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2019

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Successful Establishment Of Oversown Chicory And Plantain On Uncultivatable Hill Country, Grant B. Douglas, Katherine N. Tozer, Catherine Cameron, Tom J. Fraser, Paul D. Muir, Ray A. Moss, Grant M. Rennie, Trevor L. Knight Dec 2019

Successful Establishment Of Oversown Chicory And Plantain On Uncultivatable Hill Country, Grant B. Douglas, Katherine N. Tozer, Catherine Cameron, Tom J. Fraser, Paul D. Muir, Ray A. Moss, Grant M. Rennie, Trevor L. Knight

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

All-year grazing of livestock on steep, non-arable hill country (> 20o slope angle, < 1,000 m elevation) is a significant feature of New Zealand agriculture. Hill country pastures are in various states of improvement depending on factors such as extent of subdivision, fertiliser inputs, plant species introduction, and grazing management. Numerous introduced grass, legume and herb species are available to match the many micro-sites in steep hill country (Kemp et al. 1999).

There has been increasing use of the perennial herbs chicory (Chicorium intybus L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) in seed mixtures used on a range of topographies, mostly flat to undulating terrain. Advantages of these species include tolerance of drought and high summer temperatures, highly palatable foliage, enhanced mineral content, and high animal growth rates (Stewart 1996; Li and Kemp 2005). Farmers have sown these species on hill country but there is negligible information on their establishment in such landscapes. …


Evaluation Of Crop Production And Water Use Efficiency Of Autumn-Sown Annual Forage Crops On The Rainfed Region Of Loess Plateau China, Qingping Zhang, Lihua Tian, Yuanbo Liu, Lindsay W. Bell, Jeremy P. M. Whish, Yuying Shen Dec 2019

Evaluation Of Crop Production And Water Use Efficiency Of Autumn-Sown Annual Forage Crops On The Rainfed Region Of Loess Plateau China, Qingping Zhang, Lihua Tian, Yuanbo Liu, Lindsay W. Bell, Jeremy P. M. Whish, Yuying Shen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Loess Plateau is one of the most important rainfed regions in China, but rainfall is the most significant factor limiting crop production. In this region rainfall from July to September accounts for 56% of the annual total, providing enough water resources for the growth of autumn-sown crops. Although increasing forage production with autumn sown crops is considered an important means of balancing crop forage and livestock management, suitable species with high yields and good water use efficiency (WUE) are not well defined.

The relationship between yield and water use efficiency has been shown to vary with plant species and …


Characterizing Feeds And Feed Availability In Sud-Kivu Province, Dr Congo, Samy B. Bacigale, Birthe K. Paul, Fabrice L. Muhimuzi, Neville Mapenzi, Michael Peters, Brigitte L. Maass Dec 2019

Characterizing Feeds And Feed Availability In Sud-Kivu Province, Dr Congo, Samy B. Bacigale, Birthe K. Paul, Fabrice L. Muhimuzi, Neville Mapenzi, Michael Peters, Brigitte L. Maass

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Animal husbandry in the Sud-Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is gradually moving towards stall feeding, due to demographic pressure (Battistin et al. 2009) and scarcity of collectable forages (DSRP-RDC 2005). Therefore, feed is considered one of the main constraints faced by livestock production, especially in the dry season (Katunga et al. 2009; Maass et al. 2012). Unaffordable, fluctuating prices and inaccessibility of feed concentrates and the lack of improved forages adapted to marginal conditions, making them non-competitive with food crops, further exacerbate the livestock feeding situation. This study within the African Food …


Art | Gallery Gis | Cologne – Ein Digitales Mapping-Projekt Auf Dem Weg Zur Deep Map, Nadine Oberste-Hetbleck, Jun.-Prof. Dr. Dec 2019

Art | Gallery Gis | Cologne – Ein Digitales Mapping-Projekt Auf Dem Weg Zur Deep Map, Nadine Oberste-Hetbleck, Jun.-Prof. Dr.

Artl@s Bulletin

1967 wurde unter dem Namen Kunstmarkt Köln 67 (heute: ART COLOGNE) die weltweit erste Messe für moderne und zeitgenössische Kunst gegründet. Das Open Access-Projekt ART | GALLERY GIS | COLOGNE (kurz: AGGC) bietet am Beispiel jener Messe erstmals eine interaktive, digitale Map für eine Kunstmesse, die mit Fokus auf die Aussteller sowohl die globale Perspektive als auch die lokale Ebene des Kunsthandels in Köln in einem Recherchetool zusammenführt. Anlässlich einer aktuellen Versionierung der Plattform AGGC skizziert der Beitrag den aktuellen Status Quo im Entwicklungsprozess hin zu einer so genannten Deep Map und beleuchtet hierbei kommentierend die Projektphasen, das Frontend und …


Review Of Archival Values: Essays In Honor Of Mark A. Greene, Theresa Berger, Scott Lawan Dec 2019

Review Of Archival Values: Essays In Honor Of Mark A. Greene, Theresa Berger, Scott Lawan

Journal of Western Archives

Review of Archival Values: Essays in Honor of Mark A. Greene.


A Culturally Competent Phenotypic Evaluation / Obesity Assessment In African And African American Populations: Pilot Study, Catrina Johnson, Robert Corrucini, Daniel Beque, Wanki Moon, Kola Ajuwon, David A. Lightfoot Dec 2019

A Culturally Competent Phenotypic Evaluation / Obesity Assessment In African And African American Populations: Pilot Study, Catrina Johnson, Robert Corrucini, Daniel Beque, Wanki Moon, Kola Ajuwon, David A. Lightfoot

Articles

BMI, a ratio of weight over height, is a culturally-biased tool imposed upon the scientific, academic and medical communities as an errant measure of obesity across ethnic - ity. Body Mass Index (BMI) relates mass (g) to a relative fat distribution with regards to height. Its genesis is from the actuarially derived and ethnically exclusive height and weight tables that promote the fictional notion of inter-eth - nic ideal weights that would be later adopted by the Na - tional Institutes of Health (NIH) as a competent measure of adiposity. Best practice, movement towards individualized medicine and deployment of effective …


Features Of The Physical Properties Of The Modified Surface Of The P-Cdte – Znse Film Heterostructure With Deep Impurity Levels, Yuozas Y. Vaytkus, Nodir E. Alimov, Salim M. Otajonov Dec 2019

Features Of The Physical Properties Of The Modified Surface Of The P-Cdte – Znse Film Heterostructure With Deep Impurity Levels, Yuozas Y. Vaytkus, Nodir E. Alimov, Salim M. Otajonov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

This article analyzes the spectrum of the photocurrent in a layered film heterostructure CdTe-ZnSe with deep primesnymi levels. The experimental results demonstrated that the heterostructure CdTe-ZnSe observed a new effect in the measurement of the photoconductivity spectra, depending on the direction of the applied electric field, and the applied field stimulates the emergence of photo-emf. The spectrum of the photocurrent in a layered CdTe- ZnSe heterostructure film with deep impurity levels are considered in the article. It follows from the experimental results that a new effect is observed in the CdTe-ZnSe heterostructure when measuring the photoconductivity spectra depending on the …


Definition Of Extended Structural Defects In Epitaxial Films Of Znteg‘Gaas Grown By Mbe, Muratbay B. Sharibaev, Kanatbay A. Ismailov, Ibrohim N. Karimov, Murodjon Z. Nosirov Dec 2019

Definition Of Extended Structural Defects In Epitaxial Films Of Znteg‘Gaas Grown By Mbe, Muratbay B. Sharibaev, Kanatbay A. Ismailov, Ibrohim N. Karimov, Murodjon Z. Nosirov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

The last three decades of the development of solid state physics are characterized by the fact that the main objects of research are increasingly not massive crystals, but thin films, multilayer thin-film systems, conducting filaments and crystallites of small size. Epitaxial films are grown on a substrate of a single crystal of the same or another material. In the first case, the epitaxial layer with the correct technology becomes a natural extension of the substrate. Epitaxial film can be doped with various impurities. To introduce an alloying admixture into the epitaxial film, three methods are used. According to the first …


Spectral Characteristics Of The Absorption Coefficient And Energy Position Of Defects, Sirojiddin Z. Zaynobidinov, Rustamjon G. Ikramov, Mashhurahon A. Nuriddinova, Khurshid A. Muminov Dec 2019

Spectral Characteristics Of The Absorption Coefficient And Energy Position Of Defects, Sirojiddin Z. Zaynobidinov, Rustamjon G. Ikramov, Mashhurahon A. Nuriddinova, Khurshid A. Muminov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

In this paper, a theoretical method to study the spectral characteristics of the absorption coefficient, namely the area of ​​defective absorption of amorphous hydrogenated silicon according to the Davis-Mott approximation from the Kubo-Greenwood formula. It is shown that using the experimental spectral characteristic of the defect absorption coefficient, one can determine the energy position of defects in the mobility gap. Optical transitions of electrons, in which electronic states participate in defects, indicate that there are three types of optical transitions of electrons: between defects, between defects and tails of allowed zones, and also between defects and allowed zones. It was …


Sub-Barrier And Above-Barrier Electron Transport Through Multilayer Semiconductors, Vohob R. Rasulov, Rustam Y. Rasulov, Ikbol M. Eshboltaev, Ravshan R. Sultonov Dec 2019

Sub-Barrier And Above-Barrier Electron Transport Through Multilayer Semiconductors, Vohob R. Rasulov, Rustam Y. Rasulov, Ikbol M. Eshboltaev, Ravshan R. Sultonov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

In the article the transparency coefficients of the semiconductor structure, consisting of alternating asymmetric potential barriers and wells, where the Bastard condition is taken into account, are calculated. It is shown that in the structure there should be an oscillation of the transmission coefficient of electrons depending on their energy, which is due to the interference of the de Broglie waves reaching the barrier and reflected from the potential barrier. The electronic states of a multilayer semiconductor structure consisting of alternating potential wells and barriers are analyzed. It has been shown that both in the above-barrier and in the barrier …


Scientific Foundation Of The Rate Of Falling Of Raw Materials On Walnut Breakage Device, Otabek A. Mirzaev, Xolhuzha A. Sobirov, Nusratillo R. Barakaev Dec 2019

Scientific Foundation Of The Rate Of Falling Of Raw Materials On Walnut Breakage Device, Otabek A. Mirzaev, Xolhuzha A. Sobirov, Nusratillo R. Barakaev

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

Today, there are many types of fruits that are separated the kernel from the shell: walnuts, almonds, filberts, chestnuts, pistachios and cashews. Nuts have a high calorific value and a rich nutrient composition. The most critical and delicate operation is shell cracking to extract the fragile whole kernel from the shell. Studies on nut rupturing are particularly focused on the following three aspects: the physical characteristics of nuts, the mechanical properties of nut rupturing, and nut rupturing equipment. Determining the velocity of the nut entered into the apparatus will allow the machine to operate normally, but will also increase its …


Eigenvalue Problems For An Elliptic Equation With Two Singular Coefficients, Asror M. Shokirov Dec 2019

Eigenvalue Problems For An Elliptic Equation With Two Singular Coefficients, Asror M. Shokirov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

For the elliptic type of differential equation with two singular coefficients, the quadratic values of the Dirixle and Dirixle-Neumann problems were found in the quarter in that work. The field and boundary conditions for solving these problems are described in the polar coordinate system. The result is a rectangle in the polar coordinate system. Then, we used the method of separating variables in the right rectangle, that is, divided the variables by the equation and divided the problem into two distinct values for ordinary differential equations. The first of the ordinary differential equations is the substitution of , where the …


Studies Of Tribotechnical Properties Of Composite Polymeric Materials Of Machine Designation, Tojiboy O. Almataev, Nozimbek T. Almataev Dec 2019

Studies Of Tribotechnical Properties Of Composite Polymeric Materials Of Machine Designation, Tojiboy O. Almataev, Nozimbek T. Almataev

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

In the given work are experimentally investigated tribotechnical properties as intensity of wear process and factor of a friction composite epoxy the polymeric materials processed by ultrasound. Results of influence of a kind and the maintenance loading on tribotechnical properties composite epoxy polymeric materials depending on modes of ultrasonic processing are received. Correlation dependence of intensity of wear process and factor of a friction composite epoxy coverings from modes of ultrasonic processing is established. It is shown in the work that with an increase in the duration of ultrasonic exposure, the wear rate and the friction coefficient of the coatings …


The Task Of Prosecuting Simple Differential Games On The Rectangle, Azizhon O. Zunnunov Dec 2019

The Task Of Prosecuting Simple Differential Games On The Rectangle, Azizhon O. Zunnunov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

The theory of differential games is developed and resulted from modeling technical problems. Some of the problems in differential games theory can be described as controlling two moving objects, i.e. one of them is the follower that tries to catch the other object, and obviously the other object is the runner. The runner tries to run away from the follower. Most of the practical and theoretical IT problems, planning, technical and other challenges will be derived to the differential games theory for resolution. Thus researching this theory is one of most important topics currently. A lot of researchers contributed enormous …


Structure And Electro Physical Properties Of Solid Solution (Si2)1-X(Cds)X (0 £ X £ 0.01), Xurshidjon M. Madaminov Dec 2019

Structure And Electro Physical Properties Of Solid Solution (Si2)1-X(Cds)X (0 £ X £ 0.01), Xurshidjon M. Madaminov

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

This paper shows the possibility of obtaining a single-crystal solid solution for the substitution of p-Si-n-(Si2)1-x (CdS)x (0 £ x £ 0.01) on silicon substrates with a diameter of 20 mm and thickness » 400, with a crystallographic orientation (111) n-types of conductivity with a specific resistance of 1 Ω cm, by the method of liquid phase epitaxy from Sn – Si – CdS solution – melt in a hydrogen atmosphere purified by palladium. Perfect epitaxial layers with mirror surfaces and with the best parameters are grown under the following technological conditions: temperatures start crystallization –1150 ОС, speed of forced …


Modeling It Of Discourse Analysis And The Ussues Machine Translation, Nilufar Z. Abdurakhmonova, Allayorzhon G. Teshabayev Dec 2019

Modeling It Of Discourse Analysis And The Ussues Machine Translation, Nilufar Z. Abdurakhmonova, Allayorzhon G. Teshabayev

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

The aim of the research work is to analyze theories on the formation of linguistic database of the translation program of simple texts from English into Uzbek and to create program foundations. The object of the research work is word combinations and simple sentences of English and Uzbek languages, grammatical expressions as well. Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows: Drawn conclusions provide exactness of translation on creating linguistic database of machine translation. created linguistic database of phrasal verbs, morphological lexicon, affixes of English and Uzbek languages and their morphological and syntactic models; identified coordination of simple sentence …


Description Of 2-Local Two Sided Multiplication On An Algebra Of Matrices, Farhodjon N. Arzikulov, Kamola A. Solijanova Dec 2019

Description Of 2-Local Two Sided Multiplication On An Algebra Of Matrices, Farhodjon N. Arzikulov, Kamola A. Solijanova

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

The present paper is devoted to 2-local derivation on associative and Jordan matrix rings. In 1997, P. Semrl introduced the notion of 2-local derivations and described 2-local derivations on the algebra ¬B(H) of all bounded linear operators on the infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space H. A similar description for the finite-dimensional case appeared later in 2004. In the paper Y. Lin and T. Wong 2-local derivations have been described on matrix algebras over finite dimensional division rings. In 2012 Sh. Ayupov, K. Kudaybergenov suggested a new technique and have generalized the above mentioned results for abritrary Hilbert spaces. Namely they considered …


Application Of Optoelectron Converters Of Reflective Type For Automation Of Liquid And Gas Version Test Measuring Units, Yuriy G. Shipulin, Otabek T. Almataev Dec 2019

Application Of Optoelectron Converters Of Reflective Type For Automation Of Liquid And Gas Version Test Measuring Units, Yuriy G. Shipulin, Otabek T. Almataev

Scientific Bulletin. Physical and Mathematical Research

This work is devoted to the use of reflective optoelectronic converters for the automation of liquid and gas calibration flowmeter installations. Liquid and gas calibration flowmeter devices are widely used for verification and certification of various liquid and gas flowmeters and meters. The analysis of the principles of construction of a reflective optoelectronic converter for calibration devices is carried out and the basic principles of their construction are determined. A functional diagram of an experimental automated programmable calibration test setup of flow meters, liquid meters developed on the basis of ROC is presented. High accuracy requirements are imposed on the …


Missing Mike Mansfield: Where Have You Gone, Joe Dimaggio, Evan Barrett Dec 2019

Missing Mike Mansfield: Where Have You Gone, Joe Dimaggio, Evan Barrett

Highlands College

A column by Evan Barrett which appeared in the following newspapers:

The Helena Independent Record, January 2, 2020

The Missoulian, December 31, 2019

The Montana Standard, December 31, 2019

The Missoula Current, December 31, 2019

Big Horn Country News, January 9, 2020

Great Falls Tribune, January 3, 2020

Daily Interlake, January 9, 2020

Billings Gazette, January 4, 2020

The Montana Post, January 3, 2020


Authorizes State Regulation Of Kidney Dialysis Clinics. Establishes Minimum Staffing And Other Requirements. Initiative Statute. Dec 2019

Authorizes State Regulation Of Kidney Dialysis Clinics. Establishes Minimum Staffing And Other Requirements. Initiative Statute.

Initiatives

Requires at least one licensed physician on site during treatment at outpatient kidney dialysis clinics; authorizes Department of Public Health to exempt clinics from this requirement due to shortages of qualified licensed physicians if at least one nurse practitioner or physician assistant is on site. Requires clinics to report dialysis-related infection data to state and federal governments. Requires state approval for clinics to close or reduce services. Prohibits clinics from discriminating against patients based on the source of payment for care. Summary of estimate by Legislative Analyst and Director of Finance of fiscal impact on state and local governments: Increased …


Smokejumper Obituary: Nicholas, Paul A. (Missoula 1942), National Smokejumper Association Dec 2019

Smokejumper Obituary: Nicholas, Paul A. (Missoula 1942), National Smokejumper Association

Smokejumper Obituaries

No abstract provided.


Domain-Wall Tunneling Electroresistance Effect, M. Li, L. L. Tao, Evgeny Y. Tsymbal Dec 2019

Domain-Wall Tunneling Electroresistance Effect, M. Li, L. L. Tao, Evgeny Y. Tsymbal

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

Ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) utilizing an in-plane head-to-head ferroelectric domain wall (DW) have recently been realized, showing interesting physics and new functionalities. However, the DW state in these junctions was found to be metastable and not reversible after applying an electric field. In this work, we demonstrate that a stable and reversible head-to-head DW state can be achieved in FTJs by proper engineering of polar interfaces. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and phenomenological modeling, we explore the DW stability by varying stoichiometry of the La1−xSrxO=TiO2 interfaces in FTJs with La0.5Sr0.5 …


Weekly Marian Features: Dec. 30, 2019, University Of Dayton Dec 2019

Weekly Marian Features: Dec. 30, 2019, University Of Dayton

Marian Library Blog Archive

We are back with our first set of resources for 2020. We wish you a blessed New Year!


The Lighting Programmer As Creative Collaborator, Kelli Zezulka Dec 2019

The Lighting Programmer As Creative Collaborator, Kelli Zezulka

Behind the Scenes: Journal of Theatre Production Practice

The lighting programmer as a discrete profession is a relatively recent development in UK theatre production and one whose job description and responsibilities vary widely. Being an excellent programmer is not merely a case of manual dexterity and syntactical knowhow; it encompasses a range of interpersonal skills and empathetic awareness. Using two examples from recent fieldwork, and through an analysis of the language-in-use of lighting programmers, this article positions the theatre lighting programmer as an important member of both the creative and production teams and argues for greater awareness and promotion of their influence on theatre-making.


Employability Market Orientation Of Employee On The Gig Economy Labour Market, Anna Pawłowska Dec 2019

Employability Market Orientation Of Employee On The Gig Economy Labour Market, Anna Pawłowska

European Management Studies

The article addresses the situation of an employee functioning in the labour market in the conditions of digitisation, leading, amongst other, to the rise of a gig, platform and sharing economy. The employee is presented as an individual actively choosing from among new opportunities to create cooperation with the employer in terms of employment form and manner, duration and rules of work performance. The purpose of the described research was to check whether the employee who spots that the employer is undertaking actions that bespeak a transactional psychological contract and is therefore ready to change the employer activates Employability Market …


Structural Changes And Technological Progress As Factors Of Labour Market Developments In The V4 Countries In 2004–2018, Tomasz Białowąs, Paweł Pasierbiak, Monika Wojtas Dec 2019

Structural Changes And Technological Progress As Factors Of Labour Market Developments In The V4 Countries In 2004–2018, Tomasz Białowąs, Paweł Pasierbiak, Monika Wojtas

European Management Studies

In 2004–2018, Central European countries experienced significant structural changes that affected the labour market as well. These included an increase in the activity rate and a decrease in unemployment, a growing share of those employed in the services sector and increased flexibility of employment. The main focus of the paper is on the developments in the V4 countries’ labour markets in comparison to more general trends in the European Union and global economy. The aim was to investigate the impact of two determinants of the changes: technological progress and structural transformations of the economy. The results of the analysis revealed …


The Legal Rules Of Employees’ Remuneration And Their Implementation In Polish Enterprises, Krzysztof Walczak Dec 2019

The Legal Rules Of Employees’ Remuneration And Their Implementation In Polish Enterprises, Krzysztof Walczak

European Management Studies

The purpose of this paper is to present my theory of remuneration rules seen from the perspective of labor law and compare such an approach with the theory of management, and then verify these views against the practice of companies. In my research, which was performed in the years 2009–2017, I focused on enterprises that are directly affected by the global labor market and must cope with its challenges through the optimalization, on the one hand, and by incentivizing rewards for employees, on the other hand. When it comes to the examined group, I chose 450 autonomous sources of labor …


Impact Of The Quality Of Supervisors’ Relationships With Subordinates On Employability And Job Satisfaction Of Public Organizations’ Workers, Izabela Marzec Dec 2019

Impact Of The Quality Of Supervisors’ Relationships With Subordinates On Employability And Job Satisfaction Of Public Organizations’ Workers, Izabela Marzec

European Management Studies

Changes in the area of employment in public organizations make the enhancement of their workers’ employability acquire special importance. In this context, attention should be paid to the role of supervisors in this process. The theory of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), which indicates that the quality of supervisors’ relationships with subordinates may become an important tool for workers’ employability enhancement, provides an important input on this issue (Schyns, Torka, & Gössling, 2007; Van der Heijden et al., 2009). This paper tries to answer the questions: how do employees of public organizations evaluate their job satisfaction as well as what are the …


What Really Counts? – Factors Related To Effectiveness Of Students’ Team In Social Projects, Aleksandra Spik Dec 2019

What Really Counts? – Factors Related To Effectiveness Of Students’ Team In Social Projects, Aleksandra Spik

European Management Studies

The aim of the study was to explore the factors that determine students’ team effectiveness. The study investigated the relations between three types of team effectiveness (performance, behavior, attitude) and five attributes of teamwork: common purpose, communication and problem resolution, role clarity and psychological safety. In the study, quantitative research was performed among undergraduate Polish students of management who had to conduct a real non-profit project that would tackle a social issue. The questionnaire used in the study was specifically developed. The results show that three components of team effectiveness have different patterns of predictors. The perceived quality of goal …


Factors Related To The Intention Of Starting A Business: A Study Among Students In Vietnam, Duong Công Doanh, Tomasz Bernat Dec 2019

Factors Related To The Intention Of Starting A Business: A Study Among Students In Vietnam, Duong Công Doanh, Tomasz Bernat

European Management Studies

This study has adapted Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to investigate the effects of factors such as lifestyle, self-efficacy, social capital, attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms and perceive behavioural control on a business start-up intention among Vietnamese students. By using a meta-analytic path analysis with a sample of 663 students at universities and colleges in Vietnam, the authors indicate that subjective norms do not directly affect the entrepreneurial intention but they have an indirect effect on the business start-up intention through the attitude towards entrepreneurship. Moreover, self-efficacy is seen as the most important factor in shaping the entrepreneurial …