Digital Commons Network^™

The More Things Change: Improvement Patents, Drug Modifications, And The Fda, Dmitry Karshtedt

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

Pharmaceutical companies often replace prescription drugs that are already on the market with modified versions that have the same active pharmaceutical ingredient. On the surface, such activity seems benign and perhaps even salutary. Nonetheless, antitrust litigation has revealed that firms sometimes modify existing drugs not because new formulations would demonstrably improve health outcomes, but principally because so-called secondary patents covering the new version of the drug enable them to maintain some effective market power over the active ingredient for which original, primary patent protection has expired. This “product-hopping” strategy runs counter to the goal of the legislative framework for regulating …

Law & Entrepreneurship In Global Clinical Education, Susan Jones, Janet Thompson Jackson

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

As clinical legal education (CLE) continues to evolve and prepare practice-ready lawyers, and governments worldwide focus on the multilayered impact of technology, automation and artificial intelligence, there is a pressing need to examine law and entrepreneurship through the lens of global clinical legal education. The range of issues include: corporate social responsibility, disruptive technologies, microbusiness, social entrepreneurship, social impact investing, the creative economy, sustainable local economies, cooperatives and shared work, and inclusive entrepreneurship.

Indeed, new legal entities like benefit corporations and low profit limited liability companies (L3Cs) have emerged to address contemporary legal needs and in the United States. the …

Sexism In The 'Bathroom Debates': How Bathrooms Really Became Separated By Sex, W. Burlette Carter

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

This article challenges two widely-embraced theories about how public intimate spaces (e.g., toilets, locker rooms, showers, etc. hereinafter called "bathrooms") first became separated by sex. The first challenged theory claims that the very first instance of sex-separation in public bathrooms occurred in 1739 at a ball held in a restaurant in Paris. Under this first view, sex-separation first emerged as a sign of upper-class gentility and elitism. The second challenged theory argues that a consistent practice of differentiating bathrooms by sex did not emerge until the late nineteenth century. According to this view, bathroom sex-separation was imposed when authorities overreacted …

Ph-Dependent Silica Nanoparticle Dissolution And 1 Cargo Release, Giorgia Giovaninni, Colin J. Moore, Andrew John Hall, Hugh Byrne, Vladimir Gubala

Articles

The dissolution of microporous silica nanoparticles (NP) in aqueous environments of different biologically relevant pH was studied in order to assess their potential as drug delivery vehicles. Silica NPs, loaded with fluorescein, were prepared using different organosilane precursors (tetraethoxysilane, ethyl triethoxysilane or a 1:1 molar ratio of both) and NP dissolution was evaluated in aqueous conditions at pH 4, pH 6 and pH 7.4. These conditions correspond to the acidity of the intracellular environment (late endosome, early endosome, cytosol respectively) and gastrointestinal tract (‘fed’ stomach, duodenum and jejunum respectively). All NPs degraded at pH 6 and pH 7.4, while no …

Application Of Box-Behnken Experimental Design For The Formulation And Optimisation Of Selenomethionine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Coated With Zein For Oral Delivery., Giuliana Vozza, Hugh Byrne, Jesus Maria Frias, Minna Khalid Danish, Sinéad M. Ryan

Articles

Selenomethionine is an essential amino acid with a narrow therapeutic index and susceptibility to oxidation. Here it was encapsulated into a nanoparticle composed of chitosan cross-linked with tripolyphosphate for oral delivery. The formulation was optimised using a three-factor Box-Behnken experimental design. The chitosan:tripolyphosphate ratio, chitosan solvent pH, and drug load concentration were independently varied. The dependent variables studied were encapsulation efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential. For optimisation, encapsulation efficiency and zeta potential were maximised, particle diameter was set to 300 nm and polydispersity index was minimised. A 0.15 mg/mL concentration of selenomethionine, chitosan solvent pH of 3, …

Quantifying The Concentration Of Glucose, Urea, And Lactic Acid In Mixture By Confocal Raman Microscopy, Zhengyuan Tang, Sinead Barton, Thomas Ward, John Lowry, Michelle Doran, Hugh Byrne, Bryan Hennelly

Articles

Raman spectroscopy has numerous applications in the field of biology. One such application is the simultaneously measurement of the concentration of multiple biochemical components in low volume aqueous mixtures, for example, a single drop of blood serum. Over twenty years ago, it was shown for the first time that it was possible to estimate the concentration of glucose, urea, and lactic acid in mixture by combining Raman Spectroscopy with Partial Least Squares Regression analysis. This was followed by numerous contributions in the literature designed to increase the number of components and reduce the limits of concentration that could be simultaneously …

Constituting Bodies Into The Future: Toward A Relational Theory Of Intergenerational Justice

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Crisis Of Conscience: Miscarriages Of Justice And Indigenous Defendants In Canada

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.

Evaluation Of Biological Response Modification And Immunotherapeutic Activities Of Barley-Derived Arabinoxylans Against Coccidiosis In Commercial Broilers, Masood Akhtar, Muteen Humayun, Zafar Iqbal, Mian Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Irfan Anwar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Plant-derived polysaccharides have been reported for diverse biological response modification (BRM) and immunotherapeutic (IT) activities in animals by activating their defense systems to perform better immunogenically against invading pathogens. Keeping this in view, this study was conducted to assess the BRM and IT activities of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-derived arabinoxylans (AXs) against coccidiosis in broilers. Significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in vivo and in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to T-cell mitogens were revealed in broilers administered barley AXs when compared to the control group. Humoral immune response in terms of antibody titers against sheep erythrocytes was also found higher (P < 0.05) in AX-administered chickens. Furthermore, AX-administered chickens also showed higher weekly weight gains and improved feed conversion ratios as compared to controls. Results of the challenge experiment showed that the percentage of protection and daily weight gains were statistically higher (P < 0.05) whereas mean oocysts per gram of droppings and lesion scores were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the chickens administered barley AXs as compared to controls. In conclusion, barley-derived AXs led to better growth performance and elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in commercial broilers that persisted against coccidial infection in broiler chickens.

Virulence-Associated Genes And Molecular Typing Of Streptococcus Uberisassociated With Bovine Mastitis In Northern Thailand, Sukolrat Boonyayatra, Prasit Tharavichitkul, Stephen Oliver

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Streptococcus uberis is a major bovine mastitis pathogen. Several studies have revealed a persistence of specific strains of S. uberis with enhanced virulence or transmissibility. We aimed to investigate the presence of S. uberis virulence-associated genes including plasminogen activator (pauA), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapC), oligopeptide permease (oppF), metal transporter uberis A (mtuA), hyaluronic acid capsules (hasA, hasB, hasC), lactoferrin binding protein (lbp), adhesion protein (sua), and CAMP factor (cfu) as well as the genetic profiles using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) among isolates from cases of clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis, and intramammary infection with low somatic cell count in dairy cows. A …

Gene Expression Levels In Some Candidate Genes For Mastitis Resistance, Milk Yield, And Milk Quality Of Goats Reared Under Different Feeding Systems, Akin Yakan, Hüseyi̇n Özkan, Aysel Eraslan Şakar, Necmetti̇n Ünal, Ceyhan Özbeyaz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to identify the expression levels of some candidate genes for mastitis resistance (LTF and BRCA1), milk yield (POU1F1 and IGF-1), and milk quality (PPARγ and CSN2) in different feeding systems (pen- and pasture-based) used for Damascus goats. Milk samples were taken from all goats in both pen and pasture groups at 4 times, at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th months of the study. It was found that, compared to the pen group, the LTF and CSN2 genes in the pasture group had significant levels of upregulation in the 7th month of lactation (3.538- and 5.436-fold, respectively), …

Faculty Authors & Achievers Bibliography 2018, Luke Vilelle

WRL: Faculty Authors & Achievers Bibliographies

The office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs and the Wyndham Robertson Library congratulate all Hollins faculty who published or presented creative or scholarly works from Fall 2016 - Summer 2018. These pages include a list of those activities.

Antropologi Biologi Di Indonesia: Sebuah Penelusuran Dan Kemungkinan Pengembangan, Iman Fachruliansyah

Antropologi Indonesia

Indonesia has a great diversity of ethnic groups, languages, physical characteristics, and human genetic structures. Various studies of human physical variation and their evolutionary history in the world have received substantial contributions from biological anthropology researches in Indonesia. However, biological anthropology studies in Indonesia are not established or less familiar even among Indonesian anthropology milieu. This condition is reflected in a small numbers of Indonesian biological anthropologists, despite the vision of the founders of Indonesian anthropology that programmed the development of biological anthropology as a part of the anthropology department. This article aims to review the history of biological anthropology …

Factors Contributing To Juvenile Crime Leading To The Disparity Of The Risk Levels For Secure Detainment, Dawn Prystajko

Theses and Dissertations

The main purpose of this research was to explore the factors that contributed to juvenile crime which in turn caused disparity in secure detainment among juveniles. This was based upon the alternate hypothesis that there is a noticeable disparity with minority youths being more securely detained opposed to majority youths. Therefore, the research was designed to examine raw data obtained from the Juvenile Justice Services Planner/JDAI Coordinator of the excel database of juvenile arrests/detainment.

The findings revealed several key points. The finding revealed that useable data extracted from the excel database was not able to neither agree with nor support …

The Conservation, Excavation, And Analysis Of Ancient Human Remains: A Bioarchaeological Case Study Of Prehistoric Reburials From Nevis, West Indies, Marissa Nicole Massaro

Master's Theses

In the summer of 2015, the cranium of what seemed to be an indigenous Caribbean individual was discovered partially exposed on White’s Bay Beach, Nevis. The following year, upon excavation of two known burial sites, a test pit brought forth an additional burial of two individuals dating about 1025-1275 AD. Currently, there is very little known about this period causing confusion about the migration and settlement patterns of the Caribbean people during this time. Additionally, the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society is experiencing rising concerns of the demolition and utilization of their historical land and beaches for infrastructural development. As …

Analysis Of Fiber Network Architecture In Blood Vessels And Blood Clots, Dustin Michael Nguyen

Master's Theses

Fibrous networks, including collagen and fibrin, provide strength and support, and are critical for maintaining homeostasis. In this study, we have developed algorithms to define the structural properties of collagen and fibrin networks from microscopic images of these networks in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and blood clots, respectively. AAA is a biomechanical disease characterized by significant changes in the structure and strength of the arterial wall due to differential changes in the composition of fibrillar collagen in adventitial and medial layers. Using bright-field and polarized microscopic images of histological sections of mouse aorta stained with Picrosirius red (PSR) stain, we …

Nonlinear Stiffness And Viscoelasticity Of Inhibitor-Treated Blood Clots By Tensile Testing, Wilson S. Eng

Master's Theses

Although blood clots are vital to wound healing, little is known about what factors influence clot stiffness and dynamic response. This work investigates the mechanics of inhibitor-treated clots by direct tensile testing using a custom designed system for forces below 1 N. Inhibitors that affect clot formation include blebbistatin, which affects myosin II movement on actin, and cytochalasin D, which affects actin polymerization. The hypothesis of this investigation is that blebbistatin will have a greater effect on mechanical behavior than cytochalasin D, because the inhibition of myosin II will weaken the overall clot more than actin. This hypothesis was investigated …

The Role Of Diaphragmatic Breathing In Self-Regulation Skills Training, Matthew E. B. Russell

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

A central component of many psychological interventions is breathing training. Breathing training protocols based on a mindfulness or a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have demonstrated value in the management of psychological and medical ailments. Yet, despite the wealth of literature examining each approach, little direct comparison exists. An additional concern is the proliferation of smart phone health (mHealth) applications (apps) providing breathing training with little empirical evidence to support their clinical use. A possible explanation for the interest in breathing and mHealth apps is the growing body of literature indicating breathing training provides wide ranging health benefits through improved stasis …

Adopting Identities: Associations Between Adoption, Racial-Ethnic, And Sexual Minority Parent Socialization And Children’S Attachment, Global Self-Worth, And Understanding Of Identity, Kyle A. Simon

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Utilizing a sample of lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adoptive parent families with school-age children, results suggested that parents engage in adoption communication less but racial-ethnic socialization more when a child is transracially adopted. No differences were found in lesbian and gay parents socialization practices for adoptive or racial-ethnic identity. Further, lesbian and gay parents engaged in sexual minority parent socialization less than adoptive or racial-ethnic socialization. Children’s self-worth was related to sex but not socialization practices such that girls reported lower self-worth, and no significant associations were present for children’s closeness. Children’s age, sex, and transracial adoptive status were predictive …

The Role Of Couple Sleep Concordance In Subjective Sleep Quality: Attachment As A Moderator Of Associations, Taylor L. Elsey

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Sleep is not a solitary activity for the majority of adults, this impacts sleep quality, health, and well-being. Couples experience sleep concordance, or a synchronization of sleep-wake times, which can improve and diminish sleep quality (Gunn et al., 2015). This study explores the association between sleep concordance and sleep quality by examining attachment style as a moderator. Daily sleep diaries were completed by 179 heterosexual couples. Sleep concordance was calculated by dividing total time partners were in bed together by total time at least one partner was in bed each day. Data were analyzed using a multilevel model described by …

Characterizing The Role Of Glucocorticoids In The Sign Tracking Behavior Of Male Japanese Quail (Coturnix Japonica), Beth A. Rice

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

A devastating feature of drug-dependence is the susceptibility of relapse (40-60%) after stretches of abstinence. One theory that may account for relapse suggests that drug cues (e.g., paraphernalia) may increase stress hormones, and this may prompt relapse. Repeatedly pairing a neutral cue with a reward is commonly utilized to measure what subjects learn about a cue that is predictive of reward. Research has shown that animals that attend to a cue more than to the reward (sign trackers) may be more vulnerable to drug addiction. Additionally, research has shown that sign tracking is associated with an increase in corticosterone (CORT), …

Looking The Part: An Examination Of Longitudinal Gender Presentation Among Children With Gay, Lesbian, And Heterosexual Adoptive Parents, Samuel T. Bruun

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Gender presentation, appearing in a way that fits social expectations of one’s gender role, represents one of the most obvious ways in which one’s gender identity becomes salient to others. This quality is especially relevant to note given the continued controversy surrounding children’s gender role development when raised by non-heterosexual parents. The current study is an examination of how gender presentation develops in adopted children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents across two time points (Wave 1: N = 106, M_age = 36.07 months; Wave 2: N = 90, M_age = 8.34). Children’s gender presentation was analyzed using …

The Self-Reported And Behavioral Effects Of Propylene Glycol And Vegetable Glycerin In Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Arit M. Harvanko

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Little is known about how electronic cigarette (EC) users manipulate device parameters, what factors drive their use, and how non-nicotine ingredients influence the stimulus effects of EC aerosols. The ingredients propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG) serve as the base for virtually all electronic cigarette liquids, and information on how they affect the using experience would provide important groundwork for the study of other ingredients. In this dissertation, results from a survey and laboratory study focused on the stimulus effects of ECs, and the influence of PG and VG, will be discussed. A total of 522 regular EC users …

Discovery Of Natural Product Analogs Against Ethanol-Induced Cytotoxicity In Hippocampal Slice Cultures, Meredith A. Saunders-Mattingly

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

An estimated 13.9% of Americans currently meet criteria for an alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) use disorder (AUD). While there are 4 medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat AUD, these treatments have demonstrated poor clinical efficacy. Our ongoing research program encompasses a multi-tiered screening of a natural product library and validation process to provide novel information about the mechanisms underlying EtOH-induced changes in neurobiology and to identify novel chemical scaffolds to be exploited in the development of pharmacological treatments for AUD in a rodent organotypic hippocampal slice culture model. Initial screens of several natural product compounds identified …

Effects Of Social Interaction On Morphine Conditioned Place Preference In Adolescent Male Rats, Virginia G. Weiss

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

The fact that adolescents commonly initiate drug use in social settings is well established. Both clinical and preclinical research has investigated how social interaction is altered by a variety of drugs of abuse. What is less understood is how the rewarding value of drugs of abuse is affected by the presence of social peers. This dissertation aimed to investigate the interaction of morphine and social play on conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent male Sprague Dawley rats, using both behavioral and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. Rats were exposed to morphine (0, 1, or 3 mg/kg; s.c.), social interaction, or a combination …

Person-Centered Analysis Of Adhd Comorbidities And Differential Characteristics And Outcomes, Christine Anne Lee

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent and impairing childhood disorders (5%; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), yet it is often studied in isolation. Such an approach is at odds with the clinical reality, where ADHD has a high comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety, and depression (Jensen, Martin, & Cantwell, 1997). Based on the possible presentations of ADHD with both externalizing and internalizing symptoms, there may be differences in associated characteristics, areas of impairment, and resulting assessment interventions. Therefore, the present study investigated how ADHD comorbidities manifested in a population of 233 elementary age children and how these …

Potential Candidates For Treating Deficits Associated With Developmental Ethanol Exposure In A Rodent Model: Solidago Nemoralis & Dimethoxybenzylidene-Anabasine, Logan James Fields

Theses and Dissertations--Psychology

Prenatal alcohol exposure (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [FAS] and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders [FASD’s]) represents the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in the western world, with FASDs estimated to affect approximately 2-5% of live births in the United States at an approximate annual cost of $3.6 billion (CDC, 2015; May et al., 2009). Ethanol (ETOH) exposure during development can lead to a variety of long-term behavioral impairments including problems with executive functioning, motor coordination, spatial learning, attention, and hyperactivity (Jones, 2011; Mattson & Riley, 1998). Much research has been conducted to develop pharmacological and/or environmental interventions to reduce these deficits, …

Career And College Readiness Through Cit/Lit Leadership Opportunities, Deb Bialeschki, Jim Sibthorp, Michael Riley

ACA National Camp Research Forum Abstracts

No abstract provided.

Targeting Metastatic Breast Cancer With Statin Drugs And Coq10, Jacob Thrasher

Honors Theses

Statin drugs are commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in patients, but recently statins have been under investigation as a potential anti-cancer drug. Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and subsequently inhibit the mevalonate pathway and cholesterol synthesis. Since cholesterol trafficking is vital in the growth and metastasis of cancer, statin drugs are being studied to explore their effects on cancer cells. CoQ10, one of the products from the mevalonate pathway, also has shown some potential anti-cancer properties, but its use to combat cancer is controversial. While some studies have shown that CoQ10 supplements can be synergistic with other cancer treatment …

Characterizing The Effects Of Stm And Ath1 Mutations On Floral Organ Development In Arabidopsis Thaliana, James Luke Leary

Honors Theses

The purpose of this project was to explore the function of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX GENE1 (ATH1), two transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana that play a role in the molecular pathways that establish organ boundaries in flowers. Prior research has shownthat mutations in the STM and ATH1 genes cause defects in the boundaries formed between floral organs and the stem of the plant. My study was designed to investigate whether ATH1 and STM also control the boundaries found between adjacent floral organs. I predicted that stm ath1-3 double mutant flowers would display a significant number of stamen-stamen and …