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Perspectives On Consciousness-Raising: A Modernist Intersectional Feminist Agenda, Ariana Cacoulidis
Perspectives On Consciousness-Raising: A Modernist Intersectional Feminist Agenda, Ariana Cacoulidis
MA Theses
My thesis objective is to extend women's understanding of the impalpable second-wave feminist term, "consciousness-raising," and its applications through curating a fictitious exhibition. My fabricated exhibition "Great Women Artists: Consciousness-Raising among Intersectional Feminists" will juxtapose the works of iconic feminist artists who practiced consciousness-raising with emerging and iconic female artists to advocate consciousnessraising's applicability for practicing women artists. Curating "Great Women Artists" will support the idea of raising a female class consciousness via mass consciousness-raising. I will utilize the voices of iconic second-wave feminists, such as Kathie Sarachild, who have discussed consciousness-raising’s impacts and supported the founding female class consciousness …
Zone Ordinance And Land Subdivision Rules, Memphis, 1927
Zone Ordinance And Land Subdivision Rules, Memphis, 1927
Shelby County, Tennessee
"Zone Ordinance and Land Subdivision Rules for Memphis, Tennessee" published by the Memphis City Planning Commission and updated to February 1, 1927. Includes Height and Area, and Use District maps.
The Brave New Virtual Art World The Evolution Of Digital Art: Nfts And Their Effects On The Art Market In 2021, Sophie Delaplaine
The Brave New Virtual Art World The Evolution Of Digital Art: Nfts And Their Effects On The Art Market In 2021, Sophie Delaplaine
MA Theses
The first half of 2021, NFT crypto art captured both the public’s attention and the art market due to the escalation of sales prices and the auction houses acceptance of cryptocurrencies. As an artform, digital art is not new. It began in the 1960s and 1970s with roots as early as the 1940s. During this evolution the lines between technology and art have intersected, often become blurred and in many cases have merged into new artforms. Even when scholars trace the origins of digital art to present day it is difficult to tell if scientists are influencing artists or artists …
An Improvement Of Data Analytics Detection Rules In The Internal Audit Of The Procurement And Inventory Processes, Penpak Rangsipunyaporn
An Improvement Of Data Analytics Detection Rules In The Internal Audit Of The Procurement And Inventory Processes, Penpak Rangsipunyaporn
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Data analytics is a powerful tool to deliver value-added internal audit results as it reduces execution time and increases efficiency, effectiveness, and assurance level compared with the audit sampling approach. Because detection rules are criteria applied in the data analytics method to discover anomalies in the business transactions. Therefore, this project aims to improve the anomaly detection rules in the procure-to-pay and inbound inventory processes for an audit firm based in Thailand to provide internal audit services for clients in the manufacturing business. The sub-processes cover (1) process governance, (2) vendor selection, evaluation, and master data maintenance, (3) ordering, (4) …
Perceptions And Preparedness Of The Tourism Workers Linked To Climate Change And Covid-19 In Barbados, Natasha Priscilla Mayers
Perceptions And Preparedness Of The Tourism Workers Linked To Climate Change And Covid-19 In Barbados, Natasha Priscilla Mayers
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The tourism industry is one of the main economic earners in the Caribbean and such is the same for the island of Barbados. With the focus on sustainable development goals and overall sustainability, tourism sustainability is at the forefront of discussions pertaining to sustainable development. The Tourism Master Plan (2013-2024) has taken it a step further and equated tourism sustainability to environmental sustainability. The aim of this research was therefore to explore the perceptions of workers and stakeholders on tourism sustainability in relation to COVID-19 and climate change, whether factors such as demographics can affect these perceptions and provide informed …
Neuroprotective And Neurotherapeuticeffects Of Dihydrotestosterone,17Β-Estradiol, And Pueraria Mirifica Extract On Cognitive Impairment In Androgen Deficient Rats, Taratorn Fainanta
Neuroprotective And Neurotherapeuticeffects Of Dihydrotestosterone,17Β-Estradiol, And Pueraria Mirifica Extract On Cognitive Impairment In Androgen Deficient Rats, Taratorn Fainanta
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This study aims to understand the mechanism of action of androgen deficiency, which usually occurs in elderly men, and the neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-estradiol (E2) and Pueraria mirifica extract (PME) on cognitive impairment in male rats. Four series of experiments were conducted. Experiment I was to understand the mechanism of action of androgen deficiency on cognitive impairment. Rats at the age of 4 months old were orchidectomized (ODX) or sham-operated (SH), kept for 3 days, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months (M0, M2, M4, M6 and M8, respectively), determined spatial learning behavior and memory capacity, and …
Genetic Code Expansion Of Plastic-Degrading Enzymes For Detection Of Microplastics, Jariya Jitdee
Genetic Code Expansion Of Plastic-Degrading Enzymes For Detection Of Microplastics, Jariya Jitdee
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Petrochemical plastics can degrade into the size level of microplastics. One source of microplastics is polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE). Enzymes used to degrade PET have been reported. In our work, we wish to repurpose the activity of PET-degrading enzymes, into PET-detecting enzymes, and use the engineered enzyme for microplastic detection, via enzyme engineering to create enzyme variants which can form covalent adducts with microplastic particles. The enzyme-microplastic adduct is generated via the use of 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (DAP) derivative, which we will incorporate in place of the catalytic serine residue at the active site of I. sakeinesis—PETase via the genetic …
Chaos Game Optimization Method For Weight Minimization Of Steel Truss Structure, Eain Kyi Thar
Chaos Game Optimization Method For Weight Minimization Of Steel Truss Structure, Eain Kyi Thar
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The research proposes the so-called chaos game optimization (CGO) method to perform the optimal sizing design of steel truss structures under applied loading regimes. The optimization problem aims at the minimization of the total weight (directly related to the cost function) of the designed structure subjected to the constraints describing the intrinsic structural responses complying with limit-state specifications. The CGO approach is based on the underlying chaos theory that establishes the primary patterns as fractals in responses to the systems representing them as self-organized dynamical systems. The fractal is generated as an initial Sierpinski triangle (i.e., search space of solution …
The Gwangju Uprising In Films: Politics Of Memory And Narrative, Nontaporn Srisantisuk
The Gwangju Uprising In Films: Politics Of Memory And Narrative, Nontaporn Srisantisuk
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The Gwangju Uprising is one of the remarkable democratic movements in the contemporary South Korean society as it depicted the brutality of the military government. Thus, the incident had influenced the later democratic movement. Though more than 40 years had passed, the memory of the incident still made it present in Korean society. The narrative of the incident had been repeatedly told not only to commemorate the sacrificial of the people but it was also a part of memory politics of remembering and forgetting. The memory of the uprising was depicted through several medias including films to integrate its own …
Development Of Mucoadhesive Polymeric Nanoparticles For Intranasal Delivery Of Favipiravir In Treating Sars-Cov-2 Infection, Khent Alcantara
Development Of Mucoadhesive Polymeric Nanoparticles For Intranasal Delivery Of Favipiravir In Treating Sars-Cov-2 Infection, Khent Alcantara
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as an effective carrier for transmucosal delivery of drugs through their prolonged residence time and deposition, or the enhanced permeation through the mucosa. In this study, we aimed to design a nanocarrier using the combined mucoadhesive (M) properties of chitosan (CS) and alginate (ALG) polymers for the intranasal delivery of favipiravir (FVR) in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. The optimized FVR-loaded mucoadhesive CS-coated ALG-NPs (FVR-MCS-ALG-NPs) rendered suitable size (233.5 nm), zeta potential (-21.6 mV), loading capacity (26.0%), and encapsulation efficiency (84.6%) for transmucosal delivery. Superior mucoadhesiveness and higher permeation and deposition in the porcine nasal mucosa of …
Development Of Elisa For Detecting Antibody Against Bartonella Spp. Specific Protein In Cats And Its Application In Natural Infection, Krissda Boonaramrueng
Development Of Elisa For Detecting Antibody Against Bartonella Spp. Specific Protein In Cats And Its Application In Natural Infection, Krissda Boonaramrueng
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This study aims to evaluate the risk factor and an association between Bartonella spp. infection and immune status by using retroviral-infected cats as an immunocompromised model and to develop the recombinant B. henselae specific antigen protein (17kDa and GroEL)-based ELISA test for antibody detection against Bartonella spp. infection in cats. From 2017 to 2020, 161 client-owned clinical healthy cats at veterinary clinics and hospitals in the Bangkok metropolitan area were recruited and tested for Bartonella spp. infection statuses (PCR and IFA serology), blood profiles, feline retroviral statuses (FIV and FeLV), and T lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+ to CD8+ …
Influences Of Herbicides On Health Of Rice Frog Fejervarya Limnocharis Populations In Nan Province, Thailand, Luhur Septiadi
Influences Of Herbicides On Health Of Rice Frog Fejervarya Limnocharis Populations In Nan Province, Thailand, Luhur Septiadi
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Intensive and continuous herbicide use in agriculture may pose a risk to health of environment and non-target organisms, including amphibian. Prior research conducted between 2010-2011 using the rice frog, Fejervarya limnocharis, as a sentinel revealed an accumulation of herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate, and paraquat) in environmental samples and frog tissue, as well as adverse effects on the health status. This study aims to determine the potential influence of herbicides on population health of the rice frog. Between July 2020 and February 2021, frogs were collected from two paddy fields with varying degrees of herbicide use in Nan province, Thailand. The results …
"Necessary But Not Sufficient": Chancery Court Clarifies Role Of Enhanced Scrutiny In Assessing Damages Claims Against Corporate Actors In Revlon Transactions, Robert S. Reder, Connor J. Breed
"Necessary But Not Sufficient": Chancery Court Clarifies Role Of Enhanced Scrutiny In Assessing Damages Claims Against Corporate Actors In Revlon Transactions, Robert S. Reder, Connor J. Breed
Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc
No abstract provided.
The Role Of Environmental Temperature In Immunocompetence And Disease Susceptibility In Bivalves, George Mason
The Role Of Environmental Temperature In Immunocompetence And Disease Susceptibility In Bivalves, George Mason
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
Disease outbreaks and mass mortality events affecting marine species and ecosystems during periods of high temperature have increased in frequency and intensity over the past several decades. Accordingly, understanding the causes of such thermally-induced outbreaks is increasingly important, particularly in the context of global climate change and predictions of increased pathogen prevalence and disease incidence. Whilst our understanding of immune functions and their adequate energetic provisioning for disease resistance is well developed, little is known on how temperature affects immunological and energetic status in bivalves. Furthermore, even less is known on the potential combined effects between thermal and pathogenic stressors …
Do Abiotic Environmental Drivers Disrupt The Biotic Response Of Marine Larvae?, Stanley Butt
Do Abiotic Environmental Drivers Disrupt The Biotic Response Of Marine Larvae?, Stanley Butt
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a given genotype to express different phenotypes in response to altered environmental conditions has been identified as a means by which organisms may be able to cope with environmental change. While significant progress has been made in the study of phenotypic plasticity in response to both individual and combined abiotic environmental drivers, very few studies have investigated the effects of abiotic and biotic drivers in combination. In this thesis, I investigate the combined effects of increased temperature (15 °C versus 20 °C) and the presence of predation threat in the form of predatory kairomones (skin …
Dirofilaria Immitis Prevalence In Canis Latrans In Kentucky, Melanie Ann Brandon
Dirofilaria Immitis Prevalence In Canis Latrans In Kentucky, Melanie Ann Brandon
Murray State Theses and Dissertations
Dirofilaria immitis (canine heartworm) was found in forty-two (42) of the two hundred seventy-five (275) Canis latrans (coyote) necropsied in the state of Kentucky from November 27, 2019 through March 3, 2021. Thirty-five (35) of the positive cases were from western Kentucky region with the other seven spread across the state. With this group of coyotes, one hundred fifty-eight (158) were male and the other one hundred six-teen (116) were female. The estimated age ranged from a pup to senior dogs. A little over forty percent of the dogs were obtained through coyote/predator tournaments; the remaining were acquired from pest …
Monitoring Relationships Between Corticosterone And Snake Fungal Disease In Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus Horridus) In Western Kentucky, John Bromley Hewlett
Monitoring Relationships Between Corticosterone And Snake Fungal Disease In Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus Horridus) In Western Kentucky, John Bromley Hewlett
Murray State Theses and Dissertations
Over the past four decades, emergent fungal diseases have been the most devastating relative to species declines and extinctions. While most research has focused on fungal diseases affecting amphibians and bats, less has focused on diseases like snake fungal disease (SFD), caused by Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo). SFD was first described in 2006 in North America within a Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) population in New Hampshire. Since then SFD has been documented in 19 US states, one US territory (Puerto Rico), and Europe. SFD causes high mortality in some species, including the Eastern Massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus …
Males Of The Wolf Spider Rabidosa Rabida Use Two Mechanisms To Stun Females During Copulation, Daniel Schoenberg
Males Of The Wolf Spider Rabidosa Rabida Use Two Mechanisms To Stun Females During Copulation, Daniel Schoenberg
Murray State Theses and Dissertations
The differences in energetic input between the sexes required to produce gametes translates to the differences in reproductive behavior and overall mating systems seen in a species. Females generally produce a few energetically and resource expensive eggs and typically choose a high-quality suitor to ensure she has high quality offspring. In contrast, males produce abundant energetically cheap sperm and attempt to fertilize as many eggs as possible in as many females as possible. Both sexes are trying to maximize their inclusive fitness, but the dichotomy of interests can lead to sexual conflict and perhaps extreme or unusual behaviors such as …
Characterizing The Host Usage And Development Of Ormia Lineifrons (Diptera: Tachinidae), Kyler J. Rogers
Characterizing The Host Usage And Development Of Ormia Lineifrons (Diptera: Tachinidae), Kyler J. Rogers
Murray State Theses and Dissertations
Insect communication systems are strongly driven by the evolution of signals or signal preferences. These systems rely on a signaler to truthfully emit signals for receivers to interpret. Often, these signals are conspicuously broadcasted. Conspicuous signals involved in animal communication are intended to attract mates, however, these signals are often exploited by eavesdroppers. Thus, many communication systems experience natural selection and sexual selection acting in opposite directions. New adaptations can arise in response to selective pressures, such as eavesdroppers, leading to co-evolving systems between eavesdroppers and hosts, for example. Understanding these systems can provide valuable insight into how unintended receivers …
An Investigation Into Cte Classroom Instructional Strategies, Jonathan Walker
An Investigation Into Cte Classroom Instructional Strategies, Jonathan Walker
Murray State Theses and Dissertations
This researcher conducted this ex post facto study with the help of career and technical education (CTE) teachers across the country. The research was a survey of classroom instructional strategy usage, a teacher’s familial impact on classroom instruction strategies used, and the effects of Covid-19 on classroom strategies used. Data suggested that CTE teachers use different instructional strategies based on teacher demographics and that Covid-19 did have an effect on CTE teachers’ use of instructional strategies. This data suggested the five most used classroom instructional strategies were questioning, guided practice, demonstrations, lab activities, and whole group discussion.
Hadiya, Hinduism And Heterosexuality, Madhavi Menon
Hadiya, Hinduism And Heterosexuality, Madhavi Menon
Socio-Legal Review
Depending on one’s point of view, the Hadiya case caught the national imagination for being a shocking example of “love jihad” or a horrifying instance of the growing criminalisation of desire. Since the latter view is informed by the former, this essay looks at the ways in which the nexus of patriarchy, nationalism, and sexual phobia has built up in India over the centuries, beginning with the laws promulgated under British rule. The emphasis on “personal laws” separable by religious community, the very creation of a religious community as a singular entity, the inexorable march towards a religiously-inflected nationalism, have …
Hydrogeochemical Fingerprints Of A Mixohaline Wetland In The Mediterranean: Güllük Coastal Wetland Systems- Gcws (Muğla, Turkey), Adi̇le Meli̇s Somay Altaş
Hydrogeochemical Fingerprints Of A Mixohaline Wetland In The Mediterranean: Güllük Coastal Wetland Systems- Gcws (Muğla, Turkey), Adi̇le Meli̇s Somay Altaş
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Güllük coastal wetland system (GCWS), which is located at the contact point of the Menderes Massif and Lycian Nappe, consists of both brackish karstic [Güllük Lagoon wetland (GLW)] and saline [Boğaziçi-Tuzla (Bargylia) coastal wetland (BTW)] ecosystems in western Turkey, and is under protection as a national wetland of importance. This area is important for its unique wetland features, aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, Bodrum airport, and Güllük port facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the GLW and BTW, both hydrogeologically and hydrogeochemically, for the first time together. The mixohaline GCWS is recharged from precipitation, streams, and brackish karstic …
The Multidisciplinary Approaches On Facies Developments And Depositional Systems Of The Bahçecik Travertines, Gümüşhane, Ne-Turkey, Rai̇f Kandemi̇r, Ezher Tagli̇asacchi̇, Mi̇ne Sezgül Kayseri̇ Özer, Di̇lek Şaffak, Fati̇h Köroğlu, Hsun-Ming Hu, Chuan-Chou Shen
The Multidisciplinary Approaches On Facies Developments And Depositional Systems Of The Bahçecik Travertines, Gümüşhane, Ne-Turkey, Rai̇f Kandemi̇r, Ezher Tagli̇asacchi̇, Mi̇ne Sezgül Kayseri̇ Özer, Di̇lek Şaffak, Fati̇h Köroğlu, Hsun-Ming Hu, Chuan-Chou Shen
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Bahçecik travertines, located in Gümüşhane (NE-Turkey) have been investigated for the first time using a multidisciplinary approach, which included sedimentological (lithofacies, depositional system), petrographic, radiometric 230Th dating, geochemical analysis (stable isotopes), palynomorphs and geophysics (GPR). A carbonate build-up, 12 m thick, was formed with some interruptions, through the middle Pleistocene period. For this study, two travertine sections (F and D) were extensively used to figure out palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies. The main precipitation cycles, separated by palaeosol levels, have been described and interpreted from a sedimentological perspective. The carbonate deposits consist of shrubs, crystalline crust, reed, laminated (micritic), pisoids, …
Management And Dietary Strategies To Mitigate Environmental Stressors In Northern Plains Cattle Feeding Systems, Warren Carl Rusche
Management And Dietary Strategies To Mitigate Environmental Stressors In Northern Plains Cattle Feeding Systems, Warren Carl Rusche
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Three studies were undertaken to examine strategies to mitigate environmental stress faced by Northern Plains cattle feeders. In the first study, 46 feedlot managers from SD (n = 21), MN (n = 6), and NE (n = 19) were surveyed on use and perceptions of heat stress (HS) mitigation strategies. All respondents avoided cattle handling during heat stress events and incorporated some method of HS mitigation. Buildings or shades were perceived as the most successful strategy (60.9%) and were most commonly named as strategies managers would like to employ (63% for shades and 17.4% for buildings). Increasing dietary corn silage …
Identification Of Loci Influencing Teosinte Crossing Barrier 1 (Tcb1) Efficacy In Maize By Quantitative Trait Loci (Qtl) Mapping And Genome-Wide Association Study (Gwas), Namrata Maharjan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Pollen cross-contamination has been a major problem for maize breeders. Various mechanical methods applied to avoid the contaminations are ineffective. The genetic factors related to maize fertilization can be used to develop an effective method to prevent pollen contamination. Pollen rejection ability controlled by Teosinte crossing barrier 1 (Tcb1) is such a genetic system. Silks possessing dominant Tcb1-s reject pollen possessing the recessive allele (tcb1). Successful fertilization occurs when Tcb1-s pollen falls upon tcb1 silks. The efficacy of dominant Tcb1-s was, however, reduced when repeatedly backcross with maize inbred lines, which suggests that there are modifiers to Tcb1-s. To find …
Pollinator Ecology In Agroecosystems Of Eastern South Dakota, Isabela Beatriz Vilella-Arnizaut
Pollinator Ecology In Agroecosystems Of Eastern South Dakota, Isabela Beatriz Vilella-Arnizaut
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Community structure contributes to ecosystem persistence and stability. To understand the mechanisms underlying pollination and community stability of natural areas in a human influenced landscape, a better understanding of the interaction patterns between plants and pollinators in disturbed landscapes is needed. Furthermore, understanding the potential conservation value in green spaces such as botanical gardens could assist in preserving and bolstering plant-pollinator interactions. Our study takes place in the Northern Great Plains which still retains extensive tracts of remnant temperate grassland habitat within a matrix of varying land-uses. First, we used a network-based approach to quantify how temperate grassland attributes and …
Therapeutic Immunoglobulin G Surface Mobility Promotes Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis By Arp2/3 And Syk Mediated Rearrangement Of Fcγ Receptors, Seongwan Jo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Therapeutic antibodies are rapidly growing class of drugs for treating cancers and immunological disorders by targeting specific antigens or blocking certain pathway to inhibit the tumor growth. In cancer immunotherapy, it was found that Fcγ receptor (FcγR) in immune cells play an important role in antibody dependent cell toxicity against tumor cells. Therefore, understanding FcγR activation mechanism, which requires ligation with immunoglobulin (IgG), is crucial to enhance potency of therapeutic antibodies. One crucial immune responses triggered upon FcγR ligation with IgG is phagocytosis which indicates clearing targets by engulfment. It is known that FcγRs form microclusters which gets rearranged during …
Assessing Dairy Farm Employees Health, Leyby Stephany Guifarro Rodriguez
Assessing Dairy Farm Employees Health, Leyby Stephany Guifarro Rodriguez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This Master thesis evaluates the impact of general health care and eating habits (Study 1), vision care (Study 2), and mental health status (Study 3) on Latino dairy farmworkers lifestyle and work performance in South Dakota. We hypothesized that the health status of dairy workers has a negative impact on the workers’ job performance. In study 1, data from a total of 70 participants were collected, using a face-to-face survey in Spanish, which allowed us to assess various topics and details related to employees’ daily routine tasks, eating habits, and general health status. Furthermore, recommendations to improve general health care …
Milk Phospholipids Extraction Using Switchable Solvents, Kaavya Rathnakumar
Milk Phospholipids Extraction Using Switchable Solvents, Kaavya Rathnakumar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Phospholipids (PLs) found in milk are of great interest due to their health and nutritional benefits associated with their consumption. By-products generated during the manufacture of dairy products represent a source of PLs with potential for value-added opportunities. Currently, the extraction of PLs from by-products results in overall lowefficiencies, and it involves subsequent solvent separation and lipid recovery. This dissertation studied the extraction of milk PLs from by-product streams with a tertiary anime (N, N-dimethyl cyclohexylamine, CyNMe2) as a switchable hydrophilicity solvent. This type of solvents can be reversibly switched between a hydrophobic and hydrophilic form in the presence or …
College Students Conceptions Of Particulate Nature Of Matter And The Impact On Research Instrumentation, Bridget Klutse
College Students Conceptions Of Particulate Nature Of Matter And The Impact On Research Instrumentation, Bridget Klutse
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The main objective of this research was to explore the understanding and conceptions of Particulate Nature of Matter (PNM) with Chem 115 L students as the participants. Conceptions were defined specifically as beliefs and alternative beliefs about topics. The research also assessed the impact of analytical instrumentation in the chemistry laboratory on learning chemistry concepts. Eight questions (8) with multiple choice answers were administered to 10 students at the beginning and after the Fall 2018 semester via selective/purposeful sampling. Data were collected using surveys (pre- and post-surveys) and interviews (pre- and postinterviews), then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The eight questions …