tested in Stage 2 if there were significant …

Imputation Of Missing Values For Cochlear Implant Candidate Audiometric Data And Potential Applications, Cole Pavelchek, Andrew P. Michelson, Amit Walia, Amanda Ortmann, Jacques Herzog, Craig A. Buchman, Matthew A. Shew

2020-Current year OA Pubs

OBJECTIVE: Assess the real-world performance of popular imputation algorithms on cochlear implant (CI) candidate audiometric data.

METHODS: 7,451 audiograms from patients undergoing CI candidacy evaluation were pooled from 32 institutions with complete case analysis yielding 1,304 audiograms. Imputation model performance was assessed with nested cross-validation on randomly generated sparse datasets with various amounts of missing data, distributions of sparsity, and dataset sizes. A threshold for safe imputation was defined as root mean square error (RMSE) <10dB. Models included univariate imputation, interpolation, multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE), k-nearest neighbors, gradient boosted trees, and neural networks.

RESULTS: Greater quantities of missing data were associated with worse performance. Sparsity in audiometric data is not uniformly distributed, as inter-octave frequencies are less commonly …

The Circular Rna Landscape In Multiple Sclerosis: Disease-Specific Associated Variants And Exon Methylation Shape Circular Rna Expression Profile, Giulia Cardamone, Elvezia Maria Paraboschi, Giulia Soldà, Giuseppe Liberatore, Valeria Rimoldi, Javier Cibella, Federica Airi, Veronica Tisato, Claudia Cantoni, Francesca Gallia, Donato Gemmati, Laura Piccio, Stefano Duga, Eduardo Nobile-Orazio, Rosanna Asselta

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs increasingly emerging as crucial actors in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including autoimmune and neurological disorders as multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite several efforts, the mechanisms regulating circRNAs expression are still largely unknown and the circRNA profile and regulation in MS-relevant cell models has not been completely investigated. In this work, we aimed at exploring the global landscape of circRNA expression in MS patients, also evaluating a possible correlation with their genetic and epigenetic background.

METHODS: We performed RNA-seq experiments on circRNA-enriched samples, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of …

Oral Low-Dose Naltrexone In The Treatment Of Grontal Fibrosing Alopecia And Lichen Planopilaris: An Uncontrolled Open-Label Prospective Study, Remi K. Hamel, Ling Chen, Cailin O'Connell, Caroline Mann

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Background Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) and lichen planopilaris (LPP) is scarring alopecias with limited evidence supporting their treatment options. We investigated the use of low-dose naltrexone (3 mg oral daily) as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of FFA and LPP. Methods A single-center, uncontrolled open-label prospective study was performed, with 26 patients who took low-dose naltrexone for one year included in the per-protocol analysis. Both patient-reported (pruritus and burning/pain) and physician-assessed (erythema, scale, and scalp involvement) outcomes were analyzed. Results There were decreases in erythema and scale for the overall longitudinal outcomes using linear mixed effects model analysis. However, only …

Online Health Information For Penile Prosthesis Implants Lacks Quality And Is Unreadable To The Average Us Patient, Benjamin Plambeck, Jinfeng Jiang, Jesus Perez, Brittany E. Wordekemper, David Fu, Alexandra Colvin, Christopher M. Deibert

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Online health information (OHI) has become widely accessible and affects patient decisions regarding their healthcare. The purpose of this study was to assess the readability, quality, and accuracy of information available to patients online about penile prosthesis implants (PPIs).

METHODS: We performed a Google search using the keywords "penile implant" and "penile prosthesis." The first 30 search results for both terms were analyzed, and advertisements, news articles, duplicates, and videos were excluded. Websites were categorized as institutional, commercial, and personal/patient support. Readability of each website was determined using the Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL) readability formula within the readable tool. …

Sex-Related Differences In Premature Cardiovascular Disease In Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Anandita Agarwala, Elena Deych, Laney K Jones, Amy C Sturm, Karen Aspry, Zahid Ahmad, Christie M Ballantyne, Anne C Goldberg

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with an increased prevalence of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), however, little is known about sex-specific differences in premature ASCVD and its risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: The present study seeks to assess the burden and risk factors for premature ASCVD among men and women with FH.

METHODS: In this study we retrospectively examined sex-specific differences in ASCVD prevalence, risk factor burdens, and lipid treatment outcomes in 782 individuals with clinically or genetically confirmed FH treated in 5 U.S. lipid and genetics clinics. A generalized linear model using Binomial distribution with random study site effect and …

The Neurotoxin Dsp-4 Dysregulates The Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System And Recapitulates Molecular And Behavioral Aspects Of Prodromal Neurodegenerative Disease, Alexa F. Iannitelli, Michael A. Kelberman, Daniel J. Lustberg, Anu Korukonda, Katharine E. Mccann, Bernard Mulvey, Arielle Segal, L Cameron Liles, Steven A. Sloan, Joseph D. Dougherty, David Weinshenker

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is among the earliest sites of tau and α-synuclein pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively. The onset of these pathologies coincides with loss of noradrenergic fibers in LC target regions and the emergence of prodromal symptoms including sleep disturbances and anxiety. Paradoxically, these prodromal symptoms are indicative of a noradrenergic hyperactivity phenotype, rather than the predicted loss of norepinephrine (NE) transmission following LC damage, suggesting the engagement of complex compensatory mechanisms. Because current therapeutic efforts are targeting early disease, interest in the LC has grown, and it is critical to identify …