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2020

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The Graduate Review, Vol. V, 2019-2020 Jan 2020

The Graduate Review, Vol. V, 2019-2020

The Graduate Review

No abstract provided.


New Innovation In The Flipped Chemistry Classroom Jan 2020

New Innovation In The Flipped Chemistry Classroom

The Graduate Review

No abstract provided.


One Hand Washes The Other: Designing Mutually Beneficial Honors Contracts, Antonina Bambina Jan 2020

One Hand Washes The Other: Designing Mutually Beneficial Honors Contracts, Antonina Bambina

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

At their best, honors contracts can be creative, challenging, exceptional learning opportunities for students and faculty. At their worst, they promote busywork that fails to deliver enhanced educational experiences. While I am proud of the many contracts that allowed honors students at my former institution, the University of Southern Indiana, to collaborate on customized learning and deeper relationships with course material and faculty, I also found myself on occasion having to apologize to students or faculty for the stunted, lackluster projects that one party or the other proposed. These conflicting sentiments illustrate why Richard Badenhausen urges the honors community to …


An Undeserved Reputation: How Contract Courses Can Work For A Small Honors Program, Jon Hageman Jan 2020

An Undeserved Reputation: How Contract Courses Can Work For A Small Honors Program, Jon Hageman

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

In the first chapter of this volume, Richard Badenhausen argues that contract courses have often suffered from ambiguous or homogenous expectations, compromising honors pedagogy and learning. Anecdotally, not many positive attributes have been ascribed to contract courses in the honors community. Contracts often require more work than courses to establish and administer to completion. Given the shortcomings and the amount of work required to implement contract courses successfully, why are they used at all? I argue that, in some cases, contract courses—or non-honors courses that move beyond regular course requirements with agreed-upon independent study work mentored by the professor—are the …


Honors Contracts: A Scaffolding To Independent Inquiry, Cindy S. Ticknor, Shamim Khan Jan 2020

Honors Contracts: A Scaffolding To Independent Inquiry, Cindy S. Ticknor, Shamim Khan

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

Honors contracts can be valuable curricular assets if aligned with institutional goals and properly supported to overcome the challenges they sometimes present. At Columbus State University (CSU), honors contracts allow students to achieve one of our primary learning outcomes: honors graduates will demonstrate the ability to design independent inquiry projects that require critical and creative thinking. We believe graduate schools value this ability, and we know that employers in our community seek honors graduates who can work independently on extended projects, communicate effectively, and solve problems analytically and creatively. We achieve this important learning outcome by requiring a senior project …


Facilitating Feedback: The Benefits Of Automation In Monitoring Completion Of Honors Contracts, Erin E. Edgington Jan 2020

Facilitating Feedback: The Benefits Of Automation In Monitoring Completion Of Honors Contracts, Erin E. Edgington

National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters

As we have seen in this volume so far, contract courses are an increasingly valuable pedagogical strategy for maintaining access to and demand for honors education. Administered with the “[i]ntentionality, transparency, [and] consistency” that Richard Badenhausen proposes in his opening essay (17), they can even, as Margaret Walsh suggests, help “shift [students’] focus from getting out of course requirements to getting into new and different courses to advance their capacity to learn” (40). While good reasons to offer contracts clearly exist, administering them nevertheless presents challenges. This essay considers process and pedagogy, with the aim of empowering both students and …


Using A Holistic Lens Of Adolescent Sexuality To Understand The Onset Of Girls’ Sexting, Davia B. Steinberg Jan 2020

Using A Holistic Lens Of Adolescent Sexuality To Understand The Onset Of Girls’ Sexting, Davia B. Steinberg

Wayne State University Dissertations

Sexting, defined in this study as consensually sending or receiving sexually explicit texts, photos, or videos, is now commonplace during adolescence. Yet, research on adolescent sexting predominantly treats this behavior as risky, focusing on potential deleterious legal and mental health ramifications. This perspective is especially salient for females. Although sexting can have unintended negative consequences, a risk-centered perspective neglects the developmental contexts in which sexting emerges to obscure our ability to identify for whom and when sexting may be normative versus risky. There is a pressing need for a more holistic view of female adolescent sexuality that considers its positive …


Parahydrogen Hyperpolarized Multi-Nuclear Contrast Agents For Potential Mri Applications, Nuwandi Maduranga Ariyasingha Uragoda Wiyannalage Jan 2020

Parahydrogen Hyperpolarized Multi-Nuclear Contrast Agents For Potential Mri Applications, Nuwandi Maduranga Ariyasingha Uragoda Wiyannalage

Wayne State University Dissertations

ABSTRACT

PARAHYDROGEN HYPERPOLARIZED MULTI-NUCLEAR CONTRAST AGENTS FOR POTENTIAL MRI APPLICATIONS

by

NUWANDI M. ARIYASINGHA

December 2020

Advisor: Dr. Eduard Chekmenev

Major: Chemistry (Physical)

Degree: Doctor of Philosophy

There have been numerous studies to develop fast, cost effective hyperpolaried (HP) contrast agents with higher polarization values that can be potentially employed for magnetic resonance clinical imaging. Some of the currently used contrast agents are based on 129Xe hyperpolarized nucleus. However, one of the problems associated with this approach, is the high cost of the produced hyperpolarized contrast agents. In addition, the other important practical problem is that the currently used clinical …


Acute Effects Of Complex Training Using Three Different Intracomplex Rest Intervals On Power Output In Recreationally Trained College Students, Brianna M. Donnelly Jan 2020

Acute Effects Of Complex Training Using Three Different Intracomplex Rest Intervals On Power Output In Recreationally Trained College Students, Brianna M. Donnelly

West Chester University Master’s Theses

Power is often referred to as explosiveness and is viewed as essential for many athletes within a wide range of sports. Power in sports is important in relation to its foundation in other specific abilities like first step-quickness, acceleration, and reaching top speeds (Cronin, Hansen, 2005). This research study examines the acute effects of complex training using three different intracomplex rest intervals (ICRI) on power output in recreationally trained college students. The goal of this study was to find the optimal ICRI for complex training (CT) by completing a countermovement jump on a force plate after a 3-RM back squat …


"If Doubt Arises": How The Department Of State's Interpretation Of The Immigration And Naturalization Act Invites Discrimination Against The Children Of Gay And Lesbian Americans, David B. Joyner Jan 2020

"If Doubt Arises": How The Department Of State's Interpretation Of The Immigration And Naturalization Act Invites Discrimination Against The Children Of Gay And Lesbian Americans, David B. Joyner

Campbell Law Review

Federal statutes granting US. citizenship to children born abroad to an American parent became law long before the advent of reproductive technologies that have helped millions of people grow their families. As written, the laws require further interpretation to address situations where a child is born to a married couple when one parent is American but does not have a biological link to the child. The U.S. Department of State 's interpretation of the laws requires staff to review a series offactors when a family applies for their child's citizenship by birth abroad, and these factors result in gay and …


University Of Northern Iowa 2019-2020 Graduate Program Survey, University Of Northern Iowa. Office Of Institutional Research And Effectiveness. Jan 2020

University Of Northern Iowa 2019-2020 Graduate Program Survey, University Of Northern Iowa. Office Of Institutional Research And Effectiveness.

Institutional Effectiveness & Planning Documents

Contents:

Graduate College Staff --- 3
Degrees Awarded 2019-Spring 2020 --- 4
Graduate Demographics --- 5
Degrees Awarded over 5 Years --- 6
Survey Methodology --- 9
Post Graduation Activity --- 10
Activity During UNI Experience --- 11
Reasons to Attend UNI --- 13
Confidence in Graduate Experience --- 14
Graduate Education Finance --- 16
Survey Sample --- 17


Predicting Escherichia Coli Loads In Cascading Dams With Machine Learning: An Integration Of Hydrometeorology, Animal Density And Grazing Pattern, Olufemi P. Abimbola, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Tiffany Messer, Elaine D. Berry, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt, Samuel Hansen Jan 2020

Predicting Escherichia Coli Loads In Cascading Dams With Machine Learning: An Integration Of Hydrometeorology, Animal Density And Grazing Pattern, Olufemi P. Abimbola, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Tiffany Messer, Elaine D. Berry, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt, Samuel Hansen

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Accurate prediction of Escherichia coli contamination in surface waters is challenging due to considerable uncertainty in the physical, chemical and biological variables that control E. coli occurrence and sources in surface waters. This study proposes a novel approach by integrating hydro-climatic variables as well as animal density and grazing pattern in the feature selection modeling phase to increase E. coli prediction accuracy for two cascading dams at the US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), Nebraska. Predictive models were developed using regression techniques and an artificial neural network (ANN). Two adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) structures including subtractive clustering and fuzzy …


Enhancing Final Image Contrast In Off-Axis Digital Holography Using Residual Fringes, Manuel Bedrossian, Kent Wallace, Eugene Serabyn, Chris Lindensmith, Jay Nadeau Jan 2020

Enhancing Final Image Contrast In Off-Axis Digital Holography Using Residual Fringes, Manuel Bedrossian, Kent Wallace, Eugene Serabyn, Chris Lindensmith, Jay Nadeau

Physics Faculty Publications and Presentations

We show that background fringe-pattern subtraction is a useful technique for removing static noise from off-axis holographic reconstructions and can enhance image contrast in volumetric reconstructions by an order of magnitude in the case for instruments with relatively stable fringes. We demonstrate the fundamental principle of this technique and introduce some practical considerations that must be made when implementing this scheme, such as quantifying fringe stability. This work also shows an experimental verification of the background fringe subtraction scheme using various biological samples.


Conscious Multi-Modal Perceptual Learning For Grounded Simulation-Based Cognition, S. Kugele, S. Franklin Jan 2020

Conscious Multi-Modal Perceptual Learning For Grounded Simulation-Based Cognition, S. Kugele, S. Franklin

CCRG Papers

No abstract provided.


The Pattern Theory Of Self In Artificial General Intelligence: A Theoretical Framework For Modeling Self In Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, K. Ryan, P. Agrawal, S. Franklin Jan 2020

The Pattern Theory Of Self In Artificial General Intelligence: A Theoretical Framework For Modeling Self In Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, K. Ryan, P. Agrawal, S. Franklin

CCRG Papers

No abstract provided.


Single Cell Transcriptomics Implicate Novel Monocyte And T Cell Immune Dysregulation In Sarcoidosis, Lori Garman, Richard C. Pelikan, Astrid Rasmussen, Caleb A. Lareau, Kathryn A. Savoy, Umesh S. Deshmukh, Harini Bagavant, Albert M. Levin, Salim Daouk, Wonder P. Drake, Courtney G. Montgomery Jan 2020

Single Cell Transcriptomics Implicate Novel Monocyte And T Cell Immune Dysregulation In Sarcoidosis, Lori Garman, Richard C. Pelikan, Astrid Rasmussen, Caleb A. Lareau, Kathryn A. Savoy, Umesh S. Deshmukh, Harini Bagavant, Albert M. Levin, Salim Daouk, Wonder P. Drake, Courtney G. Montgomery

Public Health Sciences Articles

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by infiltration of immune cells into granulomas. Previous gene expression studies using heterogeneous cell mixtures lack insight into cell-type-specific immune dysregulation. We performed the first single-cell RNA-sequencing study of sarcoidosis in peripheral immune cells in 48 patients and controls. Following unbiased clustering, differentially expressed genes were identified for 18 cell types and bioinformatically assessed for function and pathway enrichment. Our results reveal persistent activation of circulating classical monocytes with subsequent upregulation of trafficking molecules. Specifically, classical monocytes upregulated distinct markers of activation including adhesion molecules, pattern recognition receptors, and chemokine receptors, as well …


The Milk Metabolome Of Non-Secretor And Lewis Negative Mothers, Aidong Wang, Petya Koleva, Elloise Du Toit, Donna T. Geddes, Daniel Munblit, Susan L. Prescott, Merete Eggesbø, Christine C. Johnson, Ganesa Wegienka, Naoki Shimojo, Dianne Campbell, Anita L. Kozyrskyj, Carolyn M. Slupsky Jan 2020

The Milk Metabolome Of Non-Secretor And Lewis Negative Mothers, Aidong Wang, Petya Koleva, Elloise Du Toit, Donna T. Geddes, Daniel Munblit, Susan L. Prescott, Merete Eggesbø, Christine C. Johnson, Ganesa Wegienka, Naoki Shimojo, Dianne Campbell, Anita L. Kozyrskyj, Carolyn M. Slupsky

Public Health Sciences Articles

Introduction: The functional role of milk for the developing neonate is an area of great interest, and a significant amount of research has been done. However, a lot of work remains to fully understand the complexities of milk, and the variations imposed through genetics. It has previously been shown that both secretor (Se) and Lewis blood type (Le) status impacts the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk. While some studies have compared the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se+ and Se- women, none have reported on the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se- and Le- mothers.

Method and Results: To …


The Resurrection Of Jesus And Christian Faith: Five Conferences For The Monks Of New Camaldoli, Big Sur [Lecture Notes], Scott Gambrill Sinclair Jan 2020

The Resurrection Of Jesus And Christian Faith: Five Conferences For The Monks Of New Camaldoli, Big Sur [Lecture Notes], Scott Gambrill Sinclair

The Scott Sinclair Lecture Notes Collection

Lecture notes on a series of talks by Scott G. Sinclair's on his version of the Historical Jesus.


Individualized Breastfeeding Support For Acutely Ill, Malnourished Infants Under 6 Months Old, Martha Mwangome, Sheila Murunga, Jane Kahindi, Prinilla Gwiyo, Grace Mwasho, Alison Talbert, Laura Kiige, Betty Samburu, Neema Mturi, Amina Abubakar, Caroline Jones, James A. Berkley Jan 2020

Individualized Breastfeeding Support For Acutely Ill, Malnourished Infants Under 6 Months Old, Martha Mwangome, Sheila Murunga, Jane Kahindi, Prinilla Gwiyo, Grace Mwasho, Alison Talbert, Laura Kiige, Betty Samburu, Neema Mturi, Amina Abubakar, Caroline Jones, James A. Berkley

Institute for Human Development, East Africa

Reestablishing exclusive breastfeeding is the cornerstone of the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for acute malnutrition in infants less than 6 months. However, no studies have investigated guideline implementation and subsequent outcomes in a public hospital setting in Africa. To facilitate implementation of the WHO 2013 guidelines in Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya, we developed standard operating procedure, recruited, and trained three breastfeeding peer supporters (BFPS). Between September 2016 and January 2018, the BFPS provided individual breastfeeding support to mothers of infants aged 4 weeks to 4 months admitted to Kilifi County Hospital with an illness and acute malnutrition …


Church And State And Child Endangerment, Raymond C. O'Brien Jan 2020

Church And State And Child Endangerment, Raymond C. O'Brien

Scholarly Articles

As media in the United States revealed the number of minors sexually abused by clergy, the gravity of the offenses, and the inability to prosecute the offenders, a second offense was revealed. Gradually it was illustrated that bishops and their diocesan administrators knew of credible sexual crimes against children committed by clergy and they responded by protecting offenders, ignoring victims, and knowingly reassigning credibly accused clergy to other placements where they could endanger additional minors. In response to these developments the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops published policies to protect children, enacted norms to be followed in each diocese, …


Aml Risk Stratification Models Utilizing Eln-2017 Guidelines And Additional Prognostic Factors: A Swog Report, Era L. Pogosova-Agadjanyan, Anna Moseley, Megan Othus, Frederick R. Appelbaum, Thomas R. Chauncey, I-Ming L. Chen, Harry P. Erba, John E. Godwin, Isaac C. Jenkins, Min Fang, Mike Huynh, Kenneth J. Kopecky, Alan F. List, Jasmine Naru, Jerald P. Radich, Emily Stevens, Brooke E. Willborg, Cheryl L. Willman, Brent L. Wood, Qing Zhang, Soheil Meshinchi, Derek L. Stirewalt Jan 2020

Aml Risk Stratification Models Utilizing Eln-2017 Guidelines And Additional Prognostic Factors: A Swog Report, Era L. Pogosova-Agadjanyan, Anna Moseley, Megan Othus, Frederick R. Appelbaum, Thomas R. Chauncey, I-Ming L. Chen, Harry P. Erba, John E. Godwin, Isaac C. Jenkins, Min Fang, Mike Huynh, Kenneth J. Kopecky, Alan F. List, Jasmine Naru, Jerald P. Radich, Emily Stevens, Brooke E. Willborg, Cheryl L. Willman, Brent L. Wood, Qing Zhang, Soheil Meshinchi, Derek L. Stirewalt

Pathology Research and Scholarship

BACKGROUND: The recently updated European LeukemiaNet risk stratification guidelines combine cytogenetic abnormalities and genetic mutations to provide the means to triage patients with acute myeloid leukemia for optimal therapies. Despite the identification of many prognostic factors, relatively few have made their way into clinical practice.

METHODS: In order to assess and improve the performance of the European LeukemiaNet guidelines, we developed novel prognostic models using the biomarkers from the guidelines, age, performance status and select transcript biomarkers. The models were developed separately for mononuclear cells and viable leukemic blasts from previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia patients (discovery cohort,

RESULTS: Models …


Editorial: Structure, Isotypes, Targets, And Post-Translational Modifications Of Immunoglobulins And Their Role In Infection, Inflammation And Autoimmunity, Jean Harb, Bridget S. Wilson, Sylvie Hermouet Jan 2020

Editorial: Structure, Isotypes, Targets, And Post-Translational Modifications Of Immunoglobulins And Their Role In Infection, Inflammation And Autoimmunity, Jean Harb, Bridget S. Wilson, Sylvie Hermouet

Pathology Research and Scholarship

EDITORIAL published: 07 August 2020 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01761 Frontiers in Immunology | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 1761 Edited by: Deborah K. Dunn-Walters, University of Surrey, United Kingdom Reviewed by: Roberta Pelanda, University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States *Correspondence: Sylvie Hermouet [email protected] Specialty section: This article was submitted to B Cell Biology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Received: 29 May 2020 Accepted: 30 June 2020 Published: 07 August 2020 Citation: Harb J, Wilson BS and Hermouet S (2020) Editorial: Structure, Isotypes, Targets, and Post-translational Modifications of Immunoglobulins and Their Role in Infection, …


Hemostasis And Thrombosis; Pathology: A Modern Case Study, Marian Rollins-Raval Jan 2020

Hemostasis And Thrombosis; Pathology: A Modern Case Study, Marian Rollins-Raval

Pathology Research and Scholarship

Following injury or invasion by a pathogen, the body protects against the loss of blood and attempts to maintain hemostasis by activating the primary and secondary hemostatic pathways.* The culmination of these events is the formation of a fibrin-rich platelet plug at the site of vessel damage. Along with its role in hemostasis, fibrin also plays roles in the inflammatory and wound healing processes that are occurring simultaneously following an injury (see Chapter 2). Fibrin deposition is seen frequently in areas of inflammation, whether vessel injury is present or not. Local fibrin deposition is able to induce adhesion …


Paraisong Nawala: Exploring Sustainable Ecotourism In The Philippines, Samantha Barrios Yu Jan 2020

Paraisong Nawala: Exploring Sustainable Ecotourism In The Philippines, Samantha Barrios Yu

Scripps Senior Theses

Ecotourism, environmentally responsible travel to natural areas, is a growing industry that has the ability to bring invaluable tourism revenue to countries with flourishing natural environments. The Philippines has the potential to be an ecotourism hotspot, and if implemented correctly, ecotourism could enable the alleviation of poverty in the Philippines as well as contribute to the conservation of the Philippines’ natural resources. By examining three destinations in the Philippines and their ecotourism viability as well as the challenges that these areas face, this thesis explores how the Philippines can benefit greatly from well implemented sustainable ecotourism strategies. Management of ecotourism …


Labeling Violence, Cecelia Klingele Jan 2020

Labeling Violence, Cecelia Klingele

Marquette Law Review

In recent years, federal and state-level criminal justice reforms have softened the punitive responses to crime that defined the quarter-century from 1980–2005. The main beneficiaries of these reforms have been non-violent criminals, who are increasingly eligible for pre- and post-charge diversion, expungement, early release from custody and early discharge from community supervision. For those convicted of violent offenses, not much has changed: sentences remain long; opportunities for release remain few; and conditions of post-release supervision are tightly enforced, leading to high rates of return to prison. The justification for a harsh response to violent crime is that such crime inflicts …


After The Golem: Teaching Golems, Kabbalah, Exile, Imagination, And Technological Takeover., Temma F. Berg Jan 2020

After The Golem: Teaching Golems, Kabbalah, Exile, Imagination, And Technological Takeover., Temma F. Berg

English Faculty Publications

The golem is an elusive creature. From a religious perspective it enacts spirit entering matter, a creation story of potential salvation crossed with reprehensible arrogance. As a historical narrative, the golem story becomes a tale of Jewish powerlessness and oppression, of pogroms and ghettoization, of assimilation and exile, and sometimes, of renewal. As the subject of a course in women, gender and sexuality studies, the golem narrative can be seen as a relentless questioning of otherness and identity and as a revelation of the complex intersectionalities of gender, class, sexuality, race, disability, and ethnicity. As a philosophical motif, the ambiguous …


Foundations Of Social Work Research, Rebecca L. Mauldin Jan 2020

Foundations Of Social Work Research, Rebecca L. Mauldin

Mavs Open Press Open Educational Resources - Archive

This textbook was created to provide an introduction to research methods for BSW and MSW students, with particular emphasis on research and practice relevant to students at the University of Texas at Arlington. It provides an introduction to social work students to help evaluate research for evidence-based practice and design social work research projects. It can be used with its companion, A Guidebook for Social Work Literature Reviews and Research Questions by Rebecca L. Mauldin and Matthew DeCarlo, or as a stand-alone textbook. [Visit the books' Pressbooks page to download the OER in other formats or to access an updated …


Tetraspanin Scaffold Proteins Function As Key Regulators Of Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Victoria D. Balise, Chelsea A. Saito-Reis, Jennifer M. Gillette Jan 2020

Tetraspanin Scaffold Proteins Function As Key Regulators Of Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Victoria D. Balise, Chelsea A. Saito-Reis, Jennifer M. Gillette

Pathology Research and Scholarship

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are responsible for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of all the blood forming cells in the body, and as such, are critical for a number of patient therapies. For successful HSPC transplantation, stem cells must traffic through the blood and home to the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment or "niche," which is composed of soluble factors, matrix proteins, and supportive cells. HSPC adhesion to, and signaling with, cellular and extracellular components of the niche provide instructional cues to balance stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this review, we will explore the regulation of these stem …


Doc 2020-02 Proposal To Rename The Department Of Geology To The Department Of Geology And Environmental Geosciences, Shuang-Ye Wu Jan 2020

Doc 2020-02 Proposal To Rename The Department Of Geology To The Department Of Geology And Environmental Geosciences, Shuang-Ye Wu

Senate Documents

Legislative Authority


RATIONALE:

The Department of Geology formally propose to change its name to the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences.

Geology is a scientific discipline that deals with the Earth's physical structure and chemical composition, its history, and processes that shape the planet. Traditionally, geologists study the rocks, map the mountains and discover fossils to explain the landscape, discover the workings of the continents and the deep Earth, and put together the history of the Earth’s physical environment and biological evolution. In practical applications, geologists also find groundwater resources, energy resources, and mineral deposits of great economic values.

Recent …


A Taxonomy Of Class Actions For Animals In The United States, Tess Vickery Jan 2020

A Taxonomy Of Class Actions For Animals In The United States, Tess Vickery

Animal Law Review

Class actions are commonly used to redress mass wrongs against humans— but what about mass wrongs against animals? This Article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of animal-related class actions that have been filed in the United States, predominantly in the field of consumer law, and explores how these actions can be used as a strategic tool to advance protections for animals within the confines of their legal status as property. This Article also highlights the challenges that have been faced by these animal-related class actions in obtaining class certification pursuant to Rule 23 and offers some practical strategies …