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2019

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A Cartography Of Roots: An Exploration Of Plant Communication, Place, And Story, Mariko Oyama Thomas May 2019

A Cartography Of Roots: An Exploration Of Plant Communication, Place, And Story, Mariko Oyama Thomas

Communication ETDs

This study uses oral history and auto-ethnography to collect thematic data on relationships and communication between plants and people in New Mexico, USA. Western and industrial cultures tend to be plant-blind, which is extremely dangerous in the wake of climate disruption and associated loss of plant biodiversity. This study works to collect and produce a generative landscape of narratives of non-binary relationships between humans and plants. These narratives show a range of hopeful, relational connections between human and more-than-human worlds. Overall results indicated the existence of many positive relationships between plants and people in the Western world, and that these …

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Cellular Modification And Artificial Cell Construction, Jimin Guo May 2019

Cellular Modification And Artificial Cell Construction, Jimin Guo

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

With all its complexities and different biofunctionalities, a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms with the exception of viruses. In this dissertation, I demonstrated gain of function strategies of modifying mammalian cells using silicification and modular nanoparticle (NP) exoskeletons. In addition, I used a modular design concept to build a multifunctional artificial RBC system which can mimic the unique characteristics (e.g. shape, flexibility, the ability to carry oxygen, and long circulation times) of the native RBCs. Together, these cell modification or artificial cell construction strategies are expected to generate new mammalian cell-like structures with …

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Mesopredator Distribution, Abundance And Potential Competition With The American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus Americanus) At Fort Chaffee Joint Maneuver Training Center, Karisa Fenton May 2019

Mesopredator Distribution, Abundance And Potential Competition With The American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus Americanus) At Fort Chaffee Joint Maneuver Training Center, Karisa Fenton

Theses and Dissertations from 2019

The American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus, hereafter ABB) was listed as an endangered species in 1989 and many hypotheses have been developed to explain their rangewide decline. I investigated the carcass competition hypothesis that implicates increased competition between vertebrate scavengers and ABBs for appropriate-sized carcasses as a cause for ABB decline. Predators of medium size that occupy an intermediate trophic level (hereafter mesopredators) are potential competitors for carcasses. I used camera trapping to assess mesopredator abundances in nine different habitats at Fort Chaffee Joint Maneuver Training Center (FCJMTC) in western Arkansas because this area supports the largest known population of …

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Development Of Long-Acting Nanoformulated Abacavir Protides, Zhiyi Lin, Howard E. Gendelmant May 2019

Development Of Long-Acting Nanoformulated Abacavir Protides, Zhiyi Lin, Howard E. Gendelmant

Theses & Dissertations

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection demands life-long regimen adherence. Treatment interruptions lead to a lack of virologic control and the emergence of viral mutations and drug resistance. To address these, our laboratory developed long-acting (LA) parenteral administered nanoformulated abacavir prodrug (NMABC) by formulating myristoylated abacavir (MABC) with poloxamer 407 as stabilizer, which sustained ABC levels for up to 2 weeks with low levels of active drug metabolite (CBV-TP). To more significantly extend the apparent half-life of ABC and improve its antiretroviral activities, we developed second generation long-acting ABC prodrugs by ProTide technologies. This …

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Developing Targeted Therapy Against Pancreatic Cancer, Garima Kaushik May 2019

Developing Targeted Therapy Against Pancreatic Cancer, Garima Kaushik

Theses & Dissertations

Not available.

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Sampling Techniques For Research And Management Of Cichlid Species In Lentic Systems, Jason Matthew Bies May 2019

Sampling Techniques For Research And Management Of Cichlid Species In Lentic Systems, Jason Matthew Bies

Theses and Dissertations

Introduced cichlid species are increasingly more common in tropical freshwater systems and expanding in range, often with negative consequences to receiving systems. To better understand, monitor, and manage these populations, improved cichlid sampling protocols are required. The goal of this study was to (1) evaluate diel electrofishing and gill netting sampling catch efficiency, and (2) compare two non-lethal methods for extracting stomach contents from Butterfly Peacock Bass Cichla ocellaris. This study suggests that electrofishing, particularly at night, may be a more appropriate gear for sampling cichlid species in the littoral zone of reservoirs, as gill nets were more time intensive, …

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Complete Genome Sequence Of A Colistin-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Sequence Type 131 Fimh22 Strain Harboring Mcr-1 On An Inchi2 Plasmid, Isolated In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Majed F. Alghoribi, Michel Doumith, Mathew Upton, Johani Sm Al, Maha Alzayer, Neil Woodford, Matthew J. Ellington, Hanan H. Balkhy May 2019

Complete Genome Sequence Of A Colistin-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Sequence Type 131 Fimh22 Strain Harboring Mcr-1 On An Inchi2 Plasmid, Isolated In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Majed F. Alghoribi, Michel Doumith, Mathew Upton, Johani Sm Al, Maha Alzayer, Neil Woodford, Matthew J. Ellington, Hanan H. Balkhy

School of Biomedical Sciences

ABSTRACT We report the complete genome sequence of a colistin-resistant strain of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, isolated in January 2013 at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The isolate (named SA186) was sequence type 131 (ST131) and belonged to serotype O25b-H4 and clade B (fimH22).

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Med12 Mutations Promote Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Through Hyperactivated Gli3/Shh Signalling, Soundharrya Muthukumar May 2019

Med12 Mutations Promote Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Through Hyperactivated Gli3/Shh Signalling, Soundharrya Muthukumar

Theses & Dissertations

When cells of the prostate gland start growing uncontrollably, it results in cancer due to genetic aberrations. The development and progression of prostate cancer depend on androgenic stimulation. Although prostate cancer is temporarily treated by depriving a tumor of androgen, the patient relapses getting a castration-resistant form of the disease called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC can specifically develop through crosstalk of androgen receptor signalling pathways. One such pathway that is of specific interest in this paper is the MED12 regulated SHH signalling pathway. The mediator is a signal processor that helps in the transduction of gene-specific transcription factors to …

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A New Prenylated Isoflavonoid From Limonium Leptophyllum, Asset Dizamatova, Kamila Zhumanova, Galiya E. Zhusupova, Aizhan I. Zhussupova, Radhakrishnan Srivedavyasasri, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Samir A. Ross May 2019

A New Prenylated Isoflavonoid From Limonium Leptophyllum, Asset Dizamatova, Kamila Zhumanova, Galiya E. Zhusupova, Aizhan I. Zhussupova, Radhakrishnan Srivedavyasasri, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Samir A. Ross

Faculty and Student Publications

© 2019, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2019. Purpose: Cannabidiol (CBD), active component of plant Cannabis sativa, has anti-inflammatory properties that could potentially help treat diabetic retinopathy-induced pain and inflammation. However, CBD is a lipophilic molecule making its topical delivery to back of the eye challenging. This study aims at improving ocular penetration of CBD by means of analog derivatization. Methods: Analogs were designed using various ligands, such as amino acids (AAs) and dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and their combinations. Select analogs were screened in vitro with respect to their stability in ocular tissue homogenates. Based on in vitro stability, analogs …

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A Gradient Of Pollination Specialization In Three Species Of Bolivian Centropogon, Laura Lagomarsino, Nathan Muchhala May 2019

A Gradient Of Pollination Specialization In Three Species Of Bolivian Centropogon, Laura Lagomarsino, Nathan Muchhala

Biology Department Faculty Works

PremiseClosely related plant species with overlapping ranges often experience competition for pollination services. Such competition can select for divergence in floral traits that attract pollinators or determine pollen placement. While most species in Centropogon(Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) have flowers that suggest adaptation to bat or hummingbird pollination, actual pollinators are rarely documented, and a few species have a mix of traits from both pollination syndromes. We studied the pollination biology of a “mixed‐syndrome” species and its co‐occurring congeners to examine the relationship between floral traits and visitation patterns for Centropogon.Methods Fieldwork at two sites in Bolivian cloud forests involved filming floral visitors, …

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Mathematical Model Investigating The Effects Of Neurostimulation Therapies On Neural Functioning: Comparing The Effects Of Neuromodulation Techniques On Ion Channel Gating And Ionic Flux Using Finite Element Analysis, Kaia Lindberg May 2019

Mathematical Model Investigating The Effects Of Neurostimulation Therapies On Neural Functioning: Comparing The Effects Of Neuromodulation Techniques On Ion Channel Gating And Ionic Flux Using Finite Element Analysis, Kaia Lindberg

Mathematics Theses

Neurostimulation therapies demonstrate success as a medical intervention for individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Despite promising results from these treatments, the influence of an electric current on ion concentrations and subsequent transmembrane voltage is unclear. This project focuses on developing a unique cellular-level mathematical model of neurostimulation to better understand its e↵ects on neuronal electrodynamics. The mathematical model presented here integrates the Poisson-Nernst-Planck system of PDEs and Hodgkin-Huxley based ODEs to model the e↵ects of this neurotherapy on transmembrane voltage, ion channel gating, and ionic mobility. This system is decoupled using the Gauss-Seidel method and …

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A Gradient Of Pollination Specialization In Three Species Of Bolivian Centropogon, Laura P. Lagomarsino, Nathan Muchhala May 2019

A Gradient Of Pollination Specialization In Three Species Of Bolivian Centropogon, Laura P. Lagomarsino, Nathan Muchhala

Faculty Publications

© 2019 Botanical Society of America Premise: Closely related plant species with overlapping ranges often experience competition for pollination services. Such competition can select for divergence in floral traits that attract pollinators or determine pollen placement. While most species in Centropogon (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) have flowers that suggest adaptation to bat or hummingbird pollination, actual pollinators are rarely documented, and a few species have a mix of traits from both pollination syndromes. We studied the pollination biology of a “mixed-syndrome” species and its co-occurring congeners to examine the relationship between floral traits and visitation patterns for Centropogon. Methods: Fieldwork at two …

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Saturated Hydrocarbon Analysis Of Liberty State Park Soils, Matthew Chi-Hymn Cheung May 2019

Saturated Hydrocarbon Analysis Of Liberty State Park Soils, Matthew Chi-Hymn Cheung

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Contaminated soils have been a concern in New Jersey since the Industrial Revolution (Gallagher, 2008). One site in particular has a variety of contaminants and is near the coast of Jersey City in Liberty State Park. Liberty State Park has been impacted by three significant changes. It was first a wetland in the 1600s, then became a New York dump site, and finally a railyard for the Central Railroad of New Jersey (Stanislaw, 2013). The whole land mass has mixed contaminants, including trace elements, heavy metals, organic wastes, and organic compounds. Currently, most of the state park has been dredged …

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Umsl Magazine - Spring 2019, University Of Missouri-St. Louis May 2019

Umsl Magazine - Spring 2019, University Of Missouri-St. Louis

UMSL Magazine and other UMSL Magazines

The University of Missouri–St. Louis publishes UMSL Magazine for alumni and friends. The magazine highlights excellence at the university. Circulation is 105,000, and the magazine is released twice a year.

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Miami-Dade Task Force: A Content Analysis Of How Coastal Communities View Sea Level Rise As A Threat, Francisco Alvaro May 2019

Miami-Dade Task Force: A Content Analysis Of How Coastal Communities View Sea Level Rise As A Threat, Francisco Alvaro

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Sea level rise (SLR) has become a serious threat for coastal communities in recent years. Many communities, including South Florida, are already having the security of their daily lives impacted as climate change causes SLR and other environmental impacts to worsen. This study reviews the Miami-Dade Sea Level Rise Task Force Report to determine how this coastal county government views SLR as a threat. Using mixed content analysis to analyze the report qualitatively and quantitatively, the Task Force's recommendations are categorized based on their focus on security, infrastructure, economics, and the environment. One finds the concerns of the people to …

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Isolation, Analysis, And Partial Characterization Of An Inhibitor Of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Natania Paul May 2019

Isolation, Analysis, And Partial Characterization Of An Inhibitor Of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Natania Paul

Undergraduate Honors Theses

There is an emerging threat of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains that are resistant to all antibiotics. Because of this, the purpose of this research is to isolate, analyze, and partially characterize a new inhibitor(s) of N. gonorrhoeae. Since there is an unknown molecule secreted by Candida albicans that inhibits N. gonorrhoeae, this molecule can be partially characterized using 1H NMR Spectroscopy to assist in the development of a new antibiotic compound. It was hypothesized that quorum-sensing molecules, trans, trans- farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethyl alcohol, and tryptophol, could be possible candidates for the inhibitor. Because of this, 1H …

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Engineering The Rod Of Asclepius – A Biochemical Investigation Of Snake Venom Components And Their Application As Potential Cancer Treatments, Noel Pena May 2019

Engineering The Rod Of Asclepius – A Biochemical Investigation Of Snake Venom Components And Their Application As Potential Cancer Treatments, Noel Pena

Senior Honors Theses

In the wild, venom is crucial to many snakes’ success as predators. While antivenin research focuses on combatting venoms’ abilities to disrupt physiological processes, new studies are attempting to manipulate these same abilities into anticancer therapies. Given the diversity of neurotoxins, hemotoxins, cytotoxins, and others, every new discovery and development within snake venom research adds to the knowledge base and broadens applicational opportunities. Cancer-related venom research isolates various components, manipulates their interaction with target cancer cell lines, and evaluates how their natural biochemical activity counteracts mechanisms that are integral to tumor development. Several more promising components, namely disintegrins, lectins, oxidases, …

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Age-Related Tick Infestation Patterns In Springtime Migratory Passerines, Matthew Dunning May 2019

Age-Related Tick Infestation Patterns In Springtime Migratory Passerines, Matthew Dunning

Honors Theses

To test the hypothesis that younger migrants are more prone to arrive at stopover sites on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico with ticks than adult migrants, 2177 migratory passerines were screened for ticks at Gulf Coast sites in Texas and Louisiana. Fifty eight (2.7%) were infested with ticks with 28 (1.3%) being young birds and 30 (1.4%) being adult birds. The body condition of the birds was assessed to determine if tick infestation had negative consequences and if the severity of consequences varied between ages. I found no relationship of age with the prevalence of a tick …

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All For One And One For All: The Emergent Intelligence Of Ant Colonies, Kristen Pitts May 2019

All For One And One For All: The Emergent Intelligence Of Ant Colonies, Kristen Pitts

Scientific Kenyon: The Neuroscience Edition

No abstract provided.

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Design And Synthesis Of 5-Oxo-Ete Receptor Antagonists; And Synthesis Of Neuroprostanes As A Biomarker For The Diagnosis Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Rui Wang May 2019

Design And Synthesis Of 5-Oxo-Ete Receptor Antagonists; And Synthesis Of Neuroprostanes As A Biomarker For The Diagnosis Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Rui Wang

Theses and Dissertations

1) 5-Oxo-ETE (7, Scheme 1) is the most potent eosinophil chemoattractant among all lipid mediators and it can also stimulate a late-phase asthma attack. It is formed by the biotransformation of arachidonic acid (AA, 1, Figure 1). 5-Oxo-ETE (7) elicits eosinophil migration both in vitro and in vivo when injected intradermally in humans, acting via the highly selective OXE receptor (OXE-R). Our group postulated that a selective OXE-R antagonist might be a useful therapeutic agent in late phase asthma. As a result, the first and only series of OXE receptor antagonists which are structural mimics of 5-oxo-ETE (7) have been …

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Investigations And Analysis Of Dynamical And Steady State Properties Of Chemical Reaction Systems, Diego Ortega Hernandez May 2019

Investigations And Analysis Of Dynamical And Steady State Properties Of Chemical Reaction Systems, Diego Ortega Hernandez

Master's Theses

In this paper, we investigate results from chemical reaction network theory and a list of techniques to test for the reaction-coordinates dynamical system to have a partial order induced by a positive orthant cone. A successful result from one of these tests guarantees mono-stationarity (and indeed convergence). We also investigate a recently published algorithmic and computational approach to determine whether a reaction network establishes mono- or multi-stationarity. We test new reactions that have not been previously introduced in the literature for mono- or multi-stationarity using this approach. This includes the two-site phosphorylation reaction network and a modified double phosphorylation reaction …

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Genomic Signatures Of Extensive Inbreeding In Isle Royale Wolves, A Population On The Threshold Of Extinction, Jacqueline A. Robinson, Jannikke Raikkonen, Leah Vucetich, John A. Vucetich, Rolf O. Peterson, Kirk Lohmueller, Robert Wayne May 2019

Genomic Signatures Of Extensive Inbreeding In Isle Royale Wolves, A Population On The Threshold Of Extinction, Jacqueline A. Robinson, Jannikke Raikkonen, Leah Vucetich, John A. Vucetich, Rolf O. Peterson, Kirk Lohmueller, Robert Wayne

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

The observation that small isolated populations often suffer reduced fitness from inbreeding depression has guided conservation theory and practice for decades. However, investigating the genome-wide dynamics associated with inbreeding depression in natural populations is only now feasible with relatively inexpensive sequencing technology and annotated reference genomes. To characterize the genome-wide effects of intense inbreeding and isolation, we performed whole-genome sequencing and morphological analysis of an iconic inbred population, the gray wolves (Canis lupus) of Isle Royale. Through population genetic simulations and comparison with wolf genomes from a variety of demographic histories, we find evidence that severe inbreeding depression …

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Synthetic Methods And Biological Applications Of Nitrogen Heterocycles To Compounds Of Biological Interest., Jarrid Ronnebaum May 2019

Synthetic Methods And Biological Applications Of Nitrogen Heterocycles To Compounds Of Biological Interest., Jarrid Ronnebaum

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Thalidomide analogues were synthesized utilizing optimized click conditions from 3-azidoglutarimide and an array of arylacetylenes or N-ethynyl/N-propargyl phthalimide derivatives. The intermediate, 3-azidoglutarimde, was pivotal and yielded a new and scalable synthesis. The reaction conditions utilized a copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate system in aqueous tetrahydrofuran to propagate the dipolar cycloaddition reactions between the azidoglutarimide and the alkynyl coupling partners. The first explored substrates were substituted arylalkynes to optimize the click reaction. Arylalkynes selected were to exhibit similar electron deficient rings to mimic phthalimide. Along with the synthesis of click thalidomide analogues, click analogue of the antiangiogenic and more potent …

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Ecometric Estimation Of Present And Past Climate Of North America Using Crown Heights Of Rodents And Lagomorphs: With Application To The Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, Julia Schap May 2019

Ecometric Estimation Of Present And Past Climate Of North America Using Crown Heights Of Rodents And Lagomorphs: With Application To The Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, Julia Schap

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Continental scale studies on ungulate crown heights in relation to climate and habitat changes have revealed a correlation between increasing hypsodonty and a shift to more arid environments. Small mammals have been shown to adapt to changing habitats millions of years earlier than larger mammals. In this study I examined fossil localities throughout the last 37 Ma across North America. Diversity of rodents and lagomorphs were analyzed through this time period, with examination of community structure characterized by relative percentages of taxa with different crown heights. Overall, a decrease in precipitation and temperature was found across North America from 37 …

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Synthesis And Evaluation Of 1,2,4-Oxadiazolidinones: The Search For A Potential Non-Β-Lactam Β-Lactamase Inhibitors., Chimdi Eke Kalu May 2019

Synthesis And Evaluation Of 1,2,4-Oxadiazolidinones: The Search For A Potential Non-Β-Lactam Β-Lactamase Inhibitors., Chimdi Eke Kalu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

β-lactam antibiotics have been the most widely used drug of choice to combat infectious disease caused by bacteria. Unfortunately, their effectiveness is drastically threatened by bacterial β-lactamases. β-lactamases is responsible for the resistance to most antibiotic drugs. For decades, β-lactam β-lactamases inhibitors have been used to reduce bacterial resistance; however, in this study 1,2,4-oxadiazolidinone derivatives as a non-β-lactam β-lactamases inhibitor against TEM-1 and P99 β-lactamases. The significance of oxadiazolidinone is the prominent five-membered ring scaffold in its structure, which is configurationally stable and present in other biologically active compounds such as linezolid and avibactam. Oxadiazolidinones were synthesized by treating nitrones …

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2c Patent Law Session. Second Medical Use/Plausibility, John Richards, Robert Burrows, Klaus Grabinski, Lennie Hoffmann, Takeshi Maeda, John Pegram, Laura Whiting, Kevin J. Mcgough Apr 2019

2c Patent Law Session. Second Medical Use/Plausibility, John Richards, Robert Burrows, Klaus Grabinski, Lennie Hoffmann, Takeshi Maeda, John Pegram, Laura Whiting, Kevin J. Mcgough

27th Annual Intellectual Property Law & Policy Conference (2019)

No abstract provided.

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Taxonomy And The History Of Science: A Critical Analysis Of Four Historic Publications, Christopher M. Rogers Apr 2019

Taxonomy And The History Of Science: A Critical Analysis Of Four Historic Publications, Christopher M. Rogers

KSU Journey Honors College Capstones and Theses

The history of taxonomy is not usually taught in modern biology classes, but it is necessary to understand the history of classification and science as a whole in order to better understand the processes of classification and thinking that are commonly taught at the college level. Through the exploration of the difficulties of publishing, Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, and three pre-Linnaean works from Pliny the Elder, Nehemiah Grew, and Rembert Dodoens, I have found that the history of the sciences has been largely distorted. The distortion appears to be of many factors, including the replacement of ideas, censorship from scholarly …

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Artificial Intelligence In The Context Of Human Consciousness, Hannah Defries Apr 2019

Artificial Intelligence In The Context Of Human Consciousness, Hannah Defries

Senior Honors Theses

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be defined as the ability of a machine to learn and make decisions based on acquired information. AI’s development has incited rampant public speculation regarding the singularity theory: a futuristic phase in which intelligent machines are capable of creating increasingly intelligent systems. Its implications, combined with the close relationship between humanity and their machines, make achieving understanding both natural and artificial intelligence imperative. Researchers are continuing to discover natural processes responsible for essential human skills like decision-making, understanding language, and performing multiple processes simultaneously. Artificial intelligence attempts to simulate these functions through techniques like artificial neural …

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Characterizing The Role Of The Actin-Binding Protein, Tmd-1/Tropomodulin In C. Elegans Excretory Cell Morphogenesis, Samantha Smith Apr 2019

Characterizing The Role Of The Actin-Binding Protein, Tmd-1/Tropomodulin In C. Elegans Excretory Cell Morphogenesis, Samantha Smith

Proceedings of GREAT Day

Tropomodulins are proteins widely expressed in all complex animals that help to regulate the shape of cells by modifying the cytoskeletal filament actin. C. elegans worms lacking the tropomodulin TMD-1 show defects in development of the excretory cell, which acts as a kidney for the worm. The excretory cell extends four canals out from the cell body so that the entire cell looks like a great letter H stretching the length of the worm. In tmd-1 mutants, canals extend partially or not at all, and develop a dramatic crinkled appearance. The mechanism for this interference is unknown; however several possibilities …

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Application Of The Picoloyl Group In Carbohydrate Chemistry, Michael Mannino Apr 2019

Application Of The Picoloyl Group In Carbohydrate Chemistry, Michael Mannino

Dissertations

Stereocontrol of glycosylation reactions is a constant struggle in the field of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The application of the picoloyl (Pico) substituent can offer numerous stereocontrolling avenues. The most popular application is the Hydrogen-bond-mediated Aglycone Delivery (HAD) method that provides excellent selectivity in the glycosylation of a variety of sugar substrates. The HAD method relies on the formation of an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of the Pico substituent on the glycosyl donor with the hydroxyl group of the glycosyl acceptor. This interaction provides a facial preference for the nucleophilic attack and hence provides powerful stereocontrol for the …

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