Digital Commons Network^™

Obesity: Understanding And Achieving A Healthy Weight, George A. Bray, Catherine M. Champagne

Population and Public Health Science Faculty Publications

Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, stigmatized disease process that is increasing in prevalence, affecting both adults and children. It is the result of a small positive energy imbalance from too much food or too little activity. These underlying causes are influenced by many environmental factors. The food we eat is more than “calories,” and focusing on calories alone may not be as productive as focusing on patterns of eating and the role of sugar and fat in the diet. Obesity increases the risk of many diseases and shortens life span, and weight loss provides benefits in reducing health risks and …

Obesity, Body Composition, And Sex Hormones: Implications For Cardiovascular Risk, Prachi Singh, Naima Covassin, Kara Marlatt, Kishore M. Gadde, Steven B. Heymsfield

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death in adults, highlighting the need to develop novel strategies to mitigate cardiovascular risk. The advancing obesity epidemic is now threatening the gains in CVD risk reduction brought about by contemporary pharmaceu-tical and surgical interventions. There are sex differences in the development and outcomes of CVD; premenopausal women have significantly lower CVD risk than men of the same age, but women lose this advantage as they transition to menopause, an observation suggesting potential role of sex hormones in determining CVD risk. Clear differences in obesity and regional fat distribution among …

Motivating The Protection Of Others: A Theoretical Extension And Empirical Test Of Compassion Appeals, Erin B. Hester

Theses and Dissertations--Communication

The term “wicked problems” is used to describe a constellation of social issues that are deeply entangled (Rittel & Webber, 1973). Although these social messes affect everyone in society, some people suffer more than others (Ackoff, 1974). Nevertheless, tackling wicked problems begins with recognizing our shared responsibility to ease the misfortune of others (Rittel & Webber, 1973). As such, they provide an ideal context to investigate the persuasive effectiveness of messages that encourage the protection of others (i.e., other-protection messages). Wicked problems, such as the opioid crisis and food insecurity, need strategies that compel individuals to engage in prosocial action …

Applying The Causal Network Model To Advance Care Planning Messages, Katherine Leigh Harville

Theses and Dissertations--Communication

The process of advance care planning often involves conversations that focus on worst case scenarios and discussions of end-of-life, which makes the topic a daunting one. Most of these conversations occur with older adults or individuals who are seriously ill. However, advance care planning is of importance to those who are healthy, young adults as well. Narrative messages could help simplify the process of approaching such conversations and provide tools for conducting them in a more effective manner.

The proposed study makes use of the causal network model, a model that proposes that the location of information within narratives impacts …

Modulation Of Arginase-2 Mrna Levels By Ω-3 Pufas And Aspirin In Asthmatic Human Lung Fibroblasts, Vamsee K Duggirala, Kyla Geary, Donald Hasenmayer, Farzaneh Daghigh

PCOM Scholarly Works

Airway remodeling (AR) increases disease severity, and morbidity of asthmatic patients by contributing to irreversible airflow obstruction and progressive declines in lung function. Arginase isoenzymes and the downstream enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) have been implicated in the hyperplastic and fibrotic changes of AR, respectively. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and resolvin metabolites have anti-AR effects, but whether they are mediated through the arginase pathway is unclear. Our study intended to determine the effects of the ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resolvin D1 (RvD1), TH1 cytokines, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), cAMP, …

ผลฉับพลันของการออกกำลังกายที่อุณหภูมิแตกต่างกันต่อการไหลเวียนของเลือดในโพรงจมูกและอาการในผู้ป่วยโรคจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้, กันต์ภัสสร เกิดแก้ว

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาผลฉับพลันของการออกกำลังกายที่อุณหภูมิแตกต่างกันต่อการไหลเวียนของเลือดในโพรงจมูก และอาการในผู้ป่วยโรคจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้ โดยกลุ่มตัวอย่างเป็นผู้ป่วยโรคจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้ อายุ 18 - 35 ปี จำนวน 15 คน เพศชาย 10 คน เพศหญิง 5 คน ได้รับการสุ่มในรูปแบบไขว้ในการออกกำลังกายแบบแอโรบิกความหนักระดับปานกลาง 60 นาที ในอุณหภูมิที่ 25 องศาเซลเซียส และ 34 องศาเซลเซียส ทำการทดสอบตัวแปรด้านการไหลเวียนของเลือดในโพรงจมูก ตัวแปรด้านอาการ ตัวแปรด้านระบบหายใจและไหลเวียนโลหิต นำมาวิเคราะห์ผลทางสถิติ โดยหาค่าเฉลี่ยส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานเพื่อเปรียบเทียบก่อนและหลังทดลองในแต่ละกลุ่ม ด้วยการทดสอบค่าความแปรปรวนสองทางเมื่อมีการวัดซ้ำ (Two-way repeated measures ANOVA) และเปรียบเทียบค่าเฉลี่ยตัวแปรก่อนการทดลองและหลังทดลองของแต่ละกลุ่มการทดลองโดยใช้วิธีของวิคอลซัน (Wilcoxon Sigh-Rank test) ที่ระดับความีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ 0.05 และเปรียบเทียบความแตกต่างรายคู่โดยใช้วิธีของเฟรนต์แมน (Friedman Method) ที่ระดับความีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ 0.05 ผลการวิจัยพบว่า ค่าเฉลี่ยการไหลเวียนของเลือดในโพรงจมูกและอาการของโรคจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้มีค่าลดลง และมีค่าเฉลี่ยปริมาตรการไหลผ่านของอากาศสูงสุดในโพรงจมูก อัตราการเต้นของหัวใจ ความดันโลหิตขณะหัวใจบีบตัว และค่าแรงดันอากาศสูงสุดขณะหายใจออกเพิ่มขึ้นแตกต่างกับก่อนการออกกำลังกาย ทั้งในการออกกำลังกายที่อุณหภูมิที่ 25 และ 34 องศาเซลเซียส อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 เมื่อเปรียบเทียบระหว่างอุณหภูมิพบว่า การออกกำลังกายที่อุณหภูมิ 25 องศาเซลเซียส พบการลดลงของค่าเฉลี่ยการไหลของเลือดในโพรงจมูก อาการคัดจมูก และอาการจาม แตกต่างกับ 34 องศาเซลเซียส นอกจากนั้น การออกกำลังกายที่อุณหภูมิ 34 องศาเซลเซียส พบการเพิ่มขึ้นของอัตราการเต้นของหัวใจ และสมรรถภาพปอด แตกต่างกับ 25 องศาเซลเซียส อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ 0.05 สรุปได้ว่า การออกกำลังกายที่อุณหภูมิแตกต่างกัน มีผลต่อการลดลงของการไหลของเลือดในโพรงจมูกและอาการในผู้ป่วยโรคจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้ โดยทั้งในการออกกำลังกายที่ 25 และ 34 องศาเซลเซียสสามารถช่วยลดอาการของโรคจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้และส่งผลดีต่อระบบไหลเวียนโลหิตและหายใจได้

Impact Report, 2021-2022, Lsu Libraries

Libraries Impact Reports

No abstract provided.

Lsu General Catalog 2022-2023, Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College

LSU General Catalog

The LSU General Catalog describes all undergraduate and graduate departments and programs with degree requirements and courses offered for each one. The LSU General Catalog includes information on registration and financial aid as well as academic services offered to all students.

Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2022, Lsu Agcenter

Louisiana Agriculture

Louisiana’s agricultural and natural resources continue to be under attack from a wide variety of invasive species. Some are new to the state, while others have been here for a long time. This issue of Louisiana Agriculture highlights the broad range of research activities being conducted by LSU AgCenter scientists to understand how invasive species survive and thrive and to identify effective means of controlling or limiting their damage in the state.

Regenerative Agriculture Effects On Invertebrate And Bird Communities And Insect-Provided Ecosystem Services, Alex Michels

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Conventional agricultural practices can have unintended consequences on the environment and wildlife. Insects and birds are declining at rapid rates around the world, and the current conventional agricultural paradigm is a major driver through habitat loss and the intensification of production. Invertebrates in agroecosystems provide services to both farmers and the rest of society. Regenerative systems may promote the functioning of an agroecosystem by influencing invertebrate abundance, diversity, and ecosystem services and mitigate bird and insect declines through conservation practices that increase soil health, reduce disturbances, and increase biological diversity. Here I address knowledge gaps of the effects of regenerative …

Response Of Soil Biochemical And Physical Properties To Long Term Prairie Cordgrass And Kura Clover Intercropping System, Vaishnavi Varikuti

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) (PCG) is a warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a biofuel feedstock and can be grown on marginal lands. Previous studies on intercropping of a perennial legume i.e., kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) (KC) with PCG can improve soil biochemical properties, increase biomass production, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while reducing the chemical fertilizer requirement. However, there is a lack of evidence about the effects of PCG production on soil biochemical and physical properties during the cropping season and at deeper soil depths in reference to support plant growth, environmental implications and enhance the soil …

Effect Of Finishing System And Animal Age On Carcass Traits And Nutritional Profile Of Bison Bulls, Clay Newton

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The objectives of this thesis project were to 1) evaluate the influence of grain- and grass-finishing systems on carcass characteristics, proximate composition, nutritional profile, and fatty acid composition of bison bull meat, and 2) evaluate the influence of animal age on carcass characteristics of bison bulls. For objective 1, bison bulls were allowed to graze native range in north-central Nebraska until approximately 26 mo of age, when they were randomly assigned to either grain-finishing (n = 98; in an open lot with ad libitum access to prairie hay, alfalfa hay and corn for 95 d prior to slaughter) or grass-finishing …

Influence Of Market Type And Time Of Purchase On Bacterial Counts And Salmonella And Listeria Prevalence In Whole Chickens In Vietnam, April K. Englishbey, Anuraj T. Sukumaran, Phuong T. T. Vu, Yen T. Thuc, Man V. V. Le, Dzung H. Nguyen, Paul R. Broadway, Lacey M. Guillen, Mindy M. Brashears, Janet R. Donaldson, M. Wes Schilling, Chelsie B. Dahlgren, Brian J. Rude, Mark A. Crenshaw, Thu T. N. Dinh

Faculty Publications

The objective of the current study was to determine the influence of market type and sampling time on Salmonella and Listeria prevalence and bacterial counts of 180 whole chicken carcasses collected from 6 supermarkets (SM), 6 indoor markets (IM), and 6 open markets (OM) in Vietnam, at opening (T0) and 4 h after the opening (T4). Salmonella and Listeria prevalence was at least 25.6% and 42.7%, respectively. Whole birds in IM had greater Salmonella prevalence than birds from both SM and OM by 28.4% and 23.0% (P = 0.006 and 0.022, respectively). Listeria prevalence was lower in whole chickens from …

Improving Student Attendance: An Action Planning Workbook, Gwen Murray, Rochelle Picardo, Jada Thomas-Smith, Judith F. Rhodes

Reports

Improving Student Attendance is an action planning workbook to address chronic absenteeism and the needs of students and families through school implementation of multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS). This workbook was developed by researchers at the LSU Social Research and Evaluation Center in conjunction with the Louisiana Department of Education's Attendance Alliance Initiative. The workbook serves as an instructional guide to design and implement an effective plan to improve K-12 school attendance. Section 1 shows how to build a school team and define the need; Section 2 shows how to foster community and nurture collaboration, and Section 3 guides the …

An Estrogen-Sensitive Hypothalamus-Midbrain Neural Circuit Controls Thermogenesis And Physical Activity, Hui Ye, Bing Feng, Chunmei Wang, Kenji Saito, Yongjie Yang, Lucas Ibrahimi, Sarah Schaul, Nirali Patel, Leslie Saenz, Pei Luo, Penghua Lai, Valeria Torres, Maya Kota, Devin Dixit, Xing Cai, Na Qu, Ilirjana Hyseni, Kaifan Yu, Yuwei Jiang, Qingchun Tong, Zheng Sun, Benjamin R. Arenkiel, Yanlin He, Pingwen Xu, Yong Xu

Division of Basic Science Faculty Publications

Estrogen receptor–α (ERα) expressed by neurons in the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (ERαvlVMH) regulates body weight in females, but the downstream neural circuits mediating this biology remain largely unknown. Here we identified a neural circuit mediating the metabolic effects of ERαvlVMH neurons. We found that selective activation of ERαvlVMH neurons stimulated brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, physical activity, and core temperature and that ERαvlVMH neurons provide monosynaptic glutamatergic inputs to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Notably, the ERαvlVMH → DRN circuit responds to changes in ambient temperature and nutritional states. We further showed …

Dietary Considerations For Postmenopausal Women, Kara L. Marlatt, Linda A. Gilmore, Emily W. Flanagan, Leanne M. Redman

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Midlife women commonly experience changes in cardiometabolic, physical, and psychosocial health because of menopause. Importantly, these health changes can negatively affect the overall quality of life. Specifically, women experience changes in metabolism and weight gain (particularly abdominal fat), bothersome vasomotor symptoms (i.e., hot flashes and night sweats), sleep disturbances, mood swings, and reduced bone health. Women may also experience social isolation, loneliness, and changes in gastrointestinal health, which can further reduce their quality of life. In this chapter, we summarize these important health changes and discuss various dietary and lifestyle considerations that healthcare professionals can employ to help their patients …

Body Composition And Cardiometabolic Health Across The Menopause Transition, Kara L. Marlatt, Dori R. Pitynski-Miller, Kathleen M. Gavin, Kerrie L. Moreau, Edward L. Melanson, Nanette Santoro, Wendy M. Kohrt

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Every year, 2 million women reach menopause in the United States, and they may spend 40% or more of their life in a postmenopausal state. In the years immediately preceding menopause—known as the menopause transition (or perimenopause)—changes in hormones and body composition increase a woman’s overall cardiometabolic risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the changes in weight, body composition, and body fat distribution, as well as the changes in energy intake, energy expenditure, and other cardiometabolic risk factors (lipid profile, glucose metabolism, sleep health, and vascular function), that occur during the menopause transition. We also discuss the benefits of …

The Complicated Relationship Between Dieting, Dietary Restraint, Caloric Restriction, And Eating Disorders: Is A Shift In Public Health Messaging Warranted?, Tiffany M. Stewart, Corby K. Martin, Donald A. Williamson

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

The origins of theories specifying dietary restraint as a cause of eating disorders can be traced to the 1970s. This paper will present an overview of the origins of dietary restraint theories and a brief historical review of evidence will be summarized. Recent research will be presented, including the results from the CALERIE Phase 1 study, as well as CALERIE Phase 2, which were NIH-sponsored randomized controlled trials. CALERIE 2 provided a test of the effect of two years of caloric restriction (CR) on the development of eating disorder syndromes and symptoms in comparison to a control group that did …

Association Of Night-Time Screen-Viewing With Adolescents’ Diet, Sleep, Weight Status, And Adiposity, Chelsea L. Kracht, Jordan Gracie Wilburn, Stephanie T. Broyles, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Amanda E. Staiano

Population and Public Health Science Faculty Publications

Night-time screen-viewing (SV) contributes to inadequate sleep and poor diet, and subse-quently excess weight. Adolescents may use many devices at night, which can provide additional night-time SV. Purpose: To identify night-time SV patterns, and describe differences in diet, sleep, weight status, and adiposity between patterns in a cross-sectional and longitudinal manner. Methods: Adolescents (10–16 y) reported devices they viewed at night and completed food recalls. Accelerome-try, anthropometrics, and imaging were conducted to measure sleep, weight status, and adiposity, respectively. Latent class analysis was performed to identify night-time SV clusters. Linear regression analysis was used to examine associations between clusters with …

The Vegetarian/Flexitarian Diets, Derek Miketinas, Catherine M. Champagne

Population and Public Health Science Faculty Publications

Vegetarian diets are popular for their documented health benefits, ethical considerations, cost-effectiveness, and other perceived benefits. These diets can be nutritionally superior to the typical Western diet for reducing chronic disease risk including cardiovascular disease, obesity, certain cancers, and type 2 diabetes. Although the health benefits of vegetarian diets are well documented, they are comparable to other diets that do not necessarily restrict animal products, such as the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets. Restricting entire food groups can present nutritional concerns, including potentially inadequate intakes of some micronutrients; however, the clinical manifestations of such deficiencies are …

The Mediterranean Diet: A Healthy Dietary Plan, George A. Bray, Catherine M. Champagne

Population and Public Health Science Faculty Publications

The concept of a Mediterranean diet can be attributed to Ancel Keys. His insights began the study of this dietary pattern and its many variations. Components of the Mediterranean diet have been described and compared to other high-quality diets. The health benefits from the diet have been examined in four separate categories. Central adiposity was significantly less in individuals adhering to a Mediterranean diet than those with poorer adherence scores to a Mediterranean diet. Substituting different types of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat, red meat, or carbohydrate significantly reduced body weight. The risk of developing diabetes and the …

Nutritional Status: An Overview Of Methods For Assessment, Catherine M. Champagne

Population and Public Health Science Faculty Publications

For a number of medical conditions as well as weight status, an assessment of nutritional status can provide valuable information to direct treatment efforts. In the context of the seemingly constant increase in obesity, it is more important than ever to assess these individuals in the healthcare setting. A thorough nutrition assessment will enable the healthcare professional to craft a treatment plan that includes reduction of energy intake and/or increased physical activity to encourage weight loss. Efforts to do this successfully are not without challenges in the determination of dietary intakes since there does not appear now, or perhaps ever, …

Indirect Effects Of Soldier Healthy Eating And Physical Activity On Suicidal Ideation Through Psychological Health Symptoms In Active-Duty Military, Nicolas Oakey-Frost, Benjamin Trachik, Michelle L. Ganulin, Mathew L. Lopresti, Michael N. Dretsch, Raymond P. Tucker

Faculty Publications

The suicide rate within the military continues to rise. New approaches for prevention are needed which capitalize on existing strengths, are scalable at multiple levels, and promote mental fortitude. Healthy eating (HE) and physical activity (PA) represent scalable practices and methods for promoting mental health and protective factors within the military. A cross-sectional sample of N = 1019 active-duty Soldiers completed self-report measures of HE, PA, major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms, and suicidal ideation (SI). Moderated mediation analyses using bootstrapping techniques were used to determine if HE and PA interact to relate to lower SI …

Effects Of Maternal Diabetes And Diet On Gene Expression In The Murine Placenta, Claudia Kappen, Claudia Kruger, J. Michael Salbaum

Division of Basic Science Faculty Publications

Adverse exposures during pregnancy have been shown to contribute to susceptibility for chronic diseases in offspring. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with higher risk of pregnancy complications, structural birth defects, and cardiometabolic health impairments later in life. We showed previously in a mouse model that the placenta is smaller in diabetic pregnancies, with reduced size of the junctional zone and labyrinth. In addition, cell migration is impaired, resulting in ectopic accumulation of spongiotrophoblasts within the labyrinth. The present study had the goal to identify the mechanisms underlying the growth defects and trophoblast migration abnormalities. Based upon gene expression assays …

2022 Ecei Annual Report, Lsu Early Childhood Education Institute

Early Childhood Education Institute Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

African Americans' Perceptions Of Nutrition Interventions: A Scoping Review, Matthew Greene, Bailey Houghtaling, Claire Sadeghzadeh, Molly De Marco, De'jerra Bryant, Randa Morgan, Denise Holston

Faculty Publications

Nutrition education and policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change interventions may be able to address food insecurity and obesity, conditions which are disproportionately experienced by African Americans. Work that seeks to address these disparities and advance social justice should uplift and learn from participant voices, particularly from marginalized groups. This scoping review aimed to summarize the available literature describing African Americans' perceptions of and experiences participating in nutrition interventions. We conducted an electronic literature search with the assistance of a research librarian which encompassed 6 databases (MEDLINE, PyscINFO, Agricola, ERIC, SocINDEX, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) and identified 35 sources …

Development Of A Memories Vocabulary (Memvoc) For Food Products Using Coffee As Model, Adan Cabal-Prieto, Gabriela Teodoro-Bernabé, Cecilia Coria-Rincón, Lucia Sánchez-Arellano, Lorena Guadalupe Ramón-Canul, Jesús Rodríguez-Miranda, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, José Manuel Juárez-Barrientos, José Andrés Herrera-Corredor, Emmanuel De Jesús Ramírez-Rivera

Faculty Publications

Multiple references in sensory science indicate that foods evoke memories during consumption, however, research regarding those memories is still limited. The objective of this study was to develop a vocabulary and implement it in a memories vocabulary related to food as a complement for the evaluation of sensory attributes and emotions, using coffee as a model. The memories vocabulary was generated with a series of successive studies that involved assigning positive and negative memories to different food groups and applying mathematical algorithms (WordCountAna and Factorial Approach) and contrasting memories with the scientific literature. Subsequently, the vocabulary was used to determine …

Sensory Drivers Of Consumer Acceptance, Purchase Intent And Emotions Toward Brewed Black Coffee, Ammaraporn Pinsuwan, Suntaree Suwonsichon, Penkwan Chompreeda, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul

Faculty Publications

The link between coffee aroma/flavor and elicited emotions remains underexplored. This research identified key sensory characteristics of brewed black coffee that affected acceptance, purchase intent and emotions for Thai consumers. Eight Arabica coffee samples were evaluated by eight trained descriptive panelists for intensities of 26 sensory attributes and by 100 brewed black coffee users for acceptance, purchase intent and emotions. Results showed that the samples exhibited a wide range of sensory characteristics, and large differences were mainly described by the attributes coffee identity (coffee ID), roasted, bitter taste, balance/blended and fullness. Differences also existed among the samples for overall liking, …

No Guts About It: Captivity, But Not Neophobia Phenotype, Influences The Cloacal Microbiome Of House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus), T. R. Kelly, A. E. Vinson, G. M. King, C. R. Lattin

Faculty Publications

Behavioral traits such as anxiety and depression have been linked to diversity of the gut microbiome in humans, domesticated animals, and lab-bred model species, but the extent to which this link exists in wild animals, and thus its eco- logical relevance, is poorly understood. We examined the relationship between a behavioral trait (neophobia) and the cloacal microbiome in wild house sparrows ( Passer domesticus, n = 22) to determine whether gut microbial diversity is related to per- sonality in a wild animal. We swabbed the cloaca immediately upon capture, assessed neophobia phenotypes in the lab, and then swabbed the cloaca …

Modeling The Flow And Creep Compliance Properties Of Ice-Cream Mixes, Hiran Ranaweera

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This work documented the influence of the protein source (MPC80 and WPC80), protein content (4-12%), and temperature (5-35ºC) on the rheological behavior (flow curve, frequency sweep, and creep-recovery) of ice-cream mixes (ICM). For each protein source, the viscosity of the ICM was satisfactorily modeled (𝑅2>0.98, 𝑅2 𝑎𝑑𝑗>0.98, and E0.99), while the recovery phase was represented by an empirical model. The percentage of recovery (%R) of the ICM significantly decreased with the protein content.