Digital Commons Network^™

Microplastics Are Not Important For The Cycling And Bioaccumulation Of Organic Pollutants In The Oceans – But Should Microplastics Be Considered Pops Themselves?, Rainer Lohmann

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

The role of microplastic particles in the cycling and bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is discussed. Five common concepts, sometimes misconceptions, about the role of microplastics are reviewed. While there is ample evidence that microplastics accumulate high concentrations of POPs, this does not result in microplastics being important for the global dispersion of POPs. Similarly, there is scant evidence that microplastics are an important transfer vector of POPs into animals, but possibly for plastic additives (flame retardants). Last, listing microplastics as POPs could help reduce their environmental impact.

Vertical Profiles, Sources And Transport Of Pfass In The Arctic Ocean, Leo W. Y. Yeung, Clifton Dassuncao, Scott Mabury, Elsie M. Sunderland, Xianming Zhang, Rainer Lohmann

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

The relative importance of atmospheric versus oceanic transport for poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) reaching the Arctic Ocean is not well understood. Vertical profiles from the Central Arctic Ocean and shelf water, snow and meltwater samples were collected in 2012; 13 PFASs (C6-C12 PFCAs; C6, 8, 10 PFSAs; MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA, and FOSA) were routinely detected (range: <5 – 343 pg/L). PFASs were only detectable above 150 m depth in the polar mixed layer (PML) and halocline. Enhanced concentrations were observed in snow and meltpond samples, implying atmospheric deposition as an important source of PFASs. Model results suggested atmospheric inputs to account for 34-59% (~11-19 pg/L) of PFASs. Model results suggested atmospheric inputs to account for 34-59% (~11-19 pg/L) of measured PFOA concentrations in the PML (mean 32±15 pg/L). Modeled surface and halocline measurements for PFOS based on North Atlantic inflow (11-36 pg/L) agreed with measurements (mean, 17, range <5-41 pg/L). Modeled deep water concentrations below 200 m (5-15 pg/L) were slightly higher than measurements (<5 pg/L), suggesting the lower bound of PFAS emissions estimates from wastewater and rivers may provide the best estimate of inputs to the Arctic. Despite low concentrations in deep water, this reservoir is expected to contain most of the PFOS mass in the Arctic (63-180 Mg) and projected to continue increasing to 2038.

North Atlantic Deep Water Formation Inhibits High Arctic Contamination By Continental Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Discharges, Xianming Zhang, Yanxu Zhang, Clifton Dassuncao, Rainer Lohmann, Elsie M. Sunderland

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an aliphatic fluorinated compound with eight carbon atoms that is extremely persistent in the environment and can adversely affect human and ecological health. The stability, low reactivity, and high water solubility of PFOS combined with the North American phase-out in production around the year 2000, make it a potentially useful new tracer for ocean circulation. Here we characterize processes affecting the lifetime and accumulation of PFOS in the North Atlantic Ocean and transport to sensitive Arctic regions by developing a 3-D simulation within the MITgcm. The model captures variability in measurements across biogeographical provinces (R^{2 …}

An Intergenerational Perspective On Migrant Senses Of Identity And Belonging: The Case Of Greek-Cypriot Families In South West England, Uk, Gina Kallis

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

This thesis takes an intergenerational perspective to investigate how senses of identity and belonging are constructed in a Greek-Cypriot community in the UK. This aim is particularly necessary given increasing rates of migration and mobility worldwide, which has resulted in growing acknowledgment across a number of disciplines of the need to explore the everyday lives of migrants and how ethnic identities are reconstituted across all generations. Despite this acknowledgment, research on the third-generation remains limited. This thesis addresses this gap by exploring how three generations of Greek-Cypriot migrants express feelings of identity and belonging and engage with translocal spaces. It …

Holocene Sea-Level Changes In The Falkland Islands: New Insights Into Accelerated Sea-Level Rise In The 20th Century, Thomas Lee Newton

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

This thesis investigates sea-level changes in order to test the hypothesis that the main contribution to early 20th century sea-level rise was Northern Hemisphere land-based ice melt. Multiproxy sea-level reconstructions were established for the Falkland Islands, a location where models suggest sea-level rise from Northern Hemisphere ice melt produces the largest signal. The Falklands reconstruction indicated sea levels in the early 20th century accelerated compared to the long-term rate, synchronous with accelerations observed globally. The magnitude of the acceleration in the Falklands reconstruction was greater than Northern Hemisphere rates, consistent with the spatial pattern from a Northern Hemisphere melt source, …

Foundations In Wisconsin: A Directory [36th Ed. 2017], Marquette University - Funding Information Center, John Brick, Mary Frenn, Brittany Carloni, Jeremy Cluth, Kathryn Hendrickson, Sarah Holland, Davis Wetherell

Foundations in Wisconsin: A Directory

The 2017 edition of Foundations in Wisconsin is the 36th production of the print directory and the 17th year of the web-based database (www.wifoundations.org) The directory is designed as a research tool for grantseekers interested in locating information on private, corporate, and community foundations registered in Wisconsin. Each entry in this new edition has been updated or reviewed to provide the most current information available. Most of the data was drawn from IRS 990-PF tax returns filed by the foundations. Additional information was obtained from surveys, foundation websites, and annual reports.

Copper And Zinc Speciation In The Tamar Estuary, Holly Beverley Clare Pearson

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The chemical speciation of trace metals controls their potential bioavailability and therefore toxicity to exposed organisms. Despite previous studies demonstrating the ameliorative effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on metal toxicity, the effectiveness of ligands from varying sources and of potentially variable composition in controlling speciation has not been studied in detail in estuarine waters. In addition, the effect of DOC on radionuclide contaminants in combination with trace metals has not been investigated in any waters. This is of particular interest in the estuarine environment, where both anthropogenic and natural ligands, and contaminants that pose a potential threat to ecosystem …

Stratigraphic And Geochemical Expression Of Early Cretaceous Environmental Change In Arctic Svalbard, Madeleine Larissa Vickers

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The Arctic is climatically sensitive to global change and therefore climate records from this region are of key importance. Little, however, is known of the state of the Arctic in the traditionally “greenhouse” period of the Cretaceous. Climate conditions are often assumed to have been warm-temperate as evidenced by the presence of conifers and dinosaur trackways on Svalbard and other Arctic localities. However, isotopic evidence for cooling episodes, sequence stratigraphic evidence for interpreted glacio-eustatic sea-level falls, and the presence of more enigmatic deposits such as dropstones and glendonites has led to a re-evaluation of the question of climatic dynamism during …

The Seasonal Cycling And Physico-Chemical Speciation Of Iron On The Celtic And Hebridean Shelf Seas, Antony James Birchill

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Shelf seas represent an important source of iron (Fe) to the open ocean. Additionally, shelf seas are highly productive environments which contribute to atmospheric carbon dioxide drawdown and support large fisheries. The work presented in this thesis describes the seasonal cycle of Fe in the Celtic and Hebridean Shelf Seas, and determines the physico-chemical speciation of Fe supplied from oxic margins. The results from repeated field surveys of the central Celtic Sea showed a nutrient type seasonal cycling of dissolved Fe (< 0.2 µm; dFe), which is surprising in a particle rich shelf system, suggesting a balance of scavenging and remineralisation processes. Coincident drawdown of dFe and nitrate (NO3-) was observed during the phytoplankton spring bloom. During the bloom, preferential drawdown of soluble Fe (< 0.02 µm; sFe) over colloidal Fe (0.02-0.2 µm; cFe) indicated greater bioavailability of the soluble fraction. Throughout summer stratification, it is known that NO3- is drawn down to < 0.02 µM in surface waters. This study revealed that both dFe and labile particulate Fe (LpFe) were also seasonally drawn down to < 0.2 nM. Consequently, it is hypothesised that the availability of Fe seasonally co-limits primary production in this region. At depth both dFe and NO3- concentrations increased from spring to autumn, indicating that remineralisation is an important process governing the seasonal cycling of dFe in the central Celtic Sea. In spring, summer and autumn, distinctive intermediate nepheloid layers (INL) were observed emanating from the Celtic Sea shelf slope. The INLs were associated with elevated concentrations of dFe (up to 3.25 ± 0.16 nM) and particulate Fe (up to 315 ± 1.8 nM) indicating that they are a persistent conduit for the supply of Fe to the open ocean. Typically > 15% of particulate Fe was labile and 60-90% of dFe was in the colloidal fraction. Despite being < 50 km from the 200 m isobath, the concentration of dFe was < 0.1 nM in surface waters at several stations. Broadly, the concentration of nutrients in surface waters described an oligotrophic environment where co-limitation between multiple nutrients, including Fe, appears likely. Over the Hebridean shelf break, residual surface NO3- concentrations (5.27 ± 0.79 µM) and very low concentrations of dFe (0.09 ± 0.04 nM) were observed during autumn, implying seasonal Fe limitation. The dFe:NO3- ratio observed is attributed to sub-optimal vertical supply of Fe relative to NO3- from sub-surface waters. In contrast to the shelf break, surface water in coastal regions contained elevated dFe concentrations (1.73 ± 1.16 nM) alongside low NO3-. Seasonal Fe limitation is known to occur in the Irminger and Iceland Basins; therefore, the Hebridean shelf break likely represents the eastern extent of sub-Arctic Atlantic seasonal Fe limitation, thus indicating that the associated weakening of the biological carbon pump exists over a wider region of the sub-Arctic Atlantic than previously recognised. These key findings demonstrate that the availability of Fe to phytoplankton may seasonally reach limiting levels in temperate shelf waters and that oxic margins persistently supply Fe dominated by colloidal and particulate fractions to the ocean.

Review Of Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies: Teaching And Learning For Justice In A Changing World By Django Paris & H. Samy Alim, Melissa L. Gibson

College of Education Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Nanoporous Calcium Carbonate-Based Substrates For The Controlled Delivery Of Functional Materials, Charlotte Luanne Victoria Levy

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The overall aim of this project was to study `functionalised' calcium carbonates (FCCs) for use as a carrier for the controlled release of `actives,' by permeation and diffusion, and is being proposed as an environmentally friendly and non-toxic pharmaceutical excipient, nutraceutical, and flavour carrier. The delivery of a drug to its target site in the appropriate amount and time-frame in order for it to have a controlled release effect whilst achieving the maximum therapeutic effect remains a topic of design and development for novel drug delivery systems. FCCs encompass a family of new pharmaceutical excipients in which the conditions of …

Despite Efforts, International Environmental Law Is Aspirational Rather Than Successful In Its Contribution To The Protection Of The Global Environment And In The Fight Against Climate Change, Lydia Scambler

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment2 (Stockholm Conference) was the first of many international negotiations to consider the effects of anthropogenic interference with the environment, including chemical pollution and climate change. The Conference and its corresponding declaration recognised customary International Environmental Law (IEL) principles, such as the precaution and prevention principles, and has no doubt been a catalyst for an increased awareness of environmental issues throughout the globe, thus influencing domestic environmental legal systems. The UN climate regime can therefore be seen not only as a source of international law, but as an influence on national and …

Editorial, Kim Stevenson, Lesley Simmonds, Jason Lowther

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

Criminal Law In The 21st Century, Lord Leveson

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

Review Of The 1st Annual Conference Of The Refugee Law Initiative And The Refugee Family Reunion Project, Rosie Brennan

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

There Isn't A Town, Village Or Hamlet In Which Children Are Not Being Sexually Exploited', Safeguarding Our Children: How Effective Are Uk Responses To Child Sexual Exploitation?Â, Danielle Coffey

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

The purpose of this research project was to explore the effectiveness of UK responses to the crime of child sexual exploitation (CSE). In order to do this, I interviewed a number of professionals working on the frontline with varying degrees of experience from a range of perspectives. The data collected explored current responses to CSE, how effective these responses are, changes in how CSE manifests, multi-agency collaboration, as well as recommendations for improving responses. Recent high profile cases of CSE have moved exploitation to the peak of many agencies agendas; finally giving the thousands of children and young people the …

Don't Think, Just Drink!': An Ethnographic Study Into Why Young People Engage With Alcohol-Fuelled Leisure Markets Of The Night-Time Economy, Sam Barnes

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

Consumption and consumerism are now accepted as being fundamental contexts for the construction of youth lifestyle in post-modern society. This research is a critical exploration of why young people consume alcohol in a manner that can go beyond 'pleasure', to the painful realms of jouissance. This research draws on various disciplines utilising a deviant leisure perspective in order to explore the broader harms that lie beneath the surface of commodified leisure, which have become culturally acceptable and normalised in today's society. Through the use of ethnographic research, utilising observations and unstructured interviews, this project critically explores the significance of alcohol-fuelled …

The Seigniory Of Sark And The Duchy Of Cornwall: Similarities And Differences Including Observations On The Isles Of Scilly, John Kirkhope

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

To What Extent Are The Economic And Environmental Aspects Of Climate Change Regulation Actually Balanced?, Louise Dale

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

This paper explores current international and EU legal instruments to combat climate change, assessing their efficiency from an environmental and economic perspective. It attempts to decipher whether an obvious imbalance is present in relation to the growth of the economy overshadowing regulations imposed to reduce rapid environmental degradation. In the penultimate section a potential future instrument is considered that may alleviate the climate crisis and conquer the economic and environmental divide. This paper will conclude that the incorporation of business, industry and governments in the implementation of future climate regulation is critical to their success in climate stabilisation through substantial …

Piracy And Plymouth: Privateering, Profiting And Policing, Plymouth Law School's Contribution To The Esrc Festival Of Social Science 2016, Dale Teobald

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

Slavery, Dark Tourism And Deviant Leisure At The American Society Of Criminology In New Orleans, Thomas Raymen

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

No abstract provided.

Consent, Knowledge And Precaution: A Critical Analysis Of The Criminalisation Of The Reckless Transmission Of Hiv And Other Serious Diseases, James Stone

The Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review

This article examines the criminalisation of the reckless transmission of disease in England and Wales. The defence of consent to bodily harm and the principle of informed consent are crucial to the foundations of this discussion. This defence gives an HIV infected party freedom to behave recklessly and rely on the knowledge of the victim as a defence for their reckless behaviour. The criminal recklessness of an HIV infected party has also been argued to be negated by the careful use of precautionary measures during sexual activity. This means that an infected party can engage in sexual activity in the …

Advances In The Application Of Amino Acid Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis In Ecological And Biogeochemical Studies, Naohiko Ohkouchi, Yoshito Chikaraishi, Hilary Close, Brian Fry, Thomas Larsen, Daniel J. Madigan, Matthew D. Mccarthy, Kelton Mcmahon, Toshi Nagata, Yuichi I. Naito, Nanako O. Ogawa, Brian N. Popp, Shawn Steffan, Yoshinori Takano, Ichiro Tayasu, Alex S. J. Wyatt, Yasuhiko T. Yamaguchi, Yusuke Yokoyama

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

Compound-specific isotopic analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA) has emerged in the last decade as a powerful approach for tracing the origins and fate of nitrogen in ecological and biogeochemical studies. This approach is based on the empirical observation that source amino acids (SAAs) (i.e., phenylalanine), fractionate ¹⁵N very little (< 0.5‰) during trophic transfer, whereas trophic AAs (TAAs) (i.e., glutamic acid), are greatly (∼6–8‰) enriched in ¹⁵N during each trophic step. The differential fractionation of these two AA groups can provide a valuable estimate of consumer trophic position that is internally indexed to the baseline δ¹⁵N value of the integrated food web. In this paper, we critically review the analytical methods for …

Exploration Of The Southern California Borderland, Marie-Helene Cormier, Katherine L. C. Bell, Stephanie M. Sharuga, Chris Castillo, James Conrad, Diva Amon, Mark Legg, Michael L. Brennan, Kelsey Barnhill, Lawrence L. Lovell, Ashley Marrazino, Simon L. Klemperer, Renato Kane

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

E/V Nautilus cruise NA075 returned to the Southern California Continental Borderland, an area that remains largely unexplored. Part of the broader North America-Pacific plate boundary, this region extends ~300 km west of the San Andreas Fault and displays an unusually rugged physiography. During the cruise, the multibeam sonar mapped ~5,200 km² of seafloor, and ROVs Hercules and Argus were deployed for 16 dives to explore geological and biological targets (Figure 1) and collect samples.

Nautilus Sample 2016: New Techniques And Partnerships, Nicole Raineault, Jeffrey Marlow, Meredith Everett, Peter Etnoyer, Marie-Helene Cormier, Vanessa Knutson, Gonzalo Giribet

Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications

In 2016, E/V Nautilus and the ROV Hercules collected 549 geological, biological, and water samples (2,022 subsamples) to characterize several US West Coast national marine sanctuaries, the Cascadia margin, and offshore southern California. Most samples are archived at partnering repositories: geological samples to the Marine Geological Samples Lab at the University of Rhode Island and biological samples to Harvard University’s Museum of Comparative Zoology. The national marine sanctuary samples were split between these repositories and the California Academy of Sciences. During this field season, we experimented with new sampling methods to improve exploration efficiency and robustness.

Pengujian Trilemma Conditions Pada Perekonomian Indonesia, Mela Yunita, Noer Azham Achsani, Lukytawati Anggraeni

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

The key challenge for monetary policy in emerging market countries is simultaneously maintain monetary independence, exchange rate stability, and join with financial integration. This research explain the interaction of monetary policy in Indonesia over time to answer those three challenge with a Trilemma conditions. This research evaluate the Bank Indonesia’s decision to change the exchange rate regime and applied ”inflation targeting”. The methods include to build the Trilemma’ index and testing the Trilemma with constant regression. The results indicate that Bank Indonesia has tradeoff in determining the combination of monetary policy objectives. Tradeoff for Bank Indonesia more heavy under free …

Keberadaan Ritel Modern Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pasar Tradisional Di Dki Jakarta, Dianur Hikmawati, Chaikal Nuryakin

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

This study aimed to analyze the impact of modern retail coexistence with traditional retail on traditional retail’s performance. Our observation is the 153 markets PD Pasar Jaya spread across DKI Jakarta and the modern retails (minimarkets, supermarkets, hypermarkets) location based on the retail zoning policy of Jakarta Regional Regulation No. 2/2002. This study used number of traditional retailers as a proxy of performance variable. The regression results indicate a non linear relationship between the number of modern retails–especially supermarket–and traditional retails performance in which the coexistence of one supermarket is positive for traditional market performance and negative afterwards.

Clinical Consultations And Investigations Before And After Discontinuation Of Endocrine Therapy In Women With Primary Breast Cancer, Derrick Lopez, Anna Kemp-Casey, Christobel Saunders, Elizabeth Roughead, Frances Boyle, Max Bulsara, David Preen

Health Sciences Papers and Journal Articles

Objective: Although clinical trials recommend that women with hormone-dependent primary breast cancer remain on endocrine therapy for at least 5 years, up to 60% discontinue treatment early. We determined whether these women had consulted with clinicians or had investigations for cancer recurrence or metastasis around the time they discontinued endocrine therapy, and whether clinical contact continued after discontinuation.

Methods: We performed case-control and cohort studies of women from the 45 and Up Study who were diagnosed with invasive primary breast cancer between January 2003 and December 2008, and who had ≥12 months of anastrozole, exemestane, letrozole or tamoxifen subsequently dispensed. …

Health Economics Of Targeted Intraoperative Radiotherapy (Targit-Iort) For Early Breast Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis In The United Kingdom, Anil Vaidya, Param Vaidya, Brigitte Both, Chris Brew-Graves, Max Bulsara, Jayant S. Vaidya

Health Sciences Papers and Journal Articles

Objective: The clinical effectiveness of targeted intraoperative radiotherapy (TARGIT-IORT) has been confirmed in the randomised TARGIT-A (targeted intraoperative radiotherapy-alone) trial to be similar to a several weeks’ course of whole-breast external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in patients with early breast cancer. This study aims to determine the cost effectiveness of TARGIT-IORT to inform policy decisions about its wider implementation. Setting TARGIT-A randomised clinical trial (ISRCTN34086741) which compared TARGIT with traditional EBRT and found similar breast cancer control, particularly when TARGIT was given simultaneously with lumpectomy.

Methods: Cost-utility analysis using decision analytic modelling by a Markov model. A cost-effectiveness Markov model was …

The Most Important "Factor" In Producing Clubhead Speed In Golf, C Joyce

Health Sciences Papers and Journal Articles

Substantial experiential research into x-factor, and to a lesser extent crunch-factor has been undertaken with the aim of increasing clubhead speed. However, a direct comparison of the golf swing kinematics associated with each ‘factor’ has not, and possible differences when using a driver compared to an iron. Fifteen low handicap male golfers who displayed a modern swing had their golf swing kinematic data measured when hitting their own driver and five-iron, using a 10-camera motion analysis system operating at 250 Hz. Clubhead speed was collected using a validated launch monitor. No between-club differences in x-factor and crunch-factor existed. Correlation analyses …