Digital Commons Network^™

Holding Supporters Of Terrorism Accountable: The Exercise Of General Jurisdiction Over The Pa And Plo In A Post-Daimler Framework, Mark D. Christopher

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Library And Information Services To The Visually Impaired Persons, Junaid Rayini

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Visually impaired people have the same information needs as sighted people. Just as sighted people might read a newspaper, listen to a CD or download electronic information from the Internet; visually impaired people also want access to relevant information in their chosen accessible format. Developing an efficient library service for print-disabled people is extremely important, because there are significantly fewer books available commercially in accessible formats compared to what is published in print for the general public. Libraries have a moral obligation to make information available to all categories of users regardless of their gender, age, race, political affiliation or …

Information Professionals’ Role In Enhancing Awareness Creation Towards Obstetric Fistula Treatment In Rural Areas Of Tanzania, Onesta C. Rwihura, Boniface Mbangala

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper focuses on sensitisation of information professionals to create awareness on the treatment of Obstetric Fistula in rural areas of Tanzania. The rural women in Tanzania lack access to information on treatment of Obstetric Fistula, as a result, they face many problems such as social isolation, stigmatization, humiliation, rejection by their husbands and relatives. Due to these problems, Obstetric Fistula survivors feel guilty and loneliness, they lose hope for living and become disappointed. There is, therefore, a need for information professionals to disseminate Obstetric Fistula information in rural areas to create awareness of the treatment of this problem. Non-probability …

Towards Social Media Usage For Promotional Activities In Tanzanian Pension Schemes A Factor Scores Regression Analysis Of Perceived Factors, Juma James Masele, Gerald Bernard Magova

Business Management Review

This study assessed perceived factors for social media usage among pension schemes in Tanzania in their endeavour to enhance their promotional activities. Specifically, it sought to assess perception by pension firms regarding social media as promotional tools for their activities in the pension firms. The study involved 96 Social Security Organisations (SSOs) employees from four Pension Schemes (NSSF, GEPF, PSPF and PPF) headquarters in Dar es Salaam. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 20) using factor analysis and later regression analysis. Through regression analysis, findings indicated that social media usage for promotional activities is predicted …

Entrepreneurial Activities And Growth Of Women Businesses: A Case Of Tanzania, Juliana G. Wilbard, Omari Khalifa Mbura

Business Management Review

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that affect the growth of women ' s businesses in Tanzania. It focuses on education and training, financing, family, double-burden double-shift and networking and market as factors that hinder women ' s business growth. To achieve this objective, a cross-section survey of women ' s SMEs in Tanzania was carried out. It used a sample of 254 randomly selected women entrepreneurs from cloth, wholesaling, retailing, hair salon, food vending, handicraft, mobile money, microfinance institution, tailoring, charcoal selling, fish selling and vegetable selling businesses in Tanzania to test the four hypotheses …

Women Entrepreneurs ' Strategies And Tourism Development In Zanzibar, Nelly S. Maliva

Business Management Review

This article uses the concept of enactment to determine how the strategies women adopt to work in the tourism industry contribute to the development of the industry in Zanzibar. The article positions women as capable of negotiating with the structures that constrain their participation in the tourism industry and that they are an integral part of the environment they live or operate in. It identifies the strategies they use and their coping mechanism. As women in the Zanzibar archipelago have generally been limited in their exposure to formal education, they deploy their household competence to thrive in the industry. In …

Fundraising Initiatives In Children 'S Welfare Projects - Perspectives From Local Ngos, Deusdedit Rwehumbiza, Revocatus R. Donat

Business Management Review

Despite the existence of numerous sources of funding such as the government, multilateral agencies, corporate sponsorship, family foundations and individual donors, NGOs in Tanzania are still experiencing challenges in obtaining children welfare project funds. This study set out to examine the effectiveness of fundraising initiatives undertaken by local NGOs to improve the welfare of orphans and vulnerable children in Ilala District, Tanzania. A holistic multiple case study design was employed using semi-structured interviews with local NGO leaders. With the assistance of Nvivo software programme, pattern coding was inductively used to bring together coded information into more compact and meaningful groupings. …

Ethnic Entrepreneurship And Internationalisation In East Africa, Leendert De Bell, Hein Roelfsema, Khalid Swabir

Business Management Review

Using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys panel data for the East African Community, this paper analyses the influence of ethnic origin of entrepreneurs on internationalisation and firm performance. Using traditional probit and OLS estimation techniques in combination with matching strategies to account for selection and nonlinearity, we show that the African Indian background of the entrepreneur is a conditional predictor for international activity. In addition, we show that the effect of exporting in terms of innovation and growth is stronger for indigenous entrepreneurs when compared to African Indian entrepreneurs. Hence, we conclude that learning by exporting in recent times is …

Trade Balance Determinants In East African Countries, Robert Suphian

Business Management Review

East African Community (EAC) countries run huge trade imbalances and have maintained it as high as five percent for many years. Many countries including those from EAC borrow to sustain their budget deficits. This borrowing raised concerns about the sustainability of these imbalances and long-term consequences. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine empirically the determinants of trade balance in East African countries and propose possible trade balance deterioration remedies. The proposed trade balance model was estimated using cointegration regression under the Full Modified Least Square (FMOLS) followed by the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Different mixed …

Antecedentsof Perceived Auditors ' Vis-Ã-Vis Pressure Groups ' Power In Public Sector: A Case Studyof Dar Es Salaam, Victor Bahati

Business Management Review

This paper examines the usefulness of auditors-versus-pressure groups ' power in enforcing accountability in the public sector. The paper demonstrates mobilisation and lobbying model and uses data, collected from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to test the significance of difference in the perception of accountants and nonaccountants of the pressure groups. Many-Whitney U-test was used to determine the similarity between the two groups, with the factor analysis being deployed to establish the underlying factors for pressure groups ' popularity over auditors. The study found three reasons that make pressure groups more popular in the eyes of the people. The first reason …

The Mediation Effects Of Buyer-Supplier Integration On The Relationship Between Supplier-Specific Investments And Supplier-Opportunism, Gladness Salema

Business Management Review

This research concerns opportunism in a buyer-supplier relationship. Based on transaction cost and relational contracting theories, it examines the mediation effects of the buyer-supplier integration on the relationship between supplier specific investment and opportunism. Mediation effects were estimated using structural equation modelling based on a survey of 111 key informants in the public health facilities in Tanzania. The unit of analysis is the exchange relationship between the Medical Supplies Department (MSD) and the public health facility. The analysis revealed that the buyer-supplier integration negatively mediates the effects of supplier-specific investments on opportunism. In this research, external validity is limited due …

Prestigious Houses Or Provisional Homes? The Ghar As A Symbol Of Kathmandu Valley Peri-Urbanism, Andrew Nelson

HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies

Compared to the uniform brick architecture and contiguous courtyard structure of houses in the urban core of Kathmandu Valley cities, the houses of the growing urban periphery appear fragmented, disorganized, and unplanned. While critics attribute this haphazard growth to a site-then-services (house first, then infrastructure) approach of rural migrants, in this paper I consider it a result of an alternative formulation of planning generated by three-plus decades of economic and governmental liberalization. The practices of new homeowners in the periphery must be understood within the greater context of peri-urbanism controlled by a complex negotiation of brokers, contractors, housing companies, and …

Is Time Of Birth A Predictor Of Adverse Perinatal Outcome? A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study In A Low-Resource Setting, Tanzania, Andrew H. Mgaya, Januarius Hinju, Hussein Kidanto

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background Inconsistent evidence of a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes during off-hours compared to office hours necessitated a search for clear evidence of an association between time of birth and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Methods A cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital compared perinatal outcomes across three working shifts over 24 h. A checklist and a questionnaire were used to record parturients’ socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, mode of delivery and perinatal outcomes, including 5th minute Apgar score, and early neonatal mortality. Risks of adverse outcomes included maternal age, parity, referral status and mode of delivery, and were assessed …

Animals And Their Epibiota As Net Autotrophs: Size Scaling Of Epibiotic Metabolism On Snail Shells, Nicole Lukens, Benjamin Kraemer, Vanessa Constant, Ellen J. Hamann, Ellinor Michel, Anne M. Socci, Yvonne Vadeboncoeur, Peter B. Mcintyre

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Animals are heterotrophic by definition, but species from many taxonomic groups are hosts to epibiota that may alter their net metabolism. We tested the degree to which snail-shell epibiota can generate net ecosystem productivity for snails and their epibiota (snail–epibiota ecosystems; SEEs) after accounting for snail respiration. We focused on 3 species from the Lavigeria snail assemblage in Africa’s Lake Tanganyika and quantified the scaling of SEE metabolism with shell size under light and dark conditions. The metabolism of snails and their epibiota shifted significantly across the size gradient. SEEs of large snails (>20 mm) were consistently autotrophic during …

Forest Collaborative Meeting Agenda, Athens, Greece, Environment For Development (Efd) Initiative

Forest Collaborative Research

Agenda for the 1^st Forest Collaborative Workshop on 27 – 28 June 2017 at Athinais Hotel in Athens, Greece Leontius Hall.

Evaluation Of Onion (Allium Cepa) Germplasm Entries For Resistance To Onion Thrips, Thrips Tabaci (Lindeman) In Tanzania, Gabriel Michael Njau, Agnes M.S. Nyomora, Fekadu Fufa Dinssa, Jian Cheng Chang, P. Malini, S. Subramanian, R. Srinivasan

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman), is a prominent species infesting onion and tomato in the northern highlands of Tanzania. It causes considerable leaf damage by direct feeding and also transmits the Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). Hence, one of the objectives of this study was to identify the most resistant onion entries against T. tabaci. One highly resistant (VI038552) and two resistant onion entries (VI038512 and AVON 1067) were identified against T. tabaci. Besides thrips resistance, the bulb size of VI038512 was also equivalent to one of the commercial varieties, Texas. The highly resistant VI038552 recorded the highest yield, followed …

The Al-Qaeda Accelerant In Boko Haram’S Rise, Jacob Zenn

CIWAG Case Studies

(IWS/01 - Irregular Warfare Studies, book 1)

Using primary source materials, Jacob Zenn’s case study, The Al-Qaeda Accelerant in Boko Haram’s Rise, maps the group’s many factions, loyalties, splinterings, and re-formations. Zenn supplies deep insight into the seams and gaps that exist, and how strategic and tactical motivations have propelled an armed group to regional importance. He also dissects how the group’s evolution has taken place under the watchful eye, and often directing hand, of both al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham and highlights its starring role in a new international rivalry: the uncivil war between al-Qaeda …

Kiswahili Or English: A Policy Analysis Of Language Instruction In Tanzania, Mari C. Yogi

Capstone Collection

In many multilingual countries, the language instruction in classrooms is a continuous debate. Kiswahili is widely used in East Africa, however English is the language of instruction in secondary and tertiary education. In the United Republic of Tanzania, primary school is instructed in Kiswahili and then it abruptly switches to English in secondary school. Many students find the transition from primary to secondary school difficult for many reasons, including the language transition to English. As a result, nearly 1.5 million students are not enrolled in lower secondary school. Tanzania’s current president, John Magufuli, has made education a priority by introducing …

The Maternity Ward As Mirror: Maternal Death, Biobureaucracy, And Institutional Care In The Tanzanian Health Sector, Adrienne Elizabeth Strong

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

As public health policies continue to encourage women to give birth in biomedical care facilities, this research provides insight into the sequences of events leading to deaths in these settings from the unique perspective of the healthcare providers and administrators themselves, in addition to that of women and their communities. While the term maternal mortality implies biological processes and clinical practices, this dissertation focused on sequences of events at the hospital, and on historical, institutional, and political economic structures that shaped maternal risk in this region through 23 months of mixed-methods, ethnographic fieldwork in the Rukwa region of Tanzania and …

Commencement Convocation Exercises - May 13th 2017, Prairie View A&M University

Commencement and Convocation Exercises

No abstract provided.

Improved Postpartum Care After A Participatory Facilitation Intervention In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: A Mixed Method Evaluation, Eunice Pallangyo, Columba Mbekenga, Pia Olsson, Christine Rubertsson, Carina Källestål

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: In order to improve the health and survival of mothers/newborns, the quality and attendance rates of postpartum care (PPC) must be increased, particularly in low-resource settings.

Objective: To describe outcomes of a collegial facilitation intervention to improve PPC in government-owned health institutions in a low-resource suburb in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods: A before-and-after evaluation of an intervention and comparison group was conducted using mixed methods (focus group discussions, questionnaires, observations, interviews, and field-notes) at health institutions. Maternal and child health aiders, enrolled nurse midwives, registered nurse midwives, and medical and clinical officers participated. A collegial facilitation intervention was …

Chinese Involvement In Tanzania And Its Local Impacts, Maho Fujita

Honors Theses

The rise of China is among the most discussed and watched topics in the fields of African Studies and International Relations. One area of particularly noticeable and rapid expansion is in Africa. This thesis aims to answer the question of what impact Chinese involvement is having on the population of Tanzania and to what extent is it beneficial to and what extent detrimental to the nation. I do so by examining the impact of Chinese investment from three perspectives: 1) case studies from Tanzania in regard to local communities and individual's perspectives; 2) views of Chinese workers in Tanzania; and …

University Of Richmond Commencement Exercises Program - 2017

Commencement Programs

University of Richmond Commencement Exercises Program, 2017. Including Conferring of Degrees to School of Arts & Sciences: Bachelor of Arts, and Bachelor of Science; The E. Claiborne Robins School of Business: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration; Jepson School of Leadership Studies: Bachelor of Arts.

2017 Spring Commencement Program: Winona State University, Winona State University

WSU Commencement Programs

This is the Winona State University Spring 2017 commencement program. Commencement was on Friday, May 5, 2017.

A Tanzanian Woman's Place Is On Top: An Exploration Of Women's Participation In Kilimanjaro's Trekking Tourism Industry, Margeaux Prinster

Sustainability and Social Justice

While high poverty rates persist for women in Tanzania, the growing trekking tourism industry surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro and its resulting demand for labor presents these impoverished women with a potential avenue for economic empowerment. This paper examines the national and local realities of women’s work in Tanzania, analyzing culturally informed gendered patterns of employment against the colonial and sexist histories of tourism and commercial mountaineering on Mount Kilimanjaro to identify barriers to women’s economic participation in Kilimanjaro’s trekking tourism industry. This analysis is followed by a cross-cultural comparison with Nepal, focusing specifically on women’s barriers to participation in commercial mountaineering, …

Prism Vol. 6, No. 4, Center For Complex Operations

PRISM (Full PDF Issues)

No abstract provided.

Contextual Factors And Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Young, Black Men, Jamal Jones, Laura F. Salazar, Richard A. Crosby

Health, Behavior & Society Faculty Publications

Young Black men (YBM), aged 13 to 24 years, face a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). STI acquisition among YBM is due to incorrect and inconsistent condom use and is exacerbated by multiple sexual partners. Sexual and reproductive health is influenced by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social determinants that contribute to increased risk for STI acquisition. However, there are key social determinants of sexual health that play a major role in adolescent sexual risk-taking behaviors: gender norms, environment, peers, and families as well as a desire to impregnate a woman. Associations between contextual factors (risky …

Transnational Terrorism And The African Union: From Ideal Aspirations To Harsh Realities In Somalia And Mali, Vincent Pierre Cheramie

Senior Honors Theses

This paper will question why the African Union has been unsuccessful in confronting the rising issue of transnational terrorism. It looks at the history of both the Organization of African Unity and the African Union and examines the measures the two organizations have taken in preventing and combating terrorism. The particular history of African States and their relation to the term “terrorism” is discussed in this section. In this light, I analyze the African Union’s peacekeeping missions in both Somalia and Mali to determine why they have failed to stop the spread of transnational terrorism. In conclusion, I will discuss …

The Migingo Island Dispute Between Kenya And Uganda, Christopher R. Rossi

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

Migingo is an islet in Lake Victoria, half the size of a football field. For most of its history, it had no significance. Recent adulterations to the lake’s water table in an age of climate change and to its biology in the Anthropocene age have altered the utility of the islet. It now sits atop the lake’s most fertile fishing ground and serves as a strategic off shore port straddling the water border between Uganda and Kenya. Uganda and Kenya dispute its sovereignty. Ownership of this microdot threatens bilateral peace and impacts regional security and economic development discussions. This article …

The Malaria Testing And Treatment Landscape In Mainland Tanzania, 2016., Kathryn A. O'Connell, Vamsi Vasireddy, Megan Littrell, Andria Rusk, Actwatch Group, Daniel Michael, Sigsbert Patila Mkunde

Collected Faculty Scholarship

BACKGROUND: Understanding the key characteristics of malaria testing and treatment is essential to the control of a disease that continues to pose a major risk of morbidity and mortality in mainland Tanzania, with evidence of a resurgence of the disease in recent years. The introduction of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) as the first-line treatment for malaria, alongside policies to promote rational case management following testing, highlights the need for evidence of anti-malarial and testing markets in the country. The results of the most recent mainland Tanzania ACTwatch outlet survey are presented here, including data on the availability, market share and …