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2020

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Student And Career Services Newsletter 01, Office Of Student And Career Services Nov 2020

Student And Career Services Newsletter 01, Office Of Student And Career Services

Student and Career Services Newsletter

November 2020


Antifungal Drug Repurposing, Jong H. Kim, Luisa W. Cheng, Kathleen L. Chan, Christina C. Tam, Noreen Mahoney, Mendel Friedman, Mikhail Martchenko Shilman, Kirkwood M. Land Nov 2020

Antifungal Drug Repurposing, Jong H. Kim, Luisa W. Cheng, Kathleen L. Chan, Christina C. Tam, Noreen Mahoney, Mendel Friedman, Mikhail Martchenko Shilman, Kirkwood M. Land

College of the Pacific Faculty Articles

Control of fungal pathogens is increasingly problematic due to the limited number of effective drugs available for antifungal therapy. Conventional antifungal drugs could also trigger human cytotoxicity associated with the kidneys and liver, including the generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, increased incidences of fungal resistance to the classes of azoles, such as fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, or posaconazole, or echinocandins, including caspofungin, anidulafungin, or micafungin, have been documented. Of note, certain azole fungicides such as propiconazole or tebuconazole that are applied to agricultural fields have the same mechanism of antifungal action as clinical azole drugs. Such long-term application of azole …


Surveying The Safety Culture Of Academic Laboratories, Emily Faulconer, Zachary Dixon, John C. Griffith, Hayden Frank Nov 2020

Surveying The Safety Culture Of Academic Laboratories, Emily Faulconer, Zachary Dixon, John C. Griffith, Hayden Frank

Publications

The university traditionally has been the foundation for young adults’ professional development, yet the proclivity toward safety culture has garnered less focus in higher education than in the workforce. A survey of faculty at a medium-sized, research-active, private institution revealed specific areas of policy noncompliance as well as specific safety attitudes that can be targeted for interventions. Albeit a snapshot view, the survey implies that safety needs better representation in the classroom, teaching laboratories, and research facilities at universities. Safety is not abandoned by any means, and there is a strong presence of safety-oriented individuals, but the data show barriers …


Watching Insider Trading Law Wobble: Obus, Newman, Salman, Two Martomas , And A Blaszcak , Donald C. Langevoort Nov 2020

Watching Insider Trading Law Wobble: Obus, Newman, Salman, Two Martomas , And A Blaszcak , Donald C. Langevoort

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Hitting The Bullseye: Are Extracellular Vesicles On Target?, Nicole Noren Hooten, María Yáñez-Mó, Rachel M. Derita, Ashley Russell, Peter Quesenberry, Bharat Ramratnam, Paul D Robbins, Dolores Di Vizio, Sicheng Wen, Kenneth W Witwer, Lucia R Languino Nov 2020

Hitting The Bullseye: Are Extracellular Vesicles On Target?, Nicole Noren Hooten, María Yáñez-Mó, Rachel M. Derita, Ashley Russell, Peter Quesenberry, Bharat Ramratnam, Paul D Robbins, Dolores Di Vizio, Sicheng Wen, Kenneth W Witwer, Lucia R Languino

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.


Annual Report Of The Indiana Universiy Maurer School Of Law Digital Repository, 2019/20, Richard Vaughan Nov 2020

Annual Report Of The Indiana Universiy Maurer School Of Law Digital Repository, 2019/20, Richard Vaughan

Digital Repository Annual Reports

A brief annual report documenting the use and growth of the Indiana University Maurer School of Law, Jerome Hall Law Library, Digital Repository. Includes lists of the most downloaded documents and attached Excel spreadsheets of data


Forage News [2020-11], Department Of Plant And Soil Sciences, University Of Kentucky Nov 2020

Forage News [2020-11], Department Of Plant And Soil Sciences, University Of Kentucky

Forage News

No abstract provided.


Queerview: Protocol For A Technology-Mediated Qualitative Photo Elicitation Study With Sexual And Gender Minority Youth In Ontario, Canada, Shelley L. Craig, Andrew D. Eaton, Rachael Pascoe, Egag Egag, Lauren B. Mcinroy, Lin Fang, Ashley Austin, Michael P. Dentato Phd, Msw Nov 2020

Queerview: Protocol For A Technology-Mediated Qualitative Photo Elicitation Study With Sexual And Gender Minority Youth In Ontario, Canada, Shelley L. Craig, Andrew D. Eaton, Rachael Pascoe, Egag Egag, Lauren B. Mcinroy, Lin Fang, Ashley Austin, Michael P. Dentato Phd, Msw

Social Work: School of Social Work Faculty Publications and Other Works

Background:The experiences of resilience and intersectionality in the lives of contemporary sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) are important to explore. SGMY face unique experiences of discrimination in both online and offline environments, yet simultaneously build community and seek support in innovative ways. SGMY who identify as transgender, trans, or gender nonconforming and have experiences with child welfare, homelessness, or immigration have been particularly understudied. A qualitative exploration that leverages technology may derive new understanding of the negotiations of risk, resilience, and identity intersections that impact the well-being of vulnerable SGMY.

Objective:The objectives of the QueerVIEW study were to (1) …


The Influence Of Social-Grouping On Territorial Defense Behavior In The Black-Crested Titmouse (Baeolophus Atricristatus), Mirjam J. Borger, Lauren E. Johnson, Nathaly O. Salazar, Cameron L. Dreghorn, J. Komdeur, Troy G. Murphy Nov 2020

The Influence Of Social-Grouping On Territorial Defense Behavior In The Black-Crested Titmouse (Baeolophus Atricristatus), Mirjam J. Borger, Lauren E. Johnson, Nathaly O. Salazar, Cameron L. Dreghorn, J. Komdeur, Troy G. Murphy

Biology Faculty Research

Abstract: Status signals have evolved for individuals to avoid energetic and physical costs of resource defense. These signals reflect an individual’s competitive ability and therefore influence competitors’ decisions on how to invest in a fight. We hypothesized that the response of receivers to status signals will depend on the social context. During territorial defense, group members may provide support to a territory owner by participating in defense. We investigated whether the presence of juveniles—who group together with territorial males—alters the territorial male’s attack decisions and level of aggression in the black-crested titmouse (Baeolophus atricristatus). Crest-length in this species …


From Ace2 To Covid-19: A Multiorgan Endothelial Disease, Richard A. Stein, Lauren M. Young Nov 2020

From Ace2 To Covid-19: A Multiorgan Endothelial Disease, Richard A. Stein, Lauren M. Young

Publications and Research

Editorial


Ventricular Septal Aneurysm Mimicking Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Mass In A Patient With Ventricular Septal Defect., Nikhil A. Mehta Md, Syed Rafay Ali Sabzwari, Sara Godil Md, Ghulam Akbar Md, Raman Dusaj Md, Neeraj Shah Nov 2020

Ventricular Septal Aneurysm Mimicking Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Mass In A Patient With Ventricular Septal Defect., Nikhil A. Mehta Md, Syed Rafay Ali Sabzwari, Sara Godil Md, Ghulam Akbar Md, Raman Dusaj Md, Neeraj Shah

Cardiology Division

A 50-year-old man presented with an episode of chest pain. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed the presence of a large ventricular septal aneurysm partially closing a perimembranous ventricular septal defect, prolapsing into the right ventricular outflow tract, and mimicking a mass. We illustrate the diagnostic approach and management of such ventricular septal aneurysms. (


The Granulate Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Biological Parameters Under Controlled Conditions, Host Plants, And Distribution In The Americas, Alexandre Specht, Fernando M. S. Dias, Germán San Blas, Vânia F. Roque-Specht, Mirna M. Casagrande, Olaf H. H. Mielke, Débora Goulart Montezano, Izailda Barbosa Santos, Silvana Vieira De Paula Moraes, Thomas E. Hunt, Juaci V. Malaquias, Felipe A. D. Bonfin, Paulo V. M. Vieira Nov 2020

The Granulate Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Biological Parameters Under Controlled Conditions, Host Plants, And Distribution In The Americas, Alexandre Specht, Fernando M. S. Dias, Germán San Blas, Vânia F. Roque-Specht, Mirna M. Casagrande, Olaf H. H. Mielke, Débora Goulart Montezano, Izailda Barbosa Santos, Silvana Vieira De Paula Moraes, Thomas E. Hunt, Juaci V. Malaquias, Felipe A. D. Bonfin, Paulo V. M. Vieira

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Feltia subterranea (Fabricius), commonly known as the granulate cutworm, is a common species of owlet moths (Noctuidae) of major agricultural importance, widely distributed in Nearctic and Neotropical regions. This study was conducted to determine the species biological parameters, gather information about its larval host plants, and assess the agricultural significance of this species in the Americas. The viability of the egg, larval, pupal stages, and prepupal period was 98, 98, and 100%, respectively, under laboratory conditions. The average duration of the egg, larval, pupal stages, and prepupal period was 3, 17, 4, and 13 d, respectively. All laboratory-reared larvae developed …


A Framework For Identifying Host-Based Artifacts In Dark Web Investigations, Arica Kulm Nov 2020

A Framework For Identifying Host-Based Artifacts In Dark Web Investigations, Arica Kulm

Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations

The dark web is the hidden part of the internet that is not indexed by search engines and is only accessible with a specific browser like The Onion Router (Tor). Tor was originally developed as a means of secure communications and is still used worldwide for individuals seeking privacy or those wanting to circumvent restrictive regimes. The dark web has become synonymous with nefarious and illicit content which manifests itself in underground marketplaces containing illegal goods such as drugs, stolen credit cards, stolen user credentials, child pornography, and more (Kohen, 2017). Dark web marketplaces contribute both to illegal drug usage …


Possession, Production, And Power: Reading Objects In The Material Field, Anne E. Lester Nov 2020

Possession, Production, And Power: Reading Objects In The Material Field, Anne E. Lester

Medieval Feminist Forum: A Journal of Gender and Sexuality

This response piece explores the revival of interest in materiality and the relationship between medieval material culture and gender. Offering a rich and extensive overview of the study of materiality and gender, including a new definition of the “material field” drawing on Bourdieu, the piece specifically discusses how objects obtain their value and meaning within medieval texts, including Arthurian romance literature. The response argues that material objects give a woman power and control, outlining how this is evident through objects within texts and in material production, as evidenced in the section’s articles. The response piece poses – and offers some …


A Comparison Of Two Protein Supplements On The Healing Of Stage Iii And Iv Pressure Injuries In Enterally Fed, Ventilator Dependent Long – Term Care Residents, Kalli Talaska Nov 2020

A Comparison Of Two Protein Supplements On The Healing Of Stage Iii And Iv Pressure Injuries In Enterally Fed, Ventilator Dependent Long – Term Care Residents, Kalli Talaska

Master's Theses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in stage III or IV pressure injury size of enterally fed, ventilator dependent, long-term care residents after receiving one of two protein supplements in addition to enteral feeding meeting 100% of calculated needs. The two protein supplements were Beneprotein™ (powder) and Pro T Gold™ (liquid). The injuries were evaluated for change in size at two weeks and four weeks post initiation of protein supplement. Sixty subjects were reviewed – 30 for each supplement. Subjects included 20 males (33%) and 40 females (67%). The analysis indicated for the total sample, a …


Maternal Hookworm Infection And Its Effects On Maternal Health: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Tara E Ness, Vedika Agrawal, Kathryn Bedard, Lara Ouellette, Timothy A Erickson, Peter Hotez, Jill E Weatherhead Nov 2020

Maternal Hookworm Infection And Its Effects On Maternal Health: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Tara E Ness, Vedika Agrawal, Kathryn Bedard, Lara Ouellette, Timothy A Erickson, Peter Hotez, Jill E Weatherhead

Library Staff Publications

Hookworm is an intestinal parasite that infects nearly 230 million people, with another 5.1 billion at risk, especially in poverty-stricken tropical and subtropical regions. Pregnancy is an especially vulnerable time for hookworm infection because of its effect on both maternal and subsequently fetal health. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. The meta-analysis was performed on the association between maternal hookworm and maternal anemia, as well as maternal hookworm coinfection with malaria. The prevalence of hookworm ranged from 1% to 78% in pregnant women, whereas malaria prevalence ranged from 11% to 81%. Pregnant women with hookworm infection were more likely …


Impact Assessment Of Full And Partial Stay-At-Home Orders, Face Mask Usage, And Contact Tracing: An Agent-Based Simulation Study Of Covid-19 For An Urban Region, Hanisha Tatapudi, Rachita Das, Tapas K Das Nov 2020

Impact Assessment Of Full And Partial Stay-At-Home Orders, Face Mask Usage, And Contact Tracing: An Agent-Based Simulation Study Of Covid-19 For An Urban Region, Hanisha Tatapudi, Rachita Das, Tapas K Das

All publications

Purpose: Social intervention strategies to mitigate COVID-19 are examined using an agent-based simulation model. Outbreak in a large urban region, Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA is used as a case study. Results are intended to serve as a planning guide for decision makers.

Methods: The simulation model mimics daily social mixing behavior of the susceptible and infected generating the spread. Data representing demographics of the region, virus epidemiology, and social interventions shapes model behavior. Results include daily values of infected, reported, hospitalized, and dead.

Results: Results show that early implementation of complete stay-at-home order is effective in flattening and reversing the …


Bad Boys: A Study Of Conservative Censorship And American Subcultures, Ally Dellgren Nov 2020

Bad Boys: A Study Of Conservative Censorship And American Subcultures, Ally Dellgren

Musicology and Ethnomusicology: Student Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Schubert’S Compositional Development Reflected In Winterreise: Annotated Bibliography, Reid Wolch Nov 2020

Schubert’S Compositional Development Reflected In Winterreise: Annotated Bibliography, Reid Wolch

Musicology and Ethnomusicology: Student Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Black-Swan Type Catastrophes And Antifragility/Supra-Resilience Of Urban Socio-Technical Infrastructures, S. A, Timashev Nov 2020

Black-Swan Type Catastrophes And Antifragility/Supra-Resilience Of Urban Socio-Technical Infrastructures, S. A, Timashev

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

This paper may be one of the first attempts dealing with the problem of creating, providing and maintaining antifragility of systems of interdependent urban critical infrastructures (CI) in the wake of black-swan type technological, ecological, economic or social catastrophes occurring in a municipality. A synonym is offered to describe antifragility from a positive psychology perspective, formulating the problem as the supraresilience problem. A brief description is given of the developed innovative approach for creating a supraresilient city/region using black-swan catastrophe and the antifragility concepts. Resilience metrics are formulated as well as methods of assessing damage, interdependence of infrastructures and convergent …


Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antibacterial Activity Of A New Class Of Silver Citrate-Based Compounds As Endodontic Irrigants, Luigi Generali, Carlo Bertoldi, Alessandro Bidossi, Clara Cassinelli Nov 2020

Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antibacterial Activity Of A New Class Of Silver Citrate-Based Compounds As Endodontic Irrigants, Luigi Generali, Carlo Bertoldi, Alessandro Bidossi, Clara Cassinelli

Open Access archive

In the present study, the cytotoxicity and the antimicrobial activity of two silver citrate-based irrigant solutions were investigated. Cytotoxicity of various concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%) of both solutions (BioAKT and BioAKT Endo) was assessed on L-929 mouse fibroblasts using the MTT assay. For the quantitative analysis of components, an infrared (I.R.) spectroscopy was performed. The minimum inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations (M.I.C. and M.B.C., respectively) were ascertained on Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 4083. For biofilm susceptibility after treatment with the irrigating agent, a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (M.B.E.C.) and confocal laser scanning microscope (C.L.S.M.) assays were performed. Quantification …


Thermal Energy Assessment Of New Constructed Bio-Based Insulation Material Applied In Buildings, Abeer Fuad Othman Dar Saleh Nov 2020

Thermal Energy Assessment Of New Constructed Bio-Based Insulation Material Applied In Buildings, Abeer Fuad Othman Dar Saleh

Architectural Engineering Theses

The building sector is moving towards energy-efficient design "low energy consumption". The development of bio-based thermal insulation materials contributes strongly to this approach. The implantation of these materials in the new designed buildings will have an excellent impact in reducing the energy consumption and subsequently saving the non-renewable resources depletion and in decreasing the waste generation.

In this research, the energy performance of a new bio-insulation material prepared from rice will be evaluated. Focusing on its physical and thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and fire reaction evaluation. The developed insulation sample has been made by heating a fixed quantity …


Exploring Conscious And Unconscious Emotional Affordances Of Traditional Versus International Architectural Styles, Ala’ Faleh Ahmad Albdour Nov 2020

Exploring Conscious And Unconscious Emotional Affordances Of Traditional Versus International Architectural Styles, Ala’ Faleh Ahmad Albdour

Architectural Engineering Theses

This thesis is concerned with investigating the effect of contemporary architectural styles on the human emotion both conscious and unconscious. In particular, it looks at the traditional visual context versus the international visual context within the built environment. United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the countries that has applied little restrictions on the adoption of the architectural styles, the case that makes it an appropriate place to conduct this kind of studies. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the emotional affordance of a number of participants when they observe a visual context of a ‘Brand Image’ …


Veronica Porumbacu’S ‘Return From Cynthera’ (1966): A Conceptual Manifesto Of Socialist Feminism, Ovidiu Ţichindeleanu Nov 2020

Veronica Porumbacu’S ‘Return From Cynthera’ (1966): A Conceptual Manifesto Of Socialist Feminism, Ovidiu Ţichindeleanu

Wagadu: A Journal of Transnational Women's & Gender Studies

Veronica Porumbacu (1921-1977) was a Romanian poet and translator who has been unjustly forgotten today due to her proletcultist poems of the 1950s. Yet her work was widely published and well-known during the socialist regime, and is especially relevant for the two decades of growth and ideological innovation of the 1960s and 1970s. In my article I analyze a remarkable volume of hers published in 1966, situating it in the context of her work and in the wider frame of the political context of Romania. I argue that Return from Cythera can be considered a conceptual manifesto of socialist feminism, …


Fabrication And Characterization Of Biocompatible Agarose- Chitosan-Collagen Scaffold For Tissue Engineering, Chirapond Chonanant, Jeeranun Sukprasert, Mintra Pisnongwang, Phatchareerat Wongjiradilok Nov 2020

Fabrication And Characterization Of Biocompatible Agarose- Chitosan-Collagen Scaffold For Tissue Engineering, Chirapond Chonanant, Jeeranun Sukprasert, Mintra Pisnongwang, Phatchareerat Wongjiradilok

Asian Medical Journal and Alternative Medicine

Introduction: The biocompatible scaffold which promotes cell proliferation is necessary for the development of tissue engineering. The objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize a biocomposite scaffold using natural material, agarose-chitosan-collagen (AG-CH-CL) via freeze-drying method. To avoid cytotoxic effects associated with the chemical cross linker, the freeze-drying process was performed without adding the cross linker reagent.

Methods: The AG-CH-CL scaffold was synthesized using a freeze-drying method. The natural polymers were used in different concentrations to optimize the most desirable scaffold. SEM was used to determine the pore size of the scaffold. Physical functional as well as water uptake …


Validation Of Hplc Method For The Determination Of Anti-Allergic Compounds In Ethanolic Extract Of Prasaprohyai Remedy, A Thai Traditional Medicine, Nichamon Mukkasombut, Weerachai Pipatrattanaseree, Arunporn Itharat Nov 2020

Validation Of Hplc Method For The Determination Of Anti-Allergic Compounds In Ethanolic Extract Of Prasaprohyai Remedy, A Thai Traditional Medicine, Nichamon Mukkasombut, Weerachai Pipatrattanaseree, Arunporn Itharat

Asian Medical Journal and Alternative Medicine

Introduction: Prasaprohyai remedy (PY) is a Thai traditional medicine that has long been used to treat the common cold and fever. Previous studies revealed that 3,000 mg/day of powdered PY capsule were able to relieve allergic rhinitis symptoms as effectively as 10 mg/day of Loratadine. PY consists of 21 herbs and there is a need for quality control to ascertain their standard before being used in patients. Earlier studies showed that Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and eugenol had the potential as markers for quality control of PY.

Objective: To develop a validated method for Prasaprohyai remedy extract.

Methods: HPLC methodology …


Seeing The Insurgent In Transformative Planning Practices, Efadul Huq Nov 2020

Seeing The Insurgent In Transformative Planning Practices, Efadul Huq

Environmental Science and Policy: Faculty Publications

Insurgent planning and radical planning are two of the most popular conceptual frames of reference for progressive planners and theorists of transformative planning practices. In the past decades, scholars have extended these two planning conceptions to new geographies and realities to shed light on how planning can challenge structural injustices and marginalization. However, less attention has been given to how insurgent planning renovates radical planning practices in response to the crisis of neoliberal urbanization. While appreciating that radical and insurgent planning remain braided in practice, this article contributes to the literature on transformative planning by highlighting how insurgent planning builds …


Illegal Killing Of Nongame Wildlife And Recreational Shooting In Conservation Areas, Jay D. Carlisle, Eve C. Thomason, James R. Belthoff, Julie A. Heath, Kristina J. Parker, Heather M. Hayes, Madeline C. Alberg, Sandra M. Amdor, Steven E. Alsup, Stephanie E. Coates Nov 2020

Illegal Killing Of Nongame Wildlife And Recreational Shooting In Conservation Areas, Jay D. Carlisle, Eve C. Thomason, James R. Belthoff, Julie A. Heath, Kristina J. Parker, Heather M. Hayes, Madeline C. Alberg, Sandra M. Amdor, Steven E. Alsup, Stephanie E. Coates

Intermountain Bird Observatory Publications and Presentations

Illegal killing of nongame wildlife is a global yet poorly documented problem. The prevalence and ecological consequences of illegal killing are often underestimated or completely unknown. We review the practice of legal recreational shooting and present data gathered from telemetry, surveys, and observations on its association with illegal killing of wildlife (birds and snakes) within conservation areas in Idaho, USA. In total, 33% of telemetered long‐billed curlews (Numenius americanus) and 59% of other bird carcasses found with known cause of death (or 32% of total) were illegally shot. Analysis of spatial distributions of illegal and legal shooting is …


Community Context And Dispersal Stochasticity Drive Variation In Spatial Spread, Tad Dallas, Brett Melbourne, Alan Hastings Nov 2020

Community Context And Dispersal Stochasticity Drive Variation In Spatial Spread, Tad Dallas, Brett Melbourne, Alan Hastings

Faculty Publications

© 2020 British Ecological Society Dispersal is a key process in shaping species spatial distributions. Species interactions and variation in dispersal probabilities may jointly influence species spatial dynamics. However, many studies examine dispersal as a neutral process, independent of community context or intraspecific variation in dispersal behaviour. Here, we use controlled, replicated communities of two Tribolium species (T. castaneum and T. confusum) to examine how intraspecific variation in dispersal behaviour and community context influence dispersal dynamics in simple experimental landscapes composed of homogeneous habitat patches. We found considerable individual-level variation in dispersal probability that was unrelated to body size variation. …


Early Intracellular Trafficking And Subsequent Activity Of Programmed Cell Death In Channel Catfish Macrophages Infected With Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Lidiya P. Dubytska, Ronald L. Thune Nov 2020

Early Intracellular Trafficking And Subsequent Activity Of Programmed Cell Death In Channel Catfish Macrophages Infected With Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Lidiya P. Dubytska, Ronald L. Thune

Faculty Publications

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The development of Edwardsiella-containing-vacuoles (ECV) and the ability of Edwardsiella ictaluri to survive and replicate within macrophages suggests a unique process relative to normal phagosomal/lysosomal maturation and programed cell death. Developing ECV showed that endosomal membrane markers Rab5, EEA1, and Rab7 were all detected in both the wild type (WT) and an E. ictaluri type-3 secretion system (T3SS) mutant, 65ST. Co-localization with Lamp1, however, was significantly lower in the WT. The host cell endoplasmic reticulum marker, calnexin, co-localized to 65ST ECV significantly more than WT ECV, while Golgi vesicle marker, giantin, …