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2021

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Emergence Of Close Relationship Construals: An Action Identification Approach, Morgan A. Cope Jan 2021

Emergence Of Close Relationship Construals: An Action Identification Approach, Morgan A. Cope

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The current study examined the emergent nature of close relationship construals from the perspective of Action Identification Theory. Specifically, participants were induced to think about the actions of a romantic partner or close friend at a high- (i.e., overall meaning) or low- (concrete details) level, and then instructed to rate the validity of false feedback regarding the nature of their relationship (i.e., spontaneous, or predictable). Marginal support was found for the main prediction that focusing on low level details rather than high-level meaning would lead individuals to rate false high-level relational construals as more valid, although this effect was found …

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Emotional Intelligence And Its Impact On Community Association Managers As Transformational Leaders, Sharon Faithlyn Dianne Mcknight Jan 2021

Emotional Intelligence And Its Impact On Community Association Managers As Transformational Leaders, Sharon Faithlyn Dianne Mcknight

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Community Association Managers (CAMs) are managers licensed by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation to manage planned communities, such as condominiums, homeowner associations, and cooperatives. The purpose of this research focused entirely on licensed CAMs in the State of Florida. CAMs are expected to be transformational leaders of community associations amidst emotionally charged environments with judicial dictates and strict rules and regulations. The impact of emotional intelligence on transformational leadership in CAMs has been under-researched and virtually ignored despite their critical role in community management. Two main theoretic lenses were used to guide this study of CAMs, Goleman’s focus …

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Essays On Managerial Opportunism, Pension De-Risking, And Corporate Investment Policies, Brian Silverstein Jan 2021

Essays On Managerial Opportunism, Pension De-Risking, And Corporate Investment Policies, Brian Silverstein

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

In the first essay, I examine how managerial opportunism affects corporate investment efficiency and, ultimately, firm performance. Prior research establishes corporate investment efficiency as a function of the firm’s information environment and internal governance. To measure managerial opportunism, I use an ex-ante firm level measure of managerial opportunism based on insider trading patterns and test its effects on investment efficiency and performance. Extant research associates opportunistic insider trading with opaque information environments about the firm and weak firm governance, making it an apropos proxy for opportunistic managerial behavior. Despite the clear establishment of opportunistic insider trading as an agency problem …

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Evidence For The Independent Evolution Of Visual Perception During Seafinding By Hatchling Leatherback Sea Turtles (Dermochelys Coriacea), Samantha E. Trail Jan 2021

Evidence For The Independent Evolution Of Visual Perception During Seafinding By Hatchling Leatherback Sea Turtles (Dermochelys Coriacea), Samantha E. Trail

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Hatchling marine turtles exhibit a positive phototaxis by crawling toward the lowest and brightest horizon when they emerge from nests on the beach at night, which should lead them to the ocean (“seafinding”). Previous research with cheloniid (loggerhead and green turtle) hatchlings demonstrated that the perceptual spectral sensitivities are well below the light available on the beach regardless of lunar phase. The goal of this research was to determine the perceptual spectral sensitivities of leatherback hatchlings, the most distantly related of all extant sea turtle species. This study revealed that, like cheloniids, leatherbacks are most sensitive to shorter wavelengths (< 500 nm). However, leatherbacks were 10 – 100x less sensitive than cheloniids at all tested wavelengths. This difference in sensitivity corresponds with increased crawl duration and circling behavior under new moon conditions when light levels are lowest and the difference in radiance between the landward and seaward direction is small.

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Exploring Intention To Exercise Within A Breast Cancer Survivor Population, Brandice Jean Hyatt Jan 2021

Exploring Intention To Exercise Within A Breast Cancer Survivor Population, Brandice Jean Hyatt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

One modality to improve quality of life, in Breast Cancer Survivors (BCS), is physical activity (PA). Less than 30% of BCS participate in PA. The purpose of this study is to explore BCS’s intention to exercise. Seventy-five BCS patients, undergoing treatment, completed a survey. The survey assessed the following: Health care practitioner influence, Demographics, Stages of Change (SOC), anxiety and depression, perceived barriers to exercise, past and current exercise, and the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). BCS who were older, had less education, did not exercise before diagnosis, were in the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages, and/or exhibited …

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Factors Associated With Posttraumatic Growth In Professional Firefighters In South Florida, Diane Benfield Jan 2021

Factors Associated With Posttraumatic Growth In Professional Firefighters In South Florida, Diane Benfield

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The purpose of this study was to explore several personal and work-related variables associated with posttraumatic growth (PTG) levels in professional firefighters employed in a large fire district in south Florida. First, the researcher identified common factors in professional firefighting research that were associated with PTG in firefighters (independent variables: perceived supervisor support, occupational stress, coping style, and sense of belongingness). Second, the researcher determined if there was a significant relationship between these independent variables and the dependent variable (PTG). Then the researcher examined whether demographic variables identified from the literature moderated PTG in professional firefighters, such as: number of …

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Fessenden’S Worlds: Biosys A Short Film Inspired By Edmond Hamilton’S “Fessenden’S Worlds”, Michael J. Halak Jan 2021

Fessenden’S Worlds: Biosys A Short Film Inspired By Edmond Hamilton’S “Fessenden’S Worlds”, Michael J. Halak

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Fessenden’s Worlds: Biosys is a short film inspired by the 1937 short story “Fessenden’s Worlds” by Edmond Hamilton. The first chapter situates the original story in science fiction film and media, and in wider folklore. Parallels and contrasts within the storylines of the original “Fessenden’s Worlds” and the Biosys short film are discussed. The second chapter examines all production techniques used to create Fessenden’s Worlds: Biosys. Aspects of filmmaking include storyboarding and previsualization research, production design and prop building, and filming for green screen compositing. The post-production software techniques used to create Fessenden’s Worlds: Biosys are discussed, including hard surface …

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Hiding In Floodplain Sight: How Does Flood Risk Information Affect Flood Risk Perceptions And Mitigation Behaviors?, Ryan Amato Jan 2021

Hiding In Floodplain Sight: How Does Flood Risk Information Affect Flood Risk Perceptions And Mitigation Behaviors?, Ryan Amato

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Florida has 906,465 residential properties facing substantial flood risk, making it imperative to understand how the public may perceive and respond to this risk. Providing people with scientific information may not be enough to impact behavior and decrease losses from flood events. We show participants (n = 20) scientific flood risk graphics and ask behavioral questions to evaluate responses based on the rational actor paradigm (RAP), psychometric paradigm, and cultural theory. We find results consistent with the RAP in 48% of cases, primarily in low risk scenarios. Participants from high income households are more likely to make rational decisions (80%) …

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Functional Brain Connectivity Associated With Repetitive Behavior In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Kenton Hayes Macdowell Jan 2021

Functional Brain Connectivity Associated With Repetitive Behavior In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Kenton Hayes Macdowell

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) results in large costs to individuals, families, and society. Among diagnosed individuals, restrictive and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) correlate with functional impairments substantially impacting wellbeing but remain less studied than social and communication deficits. Brain resting-state functional connectivity (fc) measures intrinsic, potentially RRB-associated neural dynamics. Here, whole-brain (WB), and iterated seed-based (SB)fc guided by the preceding WBfc and a priori hypotheses was performed. Combined results were used to model a brain network beginning with qualitative assessment of its potential functional association with RRBs. Once rigorously defined, the network was used to inform construction …

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If You Can’T Make A Sound, Make A Peep: A Narrative Inquiry Of The Lived Collegiate Experiences Of Black Male Students Who Dealt With Suicide Ideation, Malissa Sanon Jan 2021

If You Can’T Make A Sound, Make A Peep: A Narrative Inquiry Of The Lived Collegiate Experiences Of Black Male Students Who Dealt With Suicide Ideation, Malissa Sanon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

College students who have experienced mental health issues are at a higher risk for suicide and suicide ideation than students who do not suffer from mental health issues. Approximately 1,100 college students die by suicide in the U.S. annually (Furr et al., 2001; Taliaferro & Muehlenkamp, 2015). Although there are research studies that seek to investigate the phenomena of suicide and suicide ideation in college students, there is a lack of research that addresses the mental health concerns in Black male college students. Thus, the purpose of this narrative study was to expand the understanding of the lived experiences of …

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Infants’ Sensitivity To Gestures By Humans And Anthropomorphic Robots, Jacqueline Stotler Jan 2021

Infants’ Sensitivity To Gestures By Humans And Anthropomorphic Robots, Jacqueline Stotler

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Robotics have advanced to include highly anthropomorphic (human-like) entities. A novel eye-tracking paradigm was developed to assess infants’ sensitivity to communicative gestures by human and robotic informants. Infants from two age groups (5-9 months, n = 25; 10-15 months, n = 9) viewed a robotic or human informant pointing to locations where events would occur during experimental trials. Trials consisted of three phases: gesture, prediction, and event. Duration of looking (ms) to two areas of interest, target location and non-target location, was extracted. A series of paired t-tests revealed that only older infants in the human condition looked significantly longer …

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Instagram’S Liminal Spaces For Online Impression Management: An Investigation Of Finsta Account Usage, Joshua Amaral Jan 2021

Instagram’S Liminal Spaces For Online Impression Management: An Investigation Of Finsta Account Usage, Joshua Amaral

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

This thesis examines the multifarious presentation of one’s identity on a singular social network site through their usage of both “finsta” and “rinsta” accounts on Instagram. A rinsta is one’s primary and more public Instagram account. A finsta is a highly privatized secondary Instagram account that functions as a liminal space for users’ impression management engagements. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants who identified as having created a finsta account and thematic analysis was subsequently employed to understand how they conceptualized their motivations and behaviors within their constructed networks. It was found that users were motivated to create and maintain …

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Investigations Of Distractor Strength On Attentional Processing In A Mixed Block Design, Joshua Conniff Jan 2021

Investigations Of Distractor Strength On Attentional Processing In A Mixed Block Design, Joshua Conniff

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

In everyday life, we come across visual distractors such as crossing the street or driving down the highway, but what properties of distractors determine whether they will affect cognitive processing? Relatively little is known about how the strength of a distractor or changing it over time affects the ability to deploy attention. Previous studies have shown that suprathreshold stimuli interfere more in the Simon Effect than near threshold stimuli. However, it is unknown whether this effect is due simply to motor inhibition or generalizes to tasks without a motor component. To test the generalizability of this effect, an attentional blink …

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It’S All Just In Your Head: How Does A Person’S Cultural Identity Affect Their Flood Risk Perceptions And Mitigation Behaviors?, Glen E. Oglesby Jan 2021

It’S All Just In Your Head: How Does A Person’S Cultural Identity Affect Their Flood Risk Perceptions And Mitigation Behaviors?, Glen E. Oglesby

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

As flood risk rises in the U.S., technology and insights rise too, but even with these advances we still see the consequences of flood risk. Together, the rational actor paradigm (“RAP”), psychometrics, and cultural theory help to explain risk perceptions and behaviors of 20 respondents. Results from the mixed-methods approach found the RAP insufficient, less accurate than a coin toss (48%), when explaining respondent behaviors. Rather, risk perceptions and behaviors of the RAP explain the behaviors of lower risk portrayal groups (66%) and higher income groups (80%), with higher risk portrayals being relying on respondents’ trust in flood experts (45%) …

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Living With The Scars They Caused: A Portraiture Study Of Black American Alumni Giving At A Predominantly White Institution Associated With Slavery, Dax R. Boatwright Jan 2021

Living With The Scars They Caused: A Portraiture Study Of Black American Alumni Giving At A Predominantly White Institution Associated With Slavery, Dax R. Boatwright

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

This proposed qualitative study examined the donor behavior of six Black American alumni from a predominantly white institution (PWI) associated with slavery. The site selected for this study was assigned the pseudonym Anonymous University, which enrolls approximately 46,000 students with 9% of total enrolled students identifying as Black or African American. Using critical race theory (CRT) as a theoretical framework and portraiture as a research design, the purpose of this study was to explore how Black American alumni perceive their undergraduate or graduate student experiences, examine what experiences helped form their racial identity during college at a PWI associated with …

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Management Of Death And Dying By Nurses, Lisa Lago Jan 2021

Management Of Death And Dying By Nurses, Lisa Lago

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Nurses play a vital role in society by being not just the care-giver of their patients, but also the patient’s advocate when they need advocacy the most. Nurses tend to put the care of patients above their own health. The purpose of this thesis was to see how nurses reflect on the dying process, how they react to it, how they manage their emotions and the emotions of others. My ethnographic study seeks to present nurses’ narratives of experience with death. Ten nurses participated in the study, by partaking in open-ended interviews. The interviews covered the stories the nurses tell …

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Memory For Trivia Facts And Source Identity: Effects Of Emotion And Source Characteristics, Peter Krystal S St. Jan 2021

Memory For Trivia Facts And Source Identity: Effects Of Emotion And Source Characteristics, Peter Krystal S St.

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Individuals are constantly being exposed to new information and new situations, but memory for these events is not always equal; understanding the factors that affect an individual’s ability to remember the details surrounding these events is extremely important. The purpose of the current study was to examine the potential effects of emotion and source characteristics, such as age and gender, on memory for factual information (i.e., trivia facts) and source identity (i.e., the sources of the information). One hundred and twenty-eight undergraduate students viewed a total of 120 videos depicting eight different sources (two young adult males, two young adult …

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Moderated Longitudinal Associations Between Peer Rejection And Weight Concerns In Primary School Children, Emily N. Herrmann Jan 2021

Moderated Longitudinal Associations Between Peer Rejection And Weight Concerns In Primary School Children, Emily N. Herrmann

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Weight concerns challenge the well-being of many children and adolescents. As many as 70% of children report body dissatisfaction (Tatangelo et al., 2016). By adolescence, weight concerns are normative (Davison et al., 2003; Field et al., 1999). Negative weight-related cognitions are troublesome because they lead to emotional and behavioral maladaptive functioning and most importantly, unhealthy weight-control behaviors (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006; ter Bogt et al., 2006). Rejected children are especially at risk for body dissatisfaction, however the order of effects is not clear (Mikami & Hinshaw, 2006; Rancourt & Prinstein, 2010). Regression analyses were conducted to test the hypothesis that …

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Of Race And Resistance: Inside And Out Of Ethnic Lives In Modern Literature Of The Americas, Dyanne K. Martin Jan 2021

Of Race And Resistance: Inside And Out Of Ethnic Lives In Modern Literature Of The Americas, Dyanne K. Martin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Race is a pressing issue that pervades discussions of public policy and societal matters in twenty-first century national cultures—even as those populations, paradoxically, turn toward increasing globalization. We need to understand now, more than ever, what race means to us and how and why it means in order for us to understand our deep investments in it. This study explores—through the genres of slave narrative, fiction, and memoir—the process of socio-semiogenesis by which people recognize and perform race; it also examines the customs that allow people not only to form themselves in groups but also to disrupt, remediate, and invert …

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Optogenetic Dissection Of Dopamine Subpopulations In Drosophila Reveals Interplay Between Reward And Aversion, Zainab Alshakarchi Jan 2021

Optogenetic Dissection Of Dopamine Subpopulations In Drosophila Reveals Interplay Between Reward And Aversion, Zainab Alshakarchi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Dopamine is an essential component in the neural pathway for attractive and aversive behavior. Dopaminergic (DA) neurons are known to have a key role in neurotransmission which can result in the modulation of different behaviors as well as the manifestation of different mental health disorders. Drosophila share similar genetics that are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders in humans. Furthermore, previous studies have shown conservation of DA neurons between humans and Drosophila which facilitate research using Drosophila as a model organism. In this study, we initially developed and tested a novel optogenetics system, which targeted neurons with spatial specificity, …

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Operationalizing Accreditation Standards For Self-Directed Learning: Exploring The Impact Of Contextual Factors And Capacity On Undergraduate Medical Education, Amanda M. Chiplock Jan 2021

Operationalizing Accreditation Standards For Self-Directed Learning: Exploring The Impact Of Contextual Factors And Capacity On Undergraduate Medical Education, Amanda M. Chiplock

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The purposes of this sequential, mixed-methods, multiple-case study were to understand how fully-accredited medical schools in the United States operationalize the accreditation standard for self-directed learning (SDL), and to recommend an innovative framework for guiding SDL implementation across the continuum of medical education programs. The main investigation relied on a survey in Phase 1 to collect quantitative and qualitative data, followed by a multiple-case study in Phase 2 to collect qualitative data to gain deeper insights into the overall organizational context and capacity for SDL implementation at the local level. Two cases for Phase 2 were identified through analysis of …

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Out Of Style: Hegemonic Constraints On Fat Man’S Selfpresentation Through Fashion, Cassio Marques Jan 2021

Out Of Style: Hegemonic Constraints On Fat Man’S Selfpresentation Through Fashion, Cassio Marques

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Fashion has functioned to produce and maintain hegemonic discourses of beauty and size by privileging thin, white, upper-classed and heteronormative standards. While fatness opposes these expectations, past research has yet to fully account for fat men who take an active role in using fashion. Neither their purpose nor their reasoning for using fashion has been extensively detailed. I ask three questions: (1) Are fat men able to manage fat stigma through their engagement with fashion? (2) How do fat men use fashion as part of their presentation of self? (3) What role does intersectionality play as these men use fashion …

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Perceived Quality Of Communication And Effectiveness Before And After The Speak Out!® & Loud Crowd® Program, Cassidy Flechaus Jan 2021

Perceived Quality Of Communication And Effectiveness Before And After The Speak Out!® & Loud Crowd® Program, Cassidy Flechaus

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Parkinson's disease is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder. Individuals living with Parkinson's disease often face considerable challenges in managing the progressive decline of their symptoms and maintaining their quality of life (Broadfoot et al., 2019). During the progression of PD, 75-90% of individuals will have a speech and voice disorder (National Center for Voice and Speech, 2019). The communication disorder most commonly associated with PD is hypokinetic dysarthria (HKD). Many individuals with PD may have significant difficulty communicating and participating effectively in a variety of speaking situations due to their communication deficits (Dykstra et al., 2015). Addressing an individuals …

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Prison Based Animal Programs: Student Perceptions, Rebeka Rocco Jan 2021

Prison Based Animal Programs: Student Perceptions, Rebeka Rocco

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Rehabilitating incarcerated individuals has become a focal point within corrections, with a variety of programs being implemented within facilities to assist individuals as they return to society from incarceration. Programs such as prison-based animal programs (PAP) provide incarcerated individuals a number of benefits that range from learning an employable skill to psychosocial benefits, which stem from the human animal interactions. Importantly, the current study aims at expanding knowledge on the current, limited literature that exists on public perceptions and opinions towards PAP programs. The importance in measuring the level of support for programs of this nature lies in the role …

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Repeatedly Processing Attributes Of Products Impacts Purchasing Performance: An Fnirs Study, Jasmine Y. Chan Jan 2021

Repeatedly Processing Attributes Of Products Impacts Purchasing Performance: An Fnirs Study, Jasmine Y. Chan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Few experiments have examined the effects of attribute processing on purchase intentions. This experiment predicts a function of the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) is to process brand-name products for their attributes. Hemodynamic response was measured in bilateral PFC from 48 participants during a study task, where participants processed brand-name products using various attribute processing types (once using one attribute, twice using the same attribute, and twice using two different attributes), and during a purchase intention test, where participants chose to purchase novel or previously processed brand-name products. Analysis of variance compared differences in hemodynamic response as a function of cortical …

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Sisters Of Tamar And Daughters Of Eve: The Evangelical Voices Of #Churchtoo, Rachel Copley Jan 2021

Sisters Of Tamar And Daughters Of Eve: The Evangelical Voices Of #Churchtoo, Rachel Copley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

White evangelical culture is investigated here regarding the ways that its fundamental theological beliefs propagate and maintain patriarchal assumptions surrounding women. These beliefs further function to legitimate men’s sexual abuse of women and girls. While official theological evangelical beliefs may seem benign, and perhaps commendable to some, a closer examination suggests the mobilization of those beliefs create the foundation for enslavement and destruction of women. The fundamental beliefs undergirding evangelicalism propagate internalized oppression through patriarchal colonialism of women’s bodies, minds, and souls. Tactics of spiritual rape within White evangelical purity culture enact violence, control, and manipulation to appropriate and profit …

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Switching Learning Management Systems: Comparing Effects On Student Perception, Todd Price Jan 2021

Switching Learning Management Systems: Comparing Effects On Student Perception, Todd Price

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The computer industry does not understand how adults learn (Knowles, 1983). A profound statement made nearly 40 years ago. With the advancement of technology and the tremendous growth of online learning, the learning management system (LMS) has become the tool for delivering distance education. E-learning platforms have witnessed exponential uptake by the education and corporate sectors over the past three to five years (Wadhwani & Gankar, 2020). From this author's experience in the field of instructional design and online instruction, all LMSs are just a "database with a different user interface (Price, 2016)". But are there opposing perceptions from the …

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Temporal Dynamics Of Negative And Positive Facial Expression Processing, Brian E. Escobar Jan 2021

Temporal Dynamics Of Negative And Positive Facial Expression Processing, Brian E. Escobar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The perception and interpretation of faces provides individuals with a wealth of knowledge that enables them to navigate their social environments more successfully. The present study examined the temporal dynamics of valence information from emotional facial expressions using electroencephalogram (EEG) in conjunction with multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA). In multiple different classifying conditions, it was demonstrated that when decoding for a positively- vs. a negatively- vs. a neutrally-valenced expression, above chance level decoding accuracy occurs sooner when compared to instances of decoding for a negatively- vs. a negatively- vs. a neutrally-valenced expression. Additionally, results showed that classification accuracy as measured by …

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Teaching 21st Century Learners: An Analysis Of Faculty Mindset And Perceptions Of Technology Use In The Higher Education Classroom, Allyson Lynna Copeland Jan 2021

Teaching 21st Century Learners: An Analysis Of Faculty Mindset And Perceptions Of Technology Use In The Higher Education Classroom, Allyson Lynna Copeland

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

This mixed methods research study examined the relationship between faculty mindset and their perceived use of instructional technology in the higher education classroom. Recognizing the growing importance of technology-mediated learning interventions, the researcher sought to gain a deeper understanding of how mindset influenced the use of technology particularly amongst college of education faculty in Florida public 4-year universities. Data analyses revealed the following findings: (a) Although participants shared a range of integration patterns, faculty predominantly integrated technology for knowledge transmission, backstage activity, and communication purposes; (b) Participants predominantly occupied the integration phase of technology implementation, suggesting that they used technology …

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The Assesment Of The Role Of Microsaccadic Eye Movements In Bistable Motion Perception, Darwin Romulus Jan 2021

The Assesment Of The Role Of Microsaccadic Eye Movements In Bistable Motion Perception, Darwin Romulus

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Even during fixation, the eye is rarely still, as miniature eye movements continue to occur within fixational periods of the eye. These miniature movements are referred to as fixational eye movements. Microsaccades are one of the three types of fixational eye movements that have been identified. Microsaccades have been attributed to different visual processes/phenomena such as fixation stability, perceptual fading, and multistable perception. Still, debates surrounding the functional role of microsaccades in vision ensued, as many of the findings from earlier microsaccade reports contradict one another and the polarity in the field caused by these debates led many to believe …

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