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A Comparison Of The Effects Of Mirror Therapy And Phantom Exercises On Phantom Limb Pain, Bahar Külünkoğlu, Fati̇h Erbahçeci̇, Afra Alkan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Although mirror therapy (MT) and phantom exercises (PE) have been shown to reduce pain, the efficacy of these methods in terms of pain, quality of life (QoL), and psychological status (PS) has not been investigated and compared to date. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any difference between MT and PE in the treatment of phantom limb pain (PLP).Materials and methods: Forty unilateral transtibial amputees (aged 18-45 years) participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into `MT group' and `PE group'. QoL was assessed using Short-Form 36 (SF-36), psychological status using the Beck …

8-Armed Octopus: Evaluation Of Clinicopathologic Prognostic Factors Of Urothelial Carcinoma Of The Upper Urinary System, Sümeyye Ekmekci̇, Ülkü Küçük, Yelda Dere, İzzeti̇ye Ebru Çakir, Hati̇ce Ceren Sayar, Batuhan Ergani̇, Özgür Çakmak, Ozan Bozkurt, Kutsal Yörükoğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

This study was designed to determine the characteristic features of upper urinary system urothelial carcinomas (UUSUCs) and to evaluate the clinicopathological parameters associated with prognosis.Materials and methods: A total of 74 cases of UUSUC were included, from three different centers. Demographic data and histopathological features such as tumor localization, concomitant tumor in the urinary system, distant metastasis with overall survival and disease-free survival obtained from the hospital records were evaluated retrospectively. Histopathologic prognostic features such as grade, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, tumor necrosis, and surgical margin status were also evaluated.Results: Seventy cases (94.6%) underwent open nephroureterectomy whereas 4 cases (5.4%) …

Reliability And Validity Of The Turkish Version Of The Physical Activity Questionnaire For Older Children (Paq-C), Leyla Erdi̇m, Ayşe Ergün, Sema Kuğuoğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) is one of the most frequently used questionnaires for evaluating moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity in children. However, a Turkish version of the questionnaire was not available. This study aimed to create a Turkish version of the PAQ-C and examine its psychometric characteristics and factor structure.Materials and methods: The study was conducted with 784 primary school students (ages 9-14 years). The PAQ-C was examined for content and construct validity and analyzed in terms of reliability. Content validity was evaluated with the content validity index (CVI), construct validity, exploratory factor analysis …

Which Nostril Should Be Used For Nasotracheal Intubation With Airtraq Nt®: The Right Or Left? A Randomized Clinical Trial, Zehra İpek Arslan Aydin, Neşe Türkyilmaz

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Nasotracheal Airtraq is specifically designed to improve the glottis view and ease the nasotracheal intubation process in normal and difficult cases. Materials and methods: After Ethics committee approval, we decided to enroll 40 patients with an ASA physical status of I or II, between 18 and 70 years of age undergoing elective maxillofascial, oral, and double chin surgery to determine which nostril is more suitable for nasotracheal intubation with nasotracheal Airtraq. Patients were randomized into the right and left nostril groups. Results: Demographic and airway characteristics were similar among the groups. Nasotracheal intubation through the right nostril was shorter than …

Ischemic Modified Albumin As A New Biomarker In Predicting Oxidative Stress In Alopecia Areata, Hati̇ce Ataş, Müzeyyen Gönül, Yasi̇n Öztürk, Mustafa Kavutçu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Results show that oxidative stress is a pathophysiologic factor for alopecia areata (AA); however, the markers used can be confounding. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AA through an evaluation of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA); other markers of the oxidant/antioxidant system, such as SOD, CAT, GSH-ST, and MDA; and contributing clinical risk factors. Materials and methods: The usefulness of IMA as a new marker for oxidative stress was compared with that of other markers and evaluated in patients with AA.Results: The mean serum level of IMA was of higher statistical significance in AA …

Determination Of Medication Adherence And Related Factors Among People Living With Hiv/Aids In A Turkish University Hospital, Erdal Ceylan, Ayşegül Koç, Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya, Serhat Ünal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Widespread use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) has led to decrease in the incidence of HIV/AIDS-related mortality. Besides the availability of ART, medication adherence is essential for treatment success. There is a scarcity of data reported from Turkey regarding ART adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine medication adherence and related factors among PLWHA in Turkey.Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 158 PLWHA, who were being followed up at Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinic of Hacettepe University Hospital. Data were collected using an individual questionnaire and the Turkish version of the Morisky Medication Adherence …

The Role Of Ifih1 Gene Rs1990760 And Rs2111485 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms In Generalized Vitiligo Predisposition, Duru Onan, Ahu Yorulmaz, Fati̇h Süheyl Ezgü, Kadi̇r Mutlu Hayran, Seray Külcü Çakmak, Refi̇ka Ferda Artüz, Başak Yalçin

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Interferon-induced helicase (IFIH1) is a gene locus that has been recently defined as a candidate for susceptibility to generalized vitiligo (GV). The objectives of this study were to assess the association of IFIH1 gene, rs2111485, and rs1990760 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with susceptibility to GV and the autoimmune diseases accompanying GV.Materials and methods: We prospectively studied GV patients and frequency-matched healthy controls by age and sex. The genotypes of the participants were determined for rs1990760 and rs2111485 SNPs of IFIH1. Dominant, recessive, and additive models were evaluated for each SNP adjusted for age and sex. Results: The patients and their controls …

Association Of Common Il-10 Promoter Gene Variants With The Susceptibility To Head And Neck Cancer In Tunisia, Lamia Makni, Cherif Ben Hamda, Abrar Al Ansari, Oussema Souaiai, Ezzedine Gazouani, Amel Mezlini, Wassim Y. Almawi, Besma Yacoubi-Loueslati

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: We investigated the association of three IL-10 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms and altered IL-10 plasma levels with the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials and methods: Study subjects comprised 194 HNC patients [137 nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and 57 laryngeal cancer (LC)], and 263 healthy controls. Genotyping of rs1800896 (-1082A>G), rs1800871 (-819C>T), and rs1800872 (-592A>C) IL-10 variants was performed by real-time PCR; IL-10 levels were measured by enzyme amplified immuno sensitivity assay (EAISA). Results: Carriage of rs1800896 A/A genotype was more frequent in the HNC and NPC cases, but was less frequent in the controls than …

Possible Prediction Of Patterns Of Cervical Lymph Node Spread Based On Primary Tumor Location In Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas, Mehmet Eser Sancaktar, Güleser Saylam, Bülent Öcal, Ahmet Uluat, Ömer Bayir, Erman Çakal, Mehmet Hakan Korkmaz

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Backround/aim: Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) frequently metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Our purpose was to investigate the predictive role of tumor location for lymph node metastasis pattern in PTCs.Materials and methods: Medical records of 110 PTC patients were reviewed retrospectively. Tumor location was determined as upper, middle, and lower pole according to ultrasonography (USG) findings. The effects of age, sex, tumor size, and location on lymph node metastasis were investigated. Results: The series comprised 87% females (n = 96) and 13% males (n = 14). Forty-three patients had central neck metastasis (CNM) and 14 had lateral neck metastasis (LNM). Upper …

Polypharmacy And Drug-Related Problems Among People Living With Hiv/Aids: A Single-Center Experience, Emre Kara, Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya, Duygu Aydin Hakli, Salih Kutay Demirkan, Serhat Ünal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The HIV-infected population is aging, and the concomitant comorbidities increase the likelihood of polypharmacy. There is a scarcity of data for determining drug-related problems in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between 1 September 2015 and 1 July 2016. All patients underwent a face-to-face interview with a clinical pharmacist. PCNE Classification V 7.0 was used classify incident drug-related problems (DRPs). Results: The mean age of the patients was 40.4 ± 13.06 years. The rate of polypharmacy was 66.1% in patients with comorbidities and 12.3% in those without comorbidities (P < 0.001). DRPs were more prominent in older patients (46 vs. 37 years, P < 0.001), those with longer durations of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (45 vs. 27 months, P = 0.014), and those with lower education levels (P = 0.013). Receiving >3 ART drugs …

Iron Supplementation Should Be Given In Breath-Holding Spells Regardless Of Anemia, Gürkan Gürbüz, Peren Perk Yücel, Turgay Çokyaman, Özge Berfu Gürbüz

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of oral iron therapy in breath-holding spells and evaluation of electrocardiographical changes.Materials and methods: Three hundred twelve children aged 1-48 months and diagnosed with breath-holding spells between January 2017 and April 2018 were included. Patients' laboratory findings were compared with 100 patients who had one simple febrile seizure.Results: Cyanotic breath-holding spells were diagnosed in 85.3% (n = 266) of patients, pallid spells in 5.1% (n = 16), and mixed-type spells in 9.6% (n = 30). Sleep electroencephalograms were applied for all patients, 98.2% (n = 306) of which were …

Calcification Of Breast Artery As Detected By Mammography: Association With Coronary And Aortic Calcification, Ayşegül İdi̇l Soylu, Korhan Soylu, Ramazan Aydin, Fati̇h Uzunkaya, Keri̇m Aslan, Ahmet Veysel Polat

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) and aortic calcification (AC) are significant risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. This study investigated how breast arterial calcification (BAC) detected from routine mammography correlates with coronary artery calcification and aortic calcification.Materials and methods: A total of 404 female patients above 40 years of age who, within a 6-month period, had undergone thoracic computed tomography and mammography for various reasons were screened retrospectively at our clinic. Mammographies were assessed for BAC and thoracic CT investigations were assessed for CAC and AC. Patients included in the study were scored as 0 (none), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 …

Percutaneous Plasma Laser Disc Coagulation And Navigable Ablation Decompression In The Treatment Of Cervical Disc Herniation: A Single Center Experience, Ayşegül Ceylan, İbrahi̇m Aşik

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: We aimed to compare the effectivity of percutaneous disc coagulation therapy (PDCT) and navigable ablation decompression treatment (L-DISQ) in patients who were diagnosed with cervical disc herniation. Materials and methods: Visual analog scale (VAS) and Neck Pain Index (NPI) scores were recorded initially and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after the procedures. Patient Satisfaction Scale (PSS) scores were recorded 12 months after the procedures.Results: Mean VAS scores were 7.55 and 3.1 points in the PDCT group and 7.6 and 3.00 points in the L-DISQ group; mean NPI scores were 34.2 and 20.75 points in the PDCT …

Gonadotrophin Stimulation Of Ewes That Are Not Pregnant Following Multiple Matings During The Season, Şükrü Dursun

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, the aim was to obtain pregnancy following synchronization and to increase profitability in ewes that did not become pregnant during the breeding season after at least 3 matings. Nonpregnant Middle Anatolian Merino ewes (n = 117) were given a progesterone sponge for 9 days. At the time of sponge removal, the ewes received 250 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) + 125 µg prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Two days later, they were injected with either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (Group I, n = 48) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Group II, n = 43), or remained as a control …

Chemical Composition And In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Of Ensiled Sugar Industry Coproducts, Zohreh Zarnegar, Seyed Hadi Ebrahimi, Abbas Ali Naserian, Reza Valizadeh

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

he current study aims to compare sugar beet leaves (SBLs) ensiled with sugar beet pulp (SBP), sugarcane molasses (SM), or rock candy juice (RCJ) using an in vitro gas production technique. Treatments in the first group included 10% SBP (control 1) and control 1 plus 5% SM or RCJ. In the second group, there were 3 treatments, including 20% SBP (control 2) and control 2 plus 10% SM or RCJ. The silages with no added soluble carbohydrate (SC) sources had significantly higher (P < 0.001) pH, buffer value index, and ammonia nitrogen values than the other treatments. However, there was no significant difference between RCJ and SM in their effect on these variables. Adding both levels of SC sources caused an increase in dry matter digestibility compared to those that only included SBL and SBP (P < 0.001). Maximal and rate of gas production from slowly fermentable fraction (a$_{2}$) were significantly greater when the substrate contained 85%, 10%, and 5% SBL, SBP, and SC sources, respectively. Using dried SBP and SC sources for the preservation of fresh SBL is recommended; however, with higher levels of SC, the silage may be at risk of spoilage, and it must be less exposed to air.

Combination Of Amylopectin And Chromium Form Improves Energy Storage And Reduces Muscle Fatigue In Rats During Exhaustive Exercise, Mehmet Irmak, Nurhan Şahi̇n, Cemal Orhan, Mehmet Tuzcu, Patrick Brice Defo Deeh, Meltem Yardim, Armağan Hayirli, James Komorowski, Kazi̇m Şahi̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study evaluated the effects of amylopectin (A) and chromium (Cr) forms alone or in combination on energy storage, muscle fatigue-related biochemical markers, and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-γ) and glucose transporter-2 and -4 (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4) in rats during exhaustive exercise. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 7) as follows: 1) exhaustive exercise (E); 2) E+A; 3) E+A+chromium picolinate (CrPic); 4) E+A+chromium histidinate (CrHis), and 5) E+A+CrPic+CrHis. Rats received 0.0316 g of amylopectin and 11.06 µg of elemental Cr kg$^{-1}$ body weight given as CrPic and CrHis per day. The mean duration of …

Determination Of Growth And Toxin Production Potential Of Staphylococcus Aureus And Clostridium Perfringens During Döner Production Process, Funda Yilmaz Eker, Kami̇l Bostan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Döner is a traditional meat meal that is commonly consumed in Turkey. Although it receives heat treatment during processing, some microorganisms including pathogens may remain alive. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the changes in the number of microorganisms (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, aerobic mesophilic spore-forming bacteria, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus spp.) and survival potential of some pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens) during the cooking period. Experimentally prepared döner kebabs were cooked continuously or intermittently. This process resulted in a reduction of microorganisms depending on the species and the use of low quality raw materials, and …

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification In The Field: Reality Beyond The Potentiality, Donato Antonio Raele, Nicola Pugliese, Domenico Galante, Maria Assunta Cafiero

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

No abstract provided.

The Investigation Of Viability And Body Measurements For Water Buffalo Calves, Koray Çeli̇keloğlu, Serdar Koçak, Meti̇n Erdoğan, Zehra Bozkurt, Mustafa Tekerli̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The viability and body measurements of calves raised in the Livestock Research Center of Afyon Kocatepe University between 2008 and 2011 were investigated. The research was conducted on 188 calves of buffalo cows brought from different regions of Turkey. The viability of buffalo calves at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age was 0.95, 0.90, 0.90, and 0.89, respectively. Live weights, height at withers, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump width, and chest and cannon-bone circumferences were 30.41 kg and 72.37, 74.21, 56.52, 26.34, 15.80, 17.00, 73.13, and 12.88 cm at birth; 118.47 kg and 97.12, …

First Evidence Of Holocrine Secretory Mechanism In Granular Ducts Inmouse Mandibular Gland, Bianca Matosz, Flavia Ruxanda, Cristian Ratiu, Vlad Luca, Vasile Rus, Viorel Miclaus

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The mouse mandibular gland contains granular ducts, which possess a particular structure. They are termed granular ducts because they contain numerous granules in the cells lining them, having a secretory activity. We aimed to assess the secretory mechanism in granular ducts. Consequently, we harvested the mandibular glands from five male mice and processed them for histological investigations. A large number of cells appeared intact, without obvious distortions or disruptions in the cell membrane. Based on the morphological aspect, these cells either transferred the secretory product through exocytosis or were in "standby" mode. There were cells that presented prominent bulges of …

Biodiversity And Characterization Of Gram-Positive, Catalase-Positive Cocci Isolated From Pastırma Produced Under Different Curing Processes, Kübra Fettahoğlu, Kübra Çi̇nar, Mükerrem Kaya, Güzi̇n Kaban

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different curing temperatures (4 °C or 10 °C) and agents (KNO$_{3}$ or NaNO$_{2}$) on microbiological and physicochemical properties of pastırma and diversity of gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci (GCC$^{+}$) and also to investigate some technological properties of the strains. Four different groups of pastırma were produced applying different curing temperatures and agents. After production, $GCC^{+}$ isolated from pastırma were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic (16S rRNA sequencing) identification. Genotypically characterized strains were evaluated for their technological properties. In all groups, a$_{w}$ and pH were observed to be under 0.90 and over …

Georgia Southern Magazine, Georgia Southern University

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Value Of Dedicated Research Time For Imgs In Obtaining Surgical Residency Training Positions: A 10-Year Review Of Applicants From A Medical College In Pakistan, Mohammad Raheel Jajja, Marvi Tariq, Salila Shoaib Hashmi, Thomas F. Dodson, Rashida Ahmed

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Objective: International Medical Graduates (IMGs) secured greater than 10% of all general surgery (GS) residency positions in the US during the past decade. The Match process remains competitive, with a significant number of IMGs performing dedicated research before residency application. The impact of such research remains largely unknown. We aimed to provide an objective analysis of the impact of dedicated research time on obtaining a categorical GS residency position.
Design: Data for National Resident Matching Program Match results from 2008-2017 was compiled from annual Match lists of the Aga Khan University, Medical College (Karachi, Pakistan). Medical graduates provided this information …

Assessing Nutritional Status Of Critically Ill Patients Using Serum Prealbumin Levels, Khushbakht Arbab, Hafsa Majid, Lena Jafri, Aysha Habib, Ahmed Raheem, Bushra Jamil, Bushra Akram, Madiha Hashmi

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Malnutrition in hospitalized patients, contributes to poor outcomes. Biomarker serum prealbumin, can prevent the complications by commencement of nutritional support to improve clinical outcomes. This study was designed to assess the association between low serum prealbumin level (<18 mg/dl), with length of stay and all cause intensive care unit mortality.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2016 to July 2017 at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan. All consecutive patients, aged between 18 to 70 years, admitted in medical or surgical intensive care unit were included. Demographic, clinical history and blood samples for analysing serum prealbumin were obtained on first day of admission. Patients were categorized into two groups …

Common Alternative Diagnoses Among A Pediatric Hospital-Based Cohort Evaluated For Tuberculosis In Karachi, Pakistan: The Need For Facilitated Referral In Tuberculosis Clinics, Sadia Shakoor, Fatima Mir, Rumina Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Children evaluated for tuberculosis (TB) are often diagnosed with miscellaneous conditions that mimic TB. Knowledge of differentials informs policy on service provision through liaison with referral centers offering definitive diagnosis and treatment for common alternative disorders.
Methods: We reviewed medical records of children who were offered diagnostic testing for TB (culture or Xpert MTB/RIF) at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan to identify common alternative diagnoses among children who are evaluated for TB.
Results: From January 2014 to December 2015, of 126 culture or Xpert MTB/RIF negative children presenting with chronic symptoms, 31 were diagnosed and treated for …

Synthesis Report: Defining Thresholds And Indicators Of Primary Producer Response To Dredging-Related Pressures: Report Of Theme 5 Prepared For The Dredging Science Node, Paul Lavery, Kathryn Mcmahon, John Statton, Mat Vanderklift, Simone Strydom, Gary Kendrick

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Seagrasses form a small component of a diverse group of organisms termed ‘benthic primary producers’. Benthic primary producers are organisms that grow on the sea-bed that obtain some or all of their energy needs from photosynthesis. This includes animals such as scleractinian corals and some sponges that host microscopic intercellular algae, coralline and turf algae, and the larger seaweeds such as the kelps and sargassum. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants, more closely related to land plants than seaweeds and algae. Seagrasses live mostly in soft sediments, and can be found from the shallow intertidal zone through to a depth of …

A Comparative Investigation Of First And Fourth Year Pre-Service Teachers’ Expectations And Perceptions Of Emotional Intelligence, Marcela Gallardo, Hazel Tan, Maria Gindidis

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

This article reports on the perceptions and expectations of pre-service teachers (PSTs) on the role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) taught as part of a teacher preparation course. The research was conducted across core units in first and fourth years of an undergraduate education degree in an Australian university. The researchers used a mixed method study. Online survey data from 208 students were analysed, using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for open-ended responses. Results indicate that PSTs’ understandings of EI included awareness and management of emotions in oneself and others. They perceived EI as highly important to teachers …

Online Initial Teacher Education In Australia: Affordances For Pedagogy, Practice And Outcomes, Jillian J. Downing, Janet E. Dyment, Cathy Stone

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

This paper reports on interviews with 19 senior teacher educators from 18 universities across Australia who offer fully online courses in initial teacher education (ITE). Teacher educators provided insight into four focus areas related to online ITE: 1) institutional practices; 2) affordances; 3) challenges; and 4) research priorities. Analysis revealed teacher educators perceived that online ITE can not only match on campus delivery but is also able to respond to reform agendas in ITE, including attracting students with attributes and characteristics that are likely to see them succeed as teachers, enabling students to experience contemporary approaches to learning, building strong …

Democratic Contribution Or Information For Reform? Prevailing And Emerging Discourses Of Student Voice, Jennifer Charteris, Dianne Smardon

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

While a range of typologies frame and critique the scope, purpose and power relations of different student voice approaches, it is timely to look at the direction that student voice literature has taken in recent years and map dominant discourses in the field. In the article the following questions are addressed: (a) What are the dominant discourses in student voice literature? (b) What are the ways forward, to ensure there is both systemic quality assurance and democratic (if not radical) student participation? The discourses named and interrogated in this article include: governmentality; accountability; institutional transformation and reform; learner agency; personalising …

The Development Of Preservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy For Classroom And Behavior Management Across Multiple Field Experiences, Maria B. Sciuchetti, Nina Yssel

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Classroom and behaviour management difficulties are consistently reported among the top reasons given by both novice and experienced teachers for leaving the profession. In order to successfully prepare and retain teachers, it is imperative that we understand the factors related to issues of classroom and behaviour management that may influence their decision to remain in the field. This study explored the development of preservice special education teachers’ self-efficacy for classroom and behaviour management as they progressed through a four-semester professional development sequence. Findings indicated that although self-efficacy levels were variable across semesters, statistically significant changes in group self-efficacy levels were …