Digital Commons Network^™

Sex Differences In Determinants Of Covid-19 Severe Outcomes – Findings From The National Covid Cohort Collaborative (N3c), Yilin Yoshida, San Chu, Sarah Fox, Yuanhao Zu, Dragana Lovre, Joshua L. Denson, Lucio Miele, Franck Mauvais-Jarvis

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Objective: The impact of comorbidities and biomarkers on COVID-19 severity vary by sex but have not yet been verified in population-based studies. We examined the association of comorbidities, inflammatory biomarkers, and severe outcomes in men and women hospitalized for COVID-19. Design: This is a retrospective cohort analysis based on the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). We included 574,391 adult patients admitted for COVID-19 at hospitals or emergency rooms between 01/01/2020 and 12/31/2021. Methods: We defined comorbidities at or before the first admission for COVID-19 by Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and CCI components. We used the averaged lab values taken within …

Covid-19 Newsletter (Vol. 140), Center For Disaster Medicine, New York Medical College

COVID-19 Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Measurement Of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antigens In Plasma Of Pediatric Patients With Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 Or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children Using An Ultrasensitive And Quantitative Immunoassay, George B Sigal, Tanya Novak, Anu Mathew, Janet Chou, Yubo Zhang, Navaratnam Manjula, Pradeepthi Bathala, Jessica Joe, Nikhil Padmanabhan, Daniel Romero, Gabriella Allegri-Machado, Jill Joerger, Laura L Loftis, Stephanie P Schwartz, Tracie C Walker, Julie C Fitzgerald, Keiko M Tarquinio, Matt S Zinter, Jennifer E Schuster, Natasha B Halasa, Melissa L Cullimore, Aline B Maddux, Mary A Staat, Katherine Irby, Heidi R Flori, Bria M Coates, Hillary Crandall, Shira J Gertz, Adrienne G Randolph, Nira R Pollock, Overcoming Covid-19 Investigators

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

Background: Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens in blood has high sensitivity in adults with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but sensitivity in pediatric patients is unclear. Recent data suggest that persistent SARS-CoV-2 spike antigenemia may contribute to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We quantified SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) antigens in blood of pediatric patients with either acute COVID-19 or MIS-C using ultrasensitive immunoassays (Meso Scale Discovery).

Methods: Plasma was collected from inpatients (< 21 years) enrolled across 15 hospitals in 15 US states. Acute COVID-19 patients (n = 36) had a range of disease severity and positive nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR within 24 hours of blood collection. Patients with MIS-C (n = 53) met CDC criteria and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR or serology). Controls were patients pre-COVID-19 (n = 67) or within 24 hours of negative RT-PCR (n = 43).

Results: Specificities of N and S assays were 95-97% and 100%, respectively. In acute COVID-19 patients, N/S plasma assays …

The Temporal Impulse Response Function In Infantile Nystagmus, Gal Avital, Felicia Kuperwaser, Andrew W Pountain, Keenan A Lacey, Erin E Zwack, Magdalena Podkowik, Bo Shopsin, Victor J Torres, Itai Yanai

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Innate immune recognition of bacterial pathogens is a key determinant of the ensuing systemic response, and host or pathogen heterogeneity in this early interaction can impact the course of infection. To gain insight into host response heterogeneity, we investigate macrophage inflammatory dynamics using primary human macrophages infected with Group B Streptococcus. Transcriptomic analysis reveals discrete cellular states within responding macrophages, one of which consists of four sub-states, reflecting inflammatory activation. Infection with six additional bacterial species—Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella enterica—recapitulates these states, though at …

Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving Enhances Psychosocial Stress And Vice Versa In Chronic Cocaine Users, Ann-Kathrin Kexel, Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon, Markus R Baumgartner, Etna J E Engeli, Monika Visentini, Clemens Kirschbaum, Erich Seifritz, Beate Ditzen, Leila M Soravia, Boris B Quednow

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Stress and craving, it has been found, contribute to the development and maintenance of and relapse in cocaine use disorder. Chronic cocaine users (CU), previous research has shown, display altered physiological responses to psychosocial stress and increased vegetative responding to substance-related cues. However, how psychosocial stress and cue-induced craving interact in relation to the CU's physiological responses remains largely unknown. We thus investigated the interaction between acute psychosocial stress and cocaine-cue-related reactivity in 47 CU and 38 controls. In a crossed and balanced design, the participants were randomly exposed to a video-based cocaine-cue paradigm and the Trier Social Stress Test …

“Khi Mô Về?” (When Will You Go Home?) Evocative Autoethnography On Death, Impermanence, And Time-Space Extension, Kien Nguyen-Trung

The Qualitative Report

This article is motivated by my personal wish to pay tribute to my beloved grandfather, who passed away during the COVID-19 pandemic while I was stranded in Australia. Relying on an evocative autoethnography of a grandson, a father, a PhD candidate and graduate, and a researcher, and in reference to the concepts of place-making theories such as time-space expansion, I tried to embrace my experience of grief and loss as well as to make sense of my feelings of distance, impermanence, and death during this chaotic period. The story I will tell below chronicles my emotional and spiritual journey from …

Genomic Data Mining Reveals Abundant Uncharacterized Transporters In Coccidioides Immitis And Coccidioides Posadasii, Hong Cai, Hao Zhang, Daniel H. Guo, Yufeng Wang, Jianying Gu

Publications and Research

Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley Fever. The increasing Valley Fever cases in the past decades, the expansion of endemic regions, and the rising azole drug-resistant strains have underscored an urgent need for a better understanding of Coccidioides biology and new antifungal strategies. Transporters play essential roles in pathogen survival, growth, infection, and adaptation, and are considered as potential drug targets. However, the composition and roles of transport machinery in Coccidioides remain largely unknown. In this study, genomic data mining revealed an abundant, uncharacterized repertoire of transporters in Coccidioides genomes. The catalog …

Analysis Of Functionality Of Statistical Data In Geovisualization Of Population Dynamics, L Gulyamova, M Sh Shafkarova, D N. Rakhmonov

Technical science and innovation

The article deals with the analysis of population density with the help of geo information programs, the process of visualization of the integration of statistical and geographical data, the structure of the technological sequence. One of the methods for describing the relative productivity of land data is considered. Geo information systems can support the decision-making process in the design and selection phase with limited capabilities, and these systems provide a very static modeling environment. This limits their scope as a decision support tool, especially at stages where collaborative problem solving decisions are required.

Blood Culture Utilization Practices Among Febrile And/Or Hypothermic Inpatients, Kap Sum Foong, Satish Munigala, Stephanie Kern-Allely, David K Warren

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Predictors associated with the decision of blood culture ordering among hospitalized patients with abnormal body temperature are still underexplored, particularly non-clinical factors. In this study, we evaluated the factors affecting blood culture ordering in febrile and hypothermic inpatients.

METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 15,788 adult inpatients with fever (≥ 38.3℃) or hypothermia (< 36.0℃) from January 2016 to December 2017. We evaluated the proportion of febrile and hypothermic episodes with an associated blood culture performed within 24h. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to determine independent predictors associated with blood culture ordering among febrile and hypothermic inpatients.

RESULTS: We identified 21,383 abnormal body temperature episodes among 15,788 inpatients (13,093 febrile and 8,290 hypothermic episodes). Blood cultures were performed in 36.7% (7,850/ 21,383) of these episodes. Predictors for blood culture ordering among inpatients with abnormal body temperature included fever ≥ 39℃ (adjusted …

Zoonosis At The Huanan Seafood Market: A Critique, Daoyu Zhang, Gilles Demaneuf, Adrian Jones, Steven Massey, Steven Quay, Yuri Deigin, Louis R. Nemzer

Chemistry and Physics Faculty Proceedings, Presentations, Speeches, Lectures

Since the Hunan Seafood Market (HSM) in Wuhan, China was first suggested as the source of the COVID-19 pandemic in late January 2020, debate has continued over the evidence supporting this claim. Here, we assess the evidence provided in support of zoonotic spillover at the HSM as the origin of human infection of SARS-CoV-2. We find that the datasets and analyses put forward in support of zoonosis are biased, and lack sufficient verifiable data to support this hypothesis. The earliest COVID-19 case at the HSM was not at or near a wildlife stall, the distribution of cases at the HSM …

Analysis Of Psychological Symptoms Resulting From The Covid-19 Pandemic, R. M. Abdelrahman, A. F. Alsharif, N. R. Alsalhi

Information Sciences Letters

The present study aimed to investigate the level of severity of some psychological symptoms resulting from the Coronavirus pandemic, among a sample of Ajman University students in the United Arab Emirates, and to verify the differences between students’ demographic variables. The study used the descriptive-analytical approach and a modified DASS-21 scale, by adding the two scales of phobia and mental distraction to the tool. The reliability of the tool was verified for use on the sample in the current study. The most prominent results indicated that the highest psychological symptoms resulting from the Coronavirus pandemic were phobia (1.53 ± 0.98) …

Multidirectional Relationships Between Stock Markets And Non-Macroeconomic Variables, Ali Matar

Information Sciences Letters

This study investigates the multidirectional relationship between the stock market and macroeconomic variables in relation to non-economic variables. During the period 1988-2019, annual time series data from the World Bank and ASE was used. To test the integration of the tested variables, the VAR and VECM techniques are used. The finding shows that the stock market index and the macroeconomic variables under study have a long-term equilibrium relationship. The non-economic variables show that the GFC had a negative impact on the stock market index, as well as a major impact of the Gulf War in 1991, September 11, 2001, Iraqi …

Factors Related To Performance Problems Of Distance Education Among Primary School Pupils Under Covid-19 And Confrontation Mechanisms (A Field Study), B. K. Alenzi

Information Sciences Letters

The present research paper aims to identify the factors related to performance problems of distance education among primary school pupils under COVID-19 and their confrontation mechanisms. It adopted the descriptive analytical method and applied a questionnaire to collect data. The population of the search covered all primary school teachers numbered (13364) in (487) primary public schools in Riyadh, whereas the sample included (695) teachers in public schools in Riyadh. The results showed that the high effect size of the problems-related social factors scored (4.18), the high effect size of the problems-related economic factors scored (4.09), the high effect size of …

Investigation Of Consumer Intention Toward Online Shopping During Covid-19 Pandemic, A. M. Murad, A. A. Irsheid, M. A. Najdawi, L. A. Anaya

Information Sciences Letters

This study aims to explore the factors affecting the consumer intention toward online shopping during the Covid-19 pandemic, by examining 8 factors, the Perceived Lack of Alternatives, Perceived External Pressure, and Perceived Controlled Behavior on consumer Intention, and Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Risk and Subjective Norm on consumer intention with a mediating effect of consumer Attitude. Online questionnaire had been built to evaluate all variables in the conceptual model, and snowball sampling technique had been applied. A total of 817 participants has responded to the questionnaire, all from Jordan with a mix of different educational backgrounds, ages, …

Obstacles To E-Volunteering In The Fields Of Professional Practice Of Social Work In The Saudi Community: A Field Study, Nawal Aleiban

Information Sciences Letters

The present research aimed to identify the major obstacles to E-volunteering in the fields of social work practice in the Saudi community and the most appropriate fields of E-volunteering as well as highlight the role of social workers in overcoming these obstacles. To achieve the research objectives, the author adopted the descriptive analytical research design and a questionnaire was adopted as a tool. The research sample deliberately comprised the social workers serving in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The author also adopted the appropriate statistical methods using (SPSS). The results showed obstacles to E-volunteering in the fields of social work practice in …

Home Quarantine And Its Socio-Economic Impact On The Jordanian Society During Covid-19, D. Al-Malahmeh, A. Khasawneh, L. Akroush, S. Shweihat

Information Sciences Letters

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused immense suffering in several aspects of human life worldwide. The present study investigates the potential social and economic impacts of Covid-19 on Jordanian society during home quarantine. An online survey was distributed electronically to a sample of (1115) members of the Jordanian society. In the forty-questions, we attempted to examine the impact of the quarantine on the people on the socio-economic level using a 5- point Likert scale. The paper came out with the following findings. First, the members of the Jordanian society are affected more economically than socially; however, Jordanian women are found to …

The Impacts Of Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic On Family Relations Among Saudi Family Members, Jehan Lardhi

Information Sciences Letters

The current research aimed at investigating the psychological, social and economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on family relations from parents’ viewpoints. In addition, it aimed at presenting proposed strategies to reduce the negative impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on family relations. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical research design. The research instruments included a questionnaire designed to verify the most significant psychological, social and economic impacts, and the most effective proposed strategies. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of parents of some Saudi families. Results showed that there was a high percentage of …

Dissection Of A Sensorimotor Circuit Underlying Pathogen Aversion In C Elegans, Adam Filipowicz, Jonathan Lalsiamthara, Alejandro Aballay

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Altering animal behavior to reduce pathogen exposure is a key line of defense against pathogen attack. In Caenorhabditis elegans, alterations in intestinal physiology caused by pathogen colonization and sensation of microbial metabolites may lead to activation of pathogen aversive behaviors ranging from aversive reflexes to learned avoidance. However, the neural circuitry between chemosensory neurons that sense pathogenic bacterial cues and the motor neurons responsible for avoidance-associated locomotion remains unknown.

RESULTS: Using C. elegans, we found that backward locomotion was a component of learned pathogen avoidance, as animals pre-exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Enterococcus faecalis showed reflexive aversion to drops …

Spatial Profiling Of The Prostate Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Reveals Multiple Differences In Gene Expression And Correlation With Recurrence Risk, Vinay Kumar, Pavneet Randhawa, Robert Bilodeau, Dan Mercola, Michael Mcclelland, Anshu Agrawal, James Nguyen, Patricia Castro, Michael M Ittmann, Farah Rahmatpanah

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in both the development and progression of prostate cancer. Furthermore, identifying protein and gene expression differences between different regions is valuable for treatment development. We applied Digital Spatial Profiling multiplex analysis to formalin-fixed paraffin embedded prostatectomy tissue blocks to investigate protein and transcriptome differences between tumor, tumor-adjacent stroma (TAS), CD45+ tumor, and CD45+ TAS tissue. Differential expression of an immunology/oncology protein panel (n = 58) was measured. OX40L and CTLA4 were expressed at higher levels while 22 other proteins, including CD11c, were expressed at lower levels (FDR < 0.2 and p-value < 0.05) in TAS as compared to tumor epithelia. A tissue microarray analysis of 97 patients with 1547 cores found positive correlations between high expression of CD11c and increased time to recurrence in tumor and TAS, and inverse relationships for CTLA4 and OX40L, where higher expression in tumor correlated with lower time to recurrence, but higher time to recurrence in TAS. Spatial transcriptomic analysis using a Cancer Transcriptome Atlas panel (n = 1825 genes) identified 162 genes downregulated and 69 upregulated in TAS versus tumor, 26 downregulated and 6 upregulated in CD45+ TAS versus CD45+ tumor. We utilized CIBERSORTx to estimate the relative immune cell fractions using CD45+ gene expression and found higher average fractions for memory B, naïve B, and T cells in TAS. In summary, the combination of protein expression differences, immune cell fractions, and correlations of protein expression with time to recurrence suggest that closely examining the tumor microenvironment provides valuable data that can improve prognostication and treatment techniques.

Integrating A Patient Decision Aid Into The Electronic Health Record: A Case Report On The Implementation Of Breastchoice At 2 Sites, Clara N Lee, Janessa Sullivan, Randi Foraker, Terence M Myckatyn, Margaret A Olsen, Crystal Phommasathit, Jessica Boateng, Katelyn L Parrish, Milisa Rizer, Tim Huerta, Mary C Politi

2020-Current year OA Pubs

UNLABELLED: Patient decision aids can support shared decision making and improve decision quality. However, decision aids are not widely used in clinical practice due to multiple barriers. Integrating patient decision aids into the electronic health record (EHR) can increase their use by making them more clinically relevant, personalized, and actionable. In this article, we describe the procedures and considerations for integrating a patient decision aid into the EHR, based on the example of BREASTChoice, a decision aid for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. BREASTChoice's unique features include 1) personalized risk prediction using clinical data from the EHR, 2) clinician- and patient-facing …

Mathematical Modelling Of The Co-Dynamics Of Iiiicit Drug Use And Terrorism, John O. Akanni, David A. Adediipo, Olakunle O. Kehinde, Olusola W. Ayanrinola

Information Sciences Letters

In recent years, illicit drug use and an act of terrorism has led to deaths of many people in different countries. This paper used mathematical modelling approach to studied the dynamics of illicit drug use and terrorism in a population. A model was developed and the basic properties of it were studied; the equilibrium points were obtained. Next generation method was used to calculate Illicit drug use and terrorism threshold (R0). Global stability of illicit drug use and terrorism-present equilibrium point was shown to be asymptotically stable analytically; this was achieved by construction of suitable Lyapunov function. The model exhibits …

Mathematical Modelling Of The Co-Dynamics Of Iiiicit Drug Use And Terrorism, John O. Akanni, David A. Adediipo, Olakunle O. Kehinde, Olusola W. Ayanrinola

Information Sciences Letters

In recent years, illicit drug use and an act of terrorism has led to deaths of many people in different countries. This paper used mathematical modelling approach to studied the dynamics of illicit drug use and terrorism in a population. A model was developed and the basic properties of it were studied; the equilibrium points were obtained. Next generation method was used to calculate Illicit drug use and terrorism threshold (R0). Global stability of illicit drug use and terrorism-present equilibrium point was shown to be asymptotically stable analytically; this was achieved by construction of suitable Lyapunov function. The model exhibits …

Feasibility Of National Health Insurance For Saudi Healthcare Services: Qualitative Study, Sharifah Ezat Wan Puteh, Azimatun Noor Aizuddin, Abdulaziz Abdullah Al Salem

Information Sciences Letters

In this paper, we determine the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the NHI system. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabias (KSA) health-care system is funded by oil earnings and is free at the point of delivery. Because of rising expenditures and rising oil market volatility, this system is being increasingly stressed. Based on face-to-face interviews, the goal of this work is to examine qualitatively the advantages, challenges, and variables related to the implementation of the National Health Insurance (NHI) system in Saudi Arabia. Interviews were performed to gather qualitative data on the advantages, challenges, and issues connected with the implementation of …

A Comparative Study Of Social Life Style In Infected And Uninfected Youth With Covid-19, Amel Mohamed Beichi, Sakina Mhamed Tchalabi, Najeh Rajeh Alsalhi

Information Sciences Letters

This study aims to compare the quality of social life among university youth with and without COVID-19. The study sample consisted of (114) young people divided into two groups: (57) infected and (57) non-infected with Covid 19 during the period between: (1-6 to 1-7-2021) at the Constantine 2 University. The study used the comparative method for its appropriateness to the nature of the study. The measure of the quality of social life for university youth during the emerging pandemic designed by researchers was used. The study’s results indicated a difference in the dimensions order of the social life dimensions among …

Mathematical Modelling Of The Co-Dynamics Of Iiiicit Drug Use And Terrorism, John O. Akanni, David A. Adediipo, Olakunle O. Kehinde, Olusola W. Ayanrinola

Information Sciences Letters

In recent years, illicit drug use and an act of terrorism has led to deaths of many people in different countries. This paper used mathematical modelling approach to studied the dynamics of illicit drug use and terrorism in a population. A model was developed and the basic properties of it were studied; the equilibrium points were obtained. Next generation method was used to calculate Illicit drug use and terrorism threshold (R0). Global stability of illicit drug use and terrorism-present equilibrium point was shown to be asymptotically stable analytically; this was achieved by construction of suitable Lyapunov function. The model exhibits …

Mathematical Modelling Of The Co-Dynamics Of Iiiicit Drug Use And Terrorism, John O. Akanni, David A. Adediipo, Olakunle O. Kehinde, Olusola W. Ayanrinola

Information Sciences Letters

In recent years, illicit drug use and an act of terrorism has led to deaths of many people in different countries. This paper used mathematical modelling approach to studied the dynamics of illicit drug use and terrorism in a population. A model was developed and the basic properties of it were studied; the equilibrium points were obtained. Next generation method was used to calculate Illicit drug use and terrorism threshold (R0). Global stability of illicit drug use and terrorism-present equilibrium point was shown to be asymptotically stable analytically; this was achieved by construction of suitable Lyapunov function. The model exhibits …

Feasibility Of National Health Insurance For Saudi Healthcare Services: Qualitative Study, Sharifah Ezat Wan Puteh, Azimatun Noor Aizuddin, Abdulaziz Abdullah Al Salem

Information Sciences Letters

In this paper, we determine the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the NHI system. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabias (KSA) health-care system is funded by oil earnings and is free at the point of delivery. Because of rising expenditures and rising oil market volatility, this system is being increasingly stressed. Based on face-to-face interviews, the goal of this work is to examine qualitatively the advantages, challenges, and variables related to the implementation of the National Health Insurance (NHI) system in Saudi Arabia. Interviews were performed to gather qualitative data on the advantages, challenges, and issues connected with the implementation of …

A Comparative Study Of Social Life Style In Infected And Uninfected Youth With Covid-19, Amel Mohamed Beichi, Sakina Mhamed Tchalabi, Najeh Rajeh Alsalhi

Information Sciences Letters

This study aims to compare the quality of social life among university youth with and without COVID-19. The study sample consisted of (114) young people divided into two groups: (57) infected and (57) non-infected with Covid 19 during the period between: (1-6 to 1-7-2021) at the Constantine 2 University. The study used the comparative method for its appropriateness to the nature of the study. The measure of the quality of social life for university youth during the emerging pandemic designed by researchers was used. The study’s results indicated a difference in the dimensions order of the social life dimensions among …

Preliminary Incidence And Trends Of Infections Caused By Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016-2021, Jennifer P. Collins, Hazel J. Shah, Daniel Lowell Weller, Logan Ray, Kirk Smith, Suzanne Mcguire, Rosalie T. Trevejo, Rachel H. Jervis, Duc J. Vugia, Tamara Rissman, Katie N. Garman, Sarah Lathrop, Bethany Laclair, Michelle M. Boyle, Stic Harris, Joanna Zablotsky Kufel, Robert V. Tauxe, Beau B. Bruce, Erica Billig Rose, Patricia M. Griffin, Daniel C. Payne

Pathology Research and Scholarship

To evaluate progress toward prevention of enteric infections in the United States, the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducts active population-based surveillance for laboratory-diagnosed infections caused by Campylobacter, Cyclospora, Listeria, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Shigella, Vibrio, and Yersinia at 10 U.S. sites. This report summarizes preliminary 2021 data and describes changes in annual incidence compared with the average annual incidence for 2016-2018, the reference period for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Healthy People 2030 goals for some pathogens (1). During 2021, the incidence of infections caused by Salmonella decreased, incidence of infections caused …

The Role Of Clinical Informaticist In Telemedicine Virtual Consults, Lisa Kroc Msn, Rn-Bc

Patient Care Services / Nursing

No abstract provided.