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University Of Northern Iowa Faculty Senate Meeting Minutes, December 10, 2018, University Of Northern Iowa. Faculty Senate.

Documents - Faculty Senate

Meeting minutes from the Faculty Senate of the University of Northern Iowa.

Meta-Analysis Of Non-Reactive Phosphorus In Water, Wastewater, And Sludge, And Strategies To Convert It For Enhanced Phosphorus Removal And Recovery, Kaushik Venkiteshwaran, Patrick J. Mcnamara, Brooke K. Mayer

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Current and future trends indicate that mining of natural phosphorus (P) reserves is occurring faster than natural geologic replenishment. This mobilization has not only led to P supply concerns, but has also polluted many of the world's freshwater bodies and oceans. Recovery and reuse of this nuisance P offers a long-term solution simultaneously addressing mineral P accessibility and P-based pollution. Available physical, chemical, and biological P removal/recovery processes can achieve low total P (TP) concentrations (≤100 μg/L) and some processes can also recover P for direct reuse as fertilizers (e.g., struvite). However, as shown by our meta-analysis of over 20,000 …

Predictive Models In Brain Connectivity Analysis, Guenadie Nibbs

Theses

Neuroscience have been the field with most significant contributions to the study of the human brain. The development of new techniques for image acquisition has made possible the improvement of extracting quality information of brain activity. Utilizing functional MRIs, is possible to measure brain activity based on changes of the oxygen level in the blood at certain period of time. This imaging data is transformed into numerical values using a software that maps all the information into a data object. Taking advantage of the availability of functional connectivity information of the human brain, the present study shows a widespread process …

Checklist Of Zooplanktons In Different Rivers Of Bajwat Area, Zahid Bhatti, Muhammad Asif Gondal, Asad Ghufran, Andleeb Batool

Journal of Bioresource Management

Zooplanktons are important fish and waterfowl food. Limnological studies of Marala Wetlands, a complex created by three rivers, i.e., Jammu Tawi, Chenab and Manawar Tawi, entering Bajwat area located 25 km from North of Sialkot city from state of Jammu and Kashmir, were carried out between October, 2000 to September 2001. This survey was carried out to create a checklist of zooplanktons existing in the study site which would help in future studies relating to aquatic biodiversity and ecological studies of wetlands. A minimum of 25 species of zooplanktons were present in the wetland area, which can be included into …

Molecular Machinery Of Auxin Synthesis,Secretion, And Perception In The Unicellular Chlorophyte Alga Chlorella Sorokiniana Utex 1230, Maya Khasin, Rebecca E. Cahoon, Kenneth Nickerson, Wayne R. Riekhof

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Indole-3-acetic acid is a ubiquitous small molecule found in all domains of life. It is the predominant and most active auxin in seed plants, where it coordinates a variety of complex growth and development processes. The potential origin of auxin signaling in algae remains a matter of some controversy. In order to clarify the evolutionary context of algal auxin signaling, we undertook a genomic survey to assess whether auxin acts as a signaling molecule in the emerging model chlorophyte Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230. C. sorokiniana produces the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which was present in both the cell pellet and …

Extraction Of Vital Signs Using Real Time Video Analysis For Neonatal Monitoring, Bhushan Lohani

Electrical Engineering Theses

Video data is now commonly used for analysis in surveillance, security, medical and many other fields. The development of low cost but high-quality portable cameras has contributed significantly to this trend. One such trend includes non-invasive vital statistics monitoring of infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). National Center for Health Statistics Publications has reported a high infant death rate (23,215 in 2014). This statistic has drawn the interest of health system professionals. Due to occurrence of conditions like bradycardia, apnea and hypoxia, these preterm infants are kept in an NICU for constant monitoring. One of the problems faced at …

Practice And Lived Experience Of Menstrual Exiles (Chhaupadi) Among Adolescent Girls In Far Western Nepal. December 2018, Prabisha Amatya, Saruna Ghimire, Karen E. Callahan, Binaya Kumar Baral, Krishna C. Poudel

School of Public Health Faculty Research

Background: Menstrual exile, also known as Chhaupadi, is a tradition of “untouchability” in far-western Nepal. Forbidden from touching other people and objects, women and girls are required to live away from the community, typically in a livestock shed, during menstruation. We assessed the lived experiences of Chhaupadi among Nepalese adolescent girls in the far-western Achham district of Nepal, observed the safety and sanitation of their living spaces during Chhaupadi, and assessed the perceptions of local adult stakeholders towards the practice of Chhaupadi. Methods: We collected data from 107 adolescent girls using a self-administered survey in two local schools in Achham. …

Rediscovery Of Red Wolf Ghost Alleles In Canid Population Along The American Gulf Coast, Elizabeth Heppenheimer, Kristin Brzeski, Ron Wooten, William Waddell, Linda Y. Rutledge, Michael J. Chamberlain, Et. Al.

College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Publications

Rediscovering species once thought to be extinct or on the edge of extinction is rare. Red wolves have been extinct along the American Gulf Coast since 1980, with their last populations found in coastal Louisiana and Texas. We report the rediscovery of red wolf ghost alleles in a canid population on Galveston Island, Texas. We analyzed over 7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 60 canid representatives from all legally recognized North American Canis species and two phenotypically ambiguous canids from Galveston Island. We found notably high Bayesian cluster assignments of the Galveston canids to captive red wolves with extensive sharing …

Widespread, Prolonged Microbial Limestone Deposition And Large, Rapid Sulfur Isotope Excursions: A New Perspective On The Early Triassic From The Western U.S., Brad M. Jeffrey

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Early Triassic records a ~5 My period of marine biological recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME, ~252 My). Global oceans were characterized by warm sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), widespread anoxia, and major perturbations to the carbon cycle, the collective result of repeated massive Siberian Traps eruptions and associated global climate feedbacks. Globally widespread microbial deposits (stromatolites, thrombolites) developed in shallow marine environments. Several marine isotope records (C, O, S, U) indicate repeated, large-magnitude shifts related to paleoceanographic events during the recovery of marine ecosystems following the EPME.

Chapter 1 describes and interprets a widespread (~400 km along strike) Smithian …

Stirred, Not Shaken—Considerations For Improved Mammalian Cell Culture Scale-Up, Joshua Daniel, Zachary Ellsworth, Makali Lunt

Biological Engineering

GE Healthcare specializes in providing optimized medium for companies culturing cells in bioreactors for pharmaceutical purposes. Small scale testing, typically in shaker flasks, is a crucial part of this process, but scaling between these and larger impeller driven reactors has proven difficult in the past.

This study sought to develop a relationship between shaker flask bioreactors and a micro-bioreactor setup called the ambr® system. Important scale-up parameters such as oxygen transfer rate, 𝑘_L𝑎, and energy dissipation rate, 𝜀_𝑎, were calculated and used to compare the two systems. The following equations were taken from literature [2],[3]:

Tertiary Ammonia Treatment Of Lagoon Effluent Using Microvi MneTm Technology, Bryan Burbank, Sydney Burtenshaw, Nathan Guymon, Mike Langston, Luke Lemmon

Biological Engineering

Nutrient pollution is a growing problem threatening many waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in water can cause algae to grow rapidly. This growth decreases water quality, kills aquatic life, and elevates toxin levels creating health hazards for people. Due to increases in nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, the Logan City regional wastewater treatment plant is currently updating from a lagoon system to a mechanical plant to meet future discharge limits imposed by federal, state, and local governments. The intent of our design is to add a tertiary nitrification system using Microvi MicroNiche Engineering^TM (MNE^TM) technology.

Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Through Mbbr Technology, Ethan Ackerman, Grant Harris, Gregory Jensen, Christopher Ruben, Stephen Sadler

Biological Engineering

Wastewater treatment is an essential component to public health as it removes harmful compounds and allows for water reuse and recycle. Biological nutrient removal has entered into the public spotlight as effluent flows with high nitrogen concentrations have detrimental effects on water discharge bodies. Traditional suspended growth biological treatment methods are expensive and produce excess biomass that can reduce the efficiency of nutrient removal if not maintained. Research on the benefits of attached growth processes, namely moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) technology, presents an exciting innovation in wastewater treatment that can increase nutrient removal efficiency and reduce overall cost.

As …

The Value Of 'Having A Go': Trialling A Project-Based Learning Activity To Inform Curriculum Design, Alison Stokes, Nichola Harmer

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

No abstract provided.

Week Of December 10, 2018, New York Medical College

InTouch

• HSL Hosts Special Exhibition and Presentation
• GSBMS Hosts Bake Sale to Benefit Victims of the California Wildfire
• NYMC Researcher Recalls Past Collaboration with Nobel Laureate George P. Smith, Ph.D.

A Multicase Study Exploring Women’S Narratives Of Infertility: Implications For Counselors, Staci L. Born, Christin L. Carotta, Kristine Ramsay-Seaner

The Qualitative Report

Infertility affects 6.7 million women in the United States (Chandra, Copen, & Stephen, 2013). Women’s experiences with infertility are not only influenced by biological health factors, but also by social, cultural, and personal variables. Given the prevalence and complexity of infertility, additional research is needed to further examine the nuances of women’s experiences. The purpose of this multicase study, as informed by four individual cases, was to explore how women construct their infertility narratives. Review of reflective journals found five common elements: (1) Emotional Rollercoaster, (2) Mind-Body (Dis)Connection, (3) Secret Identity, (4) Supportive vs. Constrained Communication Patterns, and (5) Fatalistic- …

Census Study Of Ducks, Swans And Geese From High-Altitude Wetlands Of Pakistan, Fakhra Nazir, Inayatullah Malik, Safdar Ali Shah

Journal of Bioresource Management

The family Anatidae consists of aquatic birds such as ducks, geese and swans of varied sizes that belong to the order Anseriformes (Carboneras, 1992). The Anatidae comprise of approximately 148 species (Johnsgard, 2010). This family is commonly found across the globe except for in Antarctica. Data on ecology and population of these water birds was taken from protected areas of Pir Lasura National Park (June-July 2009), Banjosa Game Reserve (May-June 2009), Dhirkot National Park (February 2008), Pir Chanasi National park (April-May 2010) and Tolipir National Park (April-May 2008). Only four species from the family Anatidae were found in the study …

Status And Food Preferences Of Bears In Sub Alpine Scrub Forests, Ajk, Madeeha Manzoor, Safdar Ali Shah, Jibran Haider

Journal of Bioresource Management

Bears belong to the family Ursidae, under the order Carnivora with eight extant species (Grzimek, 2003). Roberts (1997) cite the presence of Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan black bear and Balochistan black bear in Pakistan. Dhirkot National Park (2008), Banjosa Nature Reserve (2009), Tolipir National Park (2008), Pir Chanasi National Park (2010) and Pir Lasura National Park (2009) were surveyed. A broad-spectrum investigation was conducted where the number of bears observed directly; pictures from surveillance cameras (Arc View GIS 3.3, 1992-2002) and at the same time indirect indicators such as bear scats, walking trails, paw prints and fur samples were noted …

Accumulation And Transmission Dynamics Of A Naturally-Occurring Mtdna Deletion In Caenorhabditis Briggsae, Jennifer Anne Sullins

Dissertations and Theses

Maintaining mitochondrial genome sequence integrity is essential for preserving normal mitochondrial function. Several human diseases have been associated with heteroplasmic mitochondrial genome mutations, but few genetic systems can simultaneously represent pathogenic mitochondrial genome evolution and inheritance. The nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae is one such model. Natural C. briggsae isolates are globally-distributed and phylogenetically grouped into three distinct clades, with isolates exhibiting varying levels of a large-scale mtDNA deletion, nad5∆. Furthermore, a small subset of clade II isolates exhibits putative compensatory mutations that may reduce the risk of deletion formation and accumulation in those populations. In this thesis, the author characterizes the …

Genome-Wide Mega-Analysis Identifies 16 Loci And Highlights Diverse Biological Mechanisms In The Common Epilepsies., Bassel Abou-Khalil, Pauls Auce, Andreja Avbersek, Melanie Bahlo, David J. Balding, Thomas Bast, Larry Baum, Albert J. Becker, Felicitas Becker, Bianca Berghuis, Samuel F. Berkovic, Katja E. Boysen, Jonathan P. Bradfield, Lawrence C. Brody, Russell J. Buono, Ellen Campbell, Gregory D. Cascino, Claudia B. Catarino, Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, Stacey S. Cherny, Krishna Chinthapalli, Alison J. Coffey, Alastair Compston, Antonietta Coppola, Patrick Cossette, John J. Craig, Gerrit-Jan De Haan, Peter De Jonghe, Carolien G.F. De Kovel, Norman Delanty, Chantal Depondt, Orrin Devinsky, Dennis J. Dlugos, Colin P. Doherty, Christian E. Elger, Johan G. Eriksson, Thomas N. Ferraro, Martha Feuch, Ben Francis, Andre Franke, Jacqueline A. French, Saskia Freytag, Verena Gaus, Eric B. Geller, Christian Gieger, Tracy Glauser, Simon Glynn, David B. Goldstein, Hongsheng Gui, Youling Guo, Kevin F. Haas, Hakon Hakonarson, Kerstin Hallmann, Sheryl Haut, Erin L. Heinzen, Ingo Helbig, Christian Hengsbach, Helle Hjalgrim, Michele Iacomino, Andrés Ingason, Jennifer Jamnadas-Khoda, Michael R. Johnson, Reetta Kälviäinen, Anne-Mari Kantanen, Dalia Kasperavičiūte, Dorothee Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, Heidi E. Kirsch, Robert C. Knowlton, Bobby P.C. Koeleman, Roland Krause, Martin Krenn, Wolfram S. Kunz, Ruben Kuzniecky, Patrick Kwan, Dennis Lal, Yu-Lung Lau, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki, Holger Lerche, Costin Leu, Wolfgang Lieb, Dick Lindhout, Warren D. Lo, Iscia Lopes-Cendes, Daniel H. Lowenstein, Alberto Malovini, Anthony G. Marson, Thomas Mayer, Mark Mccormack, James L. Mills, Nasir Mirza, Martina Moerzinger, Rikke S. Møller, Anne M. Molloy, Hiltrud Muhle, Mark Newton, Ping-Wing Ng, Markus M. Nöthen, Peter Nürnberg, Terence J. O’Brien, Karen L. Oliver, Palotie Palotie, Faith Pangilinan, Sarah Peter, Slavé Petrovski, Annapurna Poduri, Michael Privitera, Rodney Radtke, Sarah Rau, Philipp S. Reif, Eva M. Reinthaler, Felix Rosenow, Josemir W. Sander, Thomas Sander, Theresa Scattergood, Steven C. Schachter, Christoph J. Schankin, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Bettina Schmitz, Susanne Schoch, Pak C. Sham, Jerry J. Shih, Graeme J. Sills, Sanjay M. Sisodiya, Lisa Slattery, Alexander Smith, David F. Smith, Michael C. Smith, Philip E. Smith, Anja C.M. Sonsma, Doug Speed, Michael R. Sperling, Bernhard J. Steinhoff, Ulrich Stephani, Remi Stevelink, Konstantin Strauch, Pasquale Striano, Hans Stroink, Rainer Surges, K. Meng Tan, Liu Lin Thio, G. Neil Thomas, Marian Todaro, Rossana Tozzi, Maria S. Vari, Ellen P.G. Vining, Frank Visscher, Sarah Von Spiczak, Nicole M. Walley, Yvonne G. Weber, Zhi Wei, Judith Weisenberg, Christopher D. Whelan, Peter Widdess-Walsh, Markus Wolff, Wolking Wolking, Wanling Yang, Federico Zara, Fritz Zimprich

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

The epilepsies affect around 65 million people worldwide and have a substantial missing heritability component. We report a genome-wide mega-analysis involving 15,212 individuals with epilepsy and 29,677 controls, which reveals 16 genome-wide significant loci, of which 11 are novel. Using various prioritization criteria, we pinpoint the 21 most likely epilepsy genes at these loci, with the majority in genetic generalized epilepsies. These genes have diverse biological functions, including coding for ion-channel subunits, transcription factors and a vitamin-B6 metabolism enzyme. Converging evidence shows that the common variants associated with epilepsy play a role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the …

Medical School Watercooler Newsletter - December 9, 2018, Lindsey Lyle

Watercooler Newsletter

This is the December 9, 2018 edition of the Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine's newsletter - Watercooler.

Contents Include:

• USA Faculty Honored at Inventor Recognition Luncheon
• Register Now: Pediatrics Symposium Set for Jan. 18
• 12th Annual COM Research Forum Winners Announced
• Mark Your Calendar: Forum on Community-Engaged Scholarship Set for Jan. 11
• Med School Café: Expert Advice for the Community

A Comparative Efficiency Study Of Two Adsorbent Materials To Remove Eosin Y Dye From Aqueous Solutions, Ali K. Al-Muttairi, Sama A. Mustafa, Jasim M. Salman

Baghdad Science Journal

This study was done to find a cheap, available and ecofriendly materials that can remove eosin y dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption in this study, two adsorbent materials were used, the shells of fresh water clam (Cabicula fluminea) and walnut shells. To make a comparison between the two adsorbents, five experiments were conducted. First, the effects of the contact time, here the nut shell removed the dye quickly, while the C. flumina need more contact time to remove the dye. Second, the effects of adsorbent weight were examined. The nut shell was very promising and for all used adsorbent …

An Epidemiological, Diagnostic, And Therapeutic Study Of The Leishmania Tropica Parasite In Iraq’S Anbar Province, Suad Shallal Shahatha, Thaer Abdelqader Saleh

Baghdad Science Journal

This paper involved the registration of 1,936 cases of infection of the Leishmania tropica parasite observed at hospitals and health centers in Ramadi, Fallujah, Baghdadi, and Hit during 2017. The results revealed that the highest rates of infection were found in Ramadi and Fallujah. The 1-10 years age group recorded the highest rate at 35.5%. There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) between the sexes. December and January saw the highest rate of infection, where the rate in rural townships was found to be 65.5%, higher than in urban regions which saw a rate of 34.4%. Facial lesions were …

Synthesis, Characterization Of Poly Heterocyclic Compounds, And Effect On Cancer Cell (Hep-2) In Vitro., Olfat A. Nief, Ebtihal K. Abdullah, Hala M. G. Alzahawy, Marwa N. Jasim

Baghdad Science Journal

A synthesis series of new heterocyclic derivatives (A2-A7) (pyrrole, pyridazine, oxazine and imidazol) derived from 4-acetyl-2,5-dichloro-1-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate(A1) have been synthesised. Synthesis of compound (A2) by the reaction of starting material (A1) with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride in the presence of pyridine. Compound (A2) was reacted with hydrazine hydrate in dry benzene to give (A3) derivative. The compound )A3( deals with sodium nitrite to give diazonium salt, and the reaction diazonium salt with ethyl acetoacetate to produce compound (A4). To a mixture of compound (A4) and hydroxyl amine with sttired to yield (A5).Compound (A6) was prepared by reaction compound (A4) with thiosemicarbazide in …

Evaluation Of The Ecosystem Services Of The Central Marsh In Southern Iraq, Nadheer A. Fazaa, Jonathon C. Dunn, Mark J. Whittingham

Baghdad Science Journal

Ecosystems provide humans with services that include benefits from food, fresh water, climate regulation, and socio-economic assets. The Mesopotamian marshlands are among the largest wetlands in the Middle East and they provide various benefits. However, ecosystem services of the Marshlands are consistently undervalued in national economic analysis and decision making. This study focusses on the Central Marshes, the first National Park in Iraq, and is the first attempt at valuing a series of ecosystem services from a valuable natural ecosystem in Iraq. We adopted the Toolkit for Ecosystem Services Site-Based Assessment (TESSA) for the determination of biophysical and economic values …

Application Of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna (Rapd) Technique To Estimate Genetic Distance Among Some Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Different Iraqi Hospitals, Alyaa Mohammed H, Maysaa Adil Ali, Mohammed Saad Alnasari, Wedean Al-Hadban

Baghdad Science Journal

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the principal nosocomial causative agents. This bacterium has the capability to resist wide range of antibiotics and it is responsible for many diseases like skin, nose and wounds infection. In this study, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was applied with ten random primers to examine the molecular diversity among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in the hospitals and to investigate the genetic distance between them. 90 Isolates were collected from clinical specimens from Iraqi hospitals for a total of 90 isolates. Only 10 strains (11.11%) were found to be MRSA. From …

Conjugated Polymer (Meh-Ppv:Mwcnts) Organic Nanocomposite For Photodetector Application, Isam M. Ibrahim, Abeer H. Khalid

Baghdad Science Journal

Fabrication of a photodetector consists of the conjugated polymer "MEH-PPV"- poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenlenevinylene) and MEH-PPV:MWCNT nanocomposite thin film. The volume ratio investigated was 0.75:0.25. MEH-PPV was dissolved in chloroform solvent and doped with MWCNTs. The spin coating method was used to achieve a facile and low cost photodetector. The absorption spectrum decreases by adding the CNTs. The PL spectrum detected recombination curve results by doping the polymer with CNTs, and AFM measurement showed an increase of roughness average from (0.168 to 2.43nm) of "MEH-PPV" and "MEH-PPV:CNTs", respectively. The doping ratio 0.25, which has a higher photoresponsivity, was evaluated at 1.70 A/W …

Can A Global Fund Help Solve The Global Marine Plastic Debris Problem?, Karen Raubenheimer, Alistair Mcilgorm

Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics

The problem of marine plastic debris impacts all of the world’s oceans and requires all nations to respond. However, developing States require funds to improve waste management infrastructure and services in order to reduce marine debris at source. Plastics manufacturers and retailers globally must be incentivised to design products for the environment as well as for the collection and end-of-life treatment facilities available within the intended markets. Given the oceans are a global common, we investigate the option of developing a global fund mechanism to progress the necessary actions to reduce plastic waste entering the world’s oceans. This requires consideration …

Correlation Between Journal Citation Indices For Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Journals, Shakil Ahmad

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper investigated the possibility of utilizing SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), Eigenfactor Score and Google H5 index indicator as an alternative to the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) for quality assessment in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Principal factors such as researchers and librarians concerns of methods of scientific journal ranking, publication of language, analysis time and self-citation impact are looked into across indicated options and alternatives. The SJR, ES, Google H5 and JIF scores and ranking order of biochemistry and molecular biology journals were downloaded from their relevant websites. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were gauged to weigh …

Context Analysis Of Top Seven Retracted Articles: Should Retraction Watch Revisit The List?, Rosy Jan, Shohar Bano, Ikhlaq Ur Rehman Syed, Midhat Mehraj

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Significant and serious scientific misconduct in a research article leads to its retraction. Citing such articles further perpetuates the erroneous work. An article unknowingly builds on false claims of a

retracted article, the new and unsuspicious article may compromise the integrity of the scientific literature. This type of implicit dependency on a retracted article can be highly risky and harmful. Thus the focus of the study is to identify the journals citing the retracted articles with emphasis on the examination of context of citations received by top seven highly cited retracted papers identified and listed by Retraction watch. In-depth analysis …

The Detection Of Hazardous Materials Using Genetically Engineered Bacteria, Daniel Wynn

Open Access Dissertations

The development of technology that can be used to quickly and reliably assay a wide variety of matrices for the presence of specific small molecules has long been a high priority for scientists. These methods are valuable tools that see use in many fields, including biomedicine and environmental analysis. Although many contemporary technologies exist, their use is, for the most part, limited by their expense, required instrumentation, and long assay times. In an effort to address these limitations, many examples of biotechnology have been produced and this interest in biosensors continues. Herein, a number of projects to develop new bioanalytical …