Digital Commons Network^™

Evaluation Of Learning Process: Knowledge Of Ict Integration Among Pre-Service English Language Teachers, Dyah Setyowati Ciptaningrum, Nur Hidayanto Pancoro Setyo Putro, Nila Kurnia Sari, Nurqadriyanti Hasanuddin

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

This research aims at investigating the knowledge of ICT integration among the students of the English Language Education Study Program at a particular university in Yogyakarta. By employing the quantitative method, this ex-post facto research involved 70 English Department students who had taken microteaching as respondents in a survey to gather the data using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was taken from the model developed by one of the researchers based on the TPACK framework. There are five domains in the questionnaire. Four domains measure TPACK perceptions: Technological Knowledge (TK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), and Technological Pedagogical …

Cognitive Domain Analysis (Lots And Hots) Assessment Instruments Made By Primary School Teachers, Puji Hartini, Hari Setiadi, Ernawati Ernawati

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This research aims to qualitatively analyze the validity of items and the suitability of cognitive domains (LOTS and HOTS) assessment instruments on natural science subjects made by elementary school teachers in East Jakarta. The method used is descriptive qualitative method with analysis of observations, documents in the form of teacher-made assessment instruments, interviews, and results of expert validation which are analyzed by comparison analysis techniques. The observation results show that all schools use the questions that are available in textbooks owned by students for assessment and the results of analysis of teacher-made assessment instruments validated by experts, there are 81.25% …

Annual Report 2020 - 2021, Houston Academy Of Medicine - Texas Medical Center Library

Annual Reports: 1943 - Present

This file contains the Annual Report for the library from 2020-2021.

Thinking In The Global South — Reflections On Anti-Vaxxers As An Instance Of Global Alterity, Raul Pertierra

Social Transformations Journal of the Global South

Excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light several features of the present state of globality. In many countries, objections against vaccination have attracted media prominence. Although reasons for this resistance may differ from one country to another, there seems to be a common thread linking them globally. This paper examines this thread and explores its relationship to conditions underlying modernity. As some have argued (e.g., Latour 2014, Luhmann 1998), modernity is not an explanatory concept but a category that allows us to label a complex reality, which includes internal contradictions (e.g., a society of universal levelling whose mechanism effaces …

Migration Memes And Social Gaze: An Analysis Of Facebook Memes On The Rohingya Community In Bangladesh, Gopashis Biswas G.Son

Social Transformations Journal of the Global South

Despite Bangladesh’s alarming population density and crippling economy, the state has homed over 1.1 million Rohingyas in recent years. The frustrations of the netizens over the worsening living conditions and rising crime rates have culminated in memes. Internet memes are effective and humorous tools to express one’s views while evading the clutches of 24/7 active surveillance and the social gaze. In Bangladesh, Facebook is the most popular social media platform where netizens have shared, reshared, and indulged in their reactions on several memes regarding the Rohingyas and their migration to Bangladesh. This paper investigates and interprets the possible reasons behind …

Android-Based Waste Education App: An Information Media On Zero-Waste Programs, Muhammad Zamroni Uska, Rasyid Hardi Wirasasmita, Baiq Desi Dwi Arianti, Yosi Nur Kholisho, Muhammad Djamaluddin, Jamaluddin Jamaluddin

Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education)

Zero waste is one of the programs from the government of West Nusa Tenggara Province in Indonesia, where this program aims to provide education about waste to the public so that the waste can be processed or recycled so that it can be useful. Therefore, for the sake of creating a zero waste culture in the community, it is necessary to have media that provide education to the public about this program. The purpose of this article is to discuss the process of developing an Android-based waste education application as a medium of information about zero waste. This study uses …

Pengaruh Protokol Hidrasi Dan Status Hidrasi Terhadap Kekuatan Otot Tungkai Bawah, Atensi, Dan Passing Atlet Futsal Remaja, Leonardo Lubis, Nadhifah Salsabila, Siska Wiramihardja

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh protokol hidrasi dan status hidrasi terhadap performa kekuatan otot tungkai bawah, atensi, dan passing atlet futsal. Metode yang digunakan adalah analitik kuantitatif dengan desain pretes (sebelum penerapan protokol hidrasi) dan postes (setelah 3 minggu penerapan protokol hidrasi) 22 atlet futsal Akademi Mayasari Bandung. Protokol hidrasi yang diberikan yaitu subjek mengonsumsi 500 mL air 1-2 jam sebelum latihan, 250-500 mL air 15 menit sebelum latihan, dan 500 mL-2 L air selama 1 jam latihan dengan interval minum setiap 20 menit. Pengukuran berat badan sebelum dan sesudah latihan, dilakukan menggunakan Tanita Body Composition Scales untuk menentukan …

Swimming Training On Moderate Intensity Significantly Reduces Total Cholesterol And Bodyweight On Hypercholesterolemic Rat Model, Anindya Mar'atus Sholikhah, Mochamad Ridwan

Jurnal Keolahragaan

It is well established that regular exercise has many positive benefits on health. Exercise at the appropriate intensity and level has been shown to improve lipid profile and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study investigates the effect of swimming training on total cholesterol levels and body weight in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing 150-200 grams were randomly divided into one control (C) and two treatment groups (ST=swimming training, SED=sedentary activity). Rats in control (C) group were fed a standard diet, while rats in both treatment groups were fed high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia for three weeks. Rats in ST …

Relationship Between Somatotype And Physical Fitness: Study On Badminton Athletes Of Pb Djarum Kudus, Nurlita Tri Ayuningtyas, Hardhono Susanto, Suroto Suroto

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Badminton athletes should have good physical abilities supported by the suitability of body type (somatotype) as it affects their biomechanics in badminton and performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between Heath Carter somatotype component factors that affect physical fitness. This study was a cross-sectional research design was used with 43 athletes in PB Djarum Kudus who were selected purposively to be the respondents. The data on Heath Carter somatotype was obtained from anthropometric measurements to generate somatotype scores, namely endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. Cardiorespiratory endurance data were obtained using Balke test, power using vertical jump, …

Program Asuhan Gizi Olahraga (Pago) Atlet Sepatu Roda Sebagai Strategi Memperbaiki Profil Status Gizi, Biokimia Dan Kualitas Asupan, Fillah Fithra Dieny, Firdananda Fikri Jauharany, Ayu Rahadiyanti, Deny Yudi Fitranti, A. Fahmy Arif Tsani, Dewi Marfu㢂¬„¢Ah Kurniawati

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian intervensi gizi berupa edukasi dan konseling gizi pada atlet sepatu roda remaja terhadap status gizi, status hidrasi, status biokimia, dan asupan gizi. Penelitian one group pre and post test design yang melibatkan 11 atlet di Klub Sepatu Roda Kairos Semarang. Variabel terikat adalah profil antropometri (berat badan, tinggi badan, fat mass, massa otot, body water), status hidrasi, status biokimia (kadar gula darah puasa, asam urat, kolesterol, hemoglobin), dan asupan makan. Uji Wilcoxon digunakan untuk menganalisis perbedaan profi antropometri, status hidrasi, status biokimia, dan asupan makan subjek antara sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Terdapat perbedaan yang …

The Differences Response Of Massage Types With Variation Massage Pressure On Running Speed In Popda Sleman Athletics, Riza Galih Mustika Rini, Eddy Purnomo

Jurnal Keolahragaan

This study aims to improve the athlete's performance from the physiological aspect by knowing the differences in the response of sport massage and swedish massage with variations in pressure (light, medium, and heavy) on the hind limbs a 30 m running speed taken four times. This research is a quasi-experimental design, with the research subjects of POPDA Sleman athletic athletes with sample of 20 people. The sample was divided by matching pairs with the aim of both groups getting a balanced power. The treatments used are sports massage with movement manipulation (effleurage, tapotement, shaking/vibration) and swedish massage with movement manipulation …

The Effect Of Brain Vitalization Exercise On Muscle Strength And Endurance In People With Dementia, Mustika Fitri, Ajeng Fauziyah, Hana Astria Nur

Jurnal Keolahragaan

This study aims to determine the effect of brain vitalization exercise on muscle strength and endurance in people with dementia. The pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study, then a sample of 31 people with dementia was obtained from a population of 78 people in Cibeunying Kidul District. The Arm Curl Test instrument is used in research that aims to measure arm muscle strength and Chair Stand Test which aims to measure leg muscle endurance. The data analysis technique in this study used Paired Sample T Test …

Pengembangan Instrumen Tes Dribbling Pada Permainan Futsal Menggunakan Teknologi Mikrokontroler Arduino, Randy Febri Tauba, Bafirman Hb

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat prototipe instrumen tes dribbling futsal menggunakan teknologi mikrokontroler arduino yang terhubung dengan aplikasi android. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan (Research and Development). Subjek penelitian adalah Pemain Futsal SMA N 1, 2 dan 9 Sijunjung, Kecamatan Sijunjung, Kabupaten Sijunjung, Sumatera Barat. Untuk Validasi alat oleh tiga orang ahli yaitu ahli Evaluasi dan Tes Pengukuran, Ahli Futsal, dan Ahli IT. Pengembangan instrumen tes dribbling futsal ini dilakukan dengan uji kelompok kecil dengan sampel 15 orang putra dan uji kelompok besar dengan sampel 45 orang putra. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode validitas ahli dengan penilaian menggunakan instrumen …

Aktivitas Olahraga Bulu Tangkis Dan Respon Perubahan Asam Urat Darah Usia Produktif, Angkit Kinasih, Ronaldo Lomi Djara, Ferry Fredy Karwur

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya respon perubahan pada kadar asam urat akibat aktivitas olahraga bulu tangkis. Desain penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak delapan responden dengan kriteria tertentu. Perlakukan aktivitas fisik dilakukan dua kali pada hari yang berbeda dengan 4 kali pengukuran kadar asam urat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah repeated measure analysis. Ketika subyek diukur berulang kali dengan jumlah yang sedikit per percobaan maka repeated measures analysis dapat digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakukan olahraga bulu tangkis memberikan respon perubahan yang signifikan terhadap perubahan kadar asam urat dengan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,038. Hasil ini …

The Effect Of Uphill And Downhill Exercise On Soccer Player's Leg Power, Stanis Krisyanto, Hari Amirullah Rachman

Jurnal Keolahragaan

The uphill and downhill training method is one of the exercises that must be applied because it is an important component in the success of the soccer game. The objectives were to examine (1) the difference in the effect of uphill and downhill training on leg power, (2) the difference between players with high and low leg strength on leg power; and (3) the interaction between uphill and downhill training with leg strength (high and low) on leg power of football players. This type of research is an experiment with 2 x 2 factorial. The sample of Sleman United football …

Pengaruh Latihan Mandiri Dalam Rangka Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat: Study Kasus Atlet Pencak Silat Kabupaten Karawang, Rian Tri Prayogo, Sendy Mohamad Anugrah, Ardhika Falaahudin, Dody Tri Iwandana, Rifqi Festiawan

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat akibat penyebaran virus covid-19 telah mengubah olahraga di Indonesia sehingga memaksa para atlet untuk melakukan latihan mandiri di tempat tinggalnya masing-masing dengan program latihan yang dibuat oleh para pelatihnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan kapasitas aerobik, aspek kelincahan, dan daya tahan otot lokal atlet pencak silat sebelum dan sesudah masa latihan mandiri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskritptif dengan melibatkan 12 atlet pencak silat putra kategori tanding Kabupaten Karawang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadi penurunan signifikan pada kapasitas aerobik (p= 0.025) dan performa kelincahan (0.042) namun pada daya tahan otot lokal tidak terdapat perbedaan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini …

Nesting Behavior, Ecology, And Functional Morphology Of The Trapdoor Spider-Hunting Spider Wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) Hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), Frank E. Kurczewski, Alice J. Abela, Rick C. West

Insecta Mundi

Macrophotographs in series taken by Alice Abela on sandy coastal dunes in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties, CA in 2010–2021 supplement and enhance F. X. Williams (1928) study of the ecol­ogy and nesting behavior of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Aporini). Abela’s macrophotographs and observations provide new details of adult wasp feeding, functional morphology, hunting, digging and prey transport, and host spider trapdoor, entrance, burrow structure, host capture and escape activity. Newly reported host records from this study and online photographs expand A. hirsutus host selection in the large wafer-lid …

Micromentignatha Geberti, A New Tiger Beetle Species From Australia (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), Jürgen Wiesner

Insecta Mundi

Micromentignatha geberti (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), new species, is described. It is distinguished from the other members of the genus by its larger body size and shape of elytral maculation.

Due to the kindness of Christian Kerkering, I was able to study specimens of a tiger beetle species he recently acquired. It proved to be new to science and is described herein. It is a member of Micromentignatha Sumlin, 1981, which raises the number of species in this genus to four (Wiesner 2020: 327). A key to distinguish these congeners as well as a catalog of the genus are given herein.

Ishtarella Thailandica Martens, New Genus, New Species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) Of Aphid Parasitoid From Thailand, With A Country Checklist Of Aphidiinae, Abigail P. Martens, Matthew L. Buffington, Donald L.J. Quicke, Marisa Raweearamwong, Buntika A. Butcher, Paul J. Johnson

Insecta Mundi

Ishtarella Martens new genus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and I. thailandica Martens new species are described and illustrated from Doi Phu Kha National Park, Nan Province, Thailand. The genus is assigned to the tribe Aphidiini, subtribe Trioxina. Based on morphology, Ishtarella appears most closely related to Binodoxys Mackauer. An updated checklist of the aphidiine fauna of Thailand, based on published records, is presented.

Parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) comprise about 60 genera and more than 650 species worldwide (Yu et al. 2016). The Aphidiinae of Thailand were all but unknown prior to a Thai­land Inventory Group for Entomological …

Ardella Magnaemirabilis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Ardellini), A New Scarabaeoid Species, Genus And Tribe From The Southwestern United States, M. J. Paulsen

Insecta Mundi

An interesting new taxon of scarabaeoid beetle is described from western Texas, USA. The remark­ably small chafer, Ardella magnaemirabilis new genus, new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Ardellini) is described and compared to other diminutive scarabaeoid genera from drier habitats of the southwestern USA. The tribe Ardellini, new tribe, is erected to accommodate the unusual genus.

After a few centuries with entomologists scouring the continent, the discovery of unknown Nearctic scarab gen­era is no longer commonplace. The western United States, in particular, is biogeographically diverse with pockets of endemism that makes such discoveries still possible, driving collectors to continue sampling …

Bakit Dapat Manaliksik Sa Filipino Ang Mga Pilipino?: Kritik Sa Scopus-Sentrismo Ng Mga Unibersidad At Ahensiyang Pang- Edukasyon At/O Pampananaliksik Sa Pilipinas, David Michael San Juan

Malay Journal

Ang Scopus ay isang database ng mga piling journal na itinuturing nilang de-kalidad/de-kalibre. Pag-aari ito ng Netherlands- based na kumpanyang Elsevier, at isa rin sa mga karaniwang batayan ng mga panukatan (metrics) sa mga pagraranggo ng mga unibersidad sa buong daigdig. Bunsod ng nabanggit na realidad, kapansin-pansin ang pag-iral ng Scopus-sentrismo—ang pagkiling sa Scopus bilang isa sa mga pangunahing batayan ng de-kalidad na saliksik – sa mga polisiya ng mga unibersidad sa bansa at ng mga ahensiyang pang-edukasyon at/o pampananaliksik. Sa ganitong konteksto, layunin ng papel na ito na 1) makapagbigay ng makabuluhang impormasyon tungkol sa Scopus at sistema ng …

Flexible Microfluidic Device With Nonplanar Interdigitated Microelectrodes, Saud Alssaidy

Theses

The lab-on-a-chip concept has improved significantly in recent years to meet global demand for various applications with the advent of new technologies. Much progress has been achieved, but many microfluidic devices still suffer from design limitations in terms of sensitivity and selectivity because they use rigid, fragile substrate materials and conventional electrodes, which do not provide high sensitivity or selectivity and suffer from signal-to-noise ratio issues. This work proposes a novel device architecture that uses flexible, transparent top and bottom layers integrated with (nonplanar interdigitated microelectrodes) to create a sandwich-like flexible substrate base. The top and bottom layers consist of …

Plasma Malondialdehyde Levels Related To Acne Vulgaris Severity, Fitri Puspita, Nelva Karmila Jusuf, Ariyati Yosi

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the formation of open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of AV. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially lipid peroxides (LPO), plays a role in mediating acne inflammation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the byproducts of LPO commonly used as a biomarker of cell damage.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study consisted of sixty patients with AV. The samples were taken from the blood plasma of AV subjects. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) examination was performed. The normality of data …

Indonesian Clinical Practice Guidelinesfor Systemic And Biologic Agents For Adults With Plaque Psoriasis, Novianto E, Budianti Wk, Fitri Em, Wiryadi Be, Soebaryo Rw, Pusponegoro Ehd, Effendi Eh, Rahmayunita G

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: In response to various biologic and non-biologic systemic agents available in Indonesia, proper and accredited treatment guidelines are required to ensure patient safety. Appropriate treatment is crucial and may affect remission time and morbidities. These guidelines were developed by the Indonesian Society of Dermatology and Venereology – Kelompok Studi Psoriasis Indonesia (INSDV-KSPI) to provide updated decision-making algorithms for the biologic and non-biologic systemic agents for the treatment of adult patients with plaque psoriasis.
Methods: Experts from twelve institutions across Indonesia were involved in developing the guidelines. Subsequently, a focus group discussed various journals, researchable questions, eligibility criteria, …

Platelet-Rich-Fibrin For Venous Leg Ulcer Therapy, Karin Rachmani, Lis Surachmiati Suseno, Mutiara Ramadhiani

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Venous leg ulcer (VLU) is a chronic condition in the chronic venous insufficiency clinical spectrum. It’s becoming a burden because of its chronicity, slower wound healing, accumulated high cost, and treatment is a challenging task. Platelet-rich-fibrin (PRF) is one of the newer modalities available for treating VLU. Previous studies have shown successful results by using PRF in leg ulcers. We reported a case of venous leg ulcer treated with PRF.
Case Illustration: A 47-year-old male came with an ulcer on the lower left leg for one year. The ulcer was preceded with a reddish, tender nodule with …

Low-Calorie Diet Improves Pasi Score In Psoriasis Patients With Obesity: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Kristian Kuniawan, Alessa Fahira, Edwin Ti Ramadan, Windy Keumala Budianti

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: The association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome is appealing as the two may share a similar cross-linking systemic inflammation process. The inflammation processes occurring in obesity and psoriasis may aggravate one another. This raised the question of whether a low-calorie diet would possibly reverse the aforementioned process. This study aims to determine whether calorie restriction reduces psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) in obese patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis receiving conventional treatment compared to no calorie restriction.
Methods: We searched Pubmed/Pubmed Central, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library, EBSCOhost, and Scopus databases using keywords derived from our clinical question. The inclusion …

American Surrogacy: Babies For Sale?, Madison Edwards

Honors Projects

More surrogacy contracts are fulfilled in the United States than in any other country (Bromfield, 2016, p. 193). In 2014, there were approximately 2,000 surrogacy arrangements in the U.S., yet the market is totally unregulated (Shellnutt and Grizzle, 2018, p. 31). Given that 1 in 6 American couples face infertility, there will continue to be a demand for alternative and assisted reproductive options (Shellnutt and Grizzle, 2018, p. 34). This paper seeks to explore several areas of surrogacy, including contract enforcement, potential problems parties in surrogacy agreements face, current legislation, the role of religion in surrogacy, and specific case studies. …

Celecoxib Did Not Impair Proliferation, Migration And F-Actin Formation Of Skeletal Muscle Cells, Hang-Ming Chen, Zhi-Jia Chen, Li-Ping Lin, Wen-Chung Tsai, Jong-Hwei S. Pang

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

Muscle injury is the most common sport related soft-tissue injury. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for muscle injury treatment. The newest guideline (PEACE and LOVE) from British Journal of Sports Medicine in 2019 emphasized the avoidance of anti-inflammatory modalities in acute phase for the concerning about the negative effect on long-term tissue healing. It has been investigated that NSAIDs impeded cell migration which is crucial role in muscle healing. This study was designed to determine the effects of celecoxib, one of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor on cell proliferation and migration in skeletal muscle cells. MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium …

The Effect Of Ceo Characteristics On Pre-Earnings Management Profitability, Adhitya Agri Putra

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This research aims to examine the effect of CEO characteristics on pre-earnings manage­ment profitability. CEO characteristics include gender, tenure, age, education level, founding-family status, and nationality. Pre-earnings management profitability is measured by return on assets minus discretionary accruals. Data analysis uses firm and year fixed-effect regression analysis. The result shows that female CEO, longer tenure CEO, CEO with higher education levels, and foreign CEO increase firms' profitability without engaging in earnings management. On the other hand, there is no effect of CEO age and founding-family status on pre-earnings management profitability. This research contributes to filling the gap of inconsistent previous …

Valorisation Of The Effects Of Bioactive Compounds Of The Ethanolic Extract Of Ramalina Farinacea (Ramalinaceae) On The Development, Eating And Pupation Behavior Of Drosophila Melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Fatma Zohra Saadane, Nour El Imene Boublata, Sarra Habbachi, Abir Bouzar, Waffa Habbachi, Abderachid Slimani, Abdelkrim Tahraoui

Journal of Bioresource Management

Plants are rich in bioactive chemical secondary metabolites and have proven insecticidal activity by killing or repelling insects. In this work, we aim to evaluate the direct and delayed effects of ethanolic plant extracts on the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster). The treatment was performed by ingestion on second instar larvae (L2) to evaluate the impact of the ethanolic extract on development for 15 days and subsequently on the feeding behavior of the larvae. The results of this study indicate a slowing down of pupal growth until the adult stage, at the three concentrations (0.25 µg/ml, 0.5 µg/ml, 1.5 …