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Articles 34561 - 34590 of 35530
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Federalism And Federalization On The Fintech Frontier, Brian Knight
Federalism And Federalization On The Fintech Frontier, Brian Knight
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
The rise of financial technology (fintech) has the potential to provide better-quality financial services to more people. Although these enhanced financial services have arisen in order to meet consumer need, their regulatory status threatens that progress. Many fintech firms are regulated on a state-by-state basis even though their transactions are interstate, and they compete with firms that enjoy more consistent rules through federal preemption. This dynamic can harm efficiency, competitive equity, and political equity. This Article examines developments in marketplace lending, money transmission, and online sales of securities in an attempt to identify situations in which greater federalization of the …
Evaluating Market Reactions To Non-Practicing Entity Litigation, Emiliano Giudici, Justin Blount
Evaluating Market Reactions To Non-Practicing Entity Litigation, Emiliano Giudici, Justin Blount
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
An ongoing debate in patent law involves the role "non-practicing entities," sometimes called "patent trolls," serve in the patent system. Some argue they serve as valuable market intermediaries, while others contend they are a drain on innovation and an impediment to a well-functioning patent system. This Article adds to the data available in this debate by conducting an event study that analyzes the market reaction to patent litigation filed by large "mass aggregator" non-practicing entities against large publicly traded companies. This study advances the literature by attempting to reproduce the results of previous event studies done in this area with …
Enter Sandman: The Viability Of Environmental Personhood To Us Soil Conservation Efforts, Thomas E. Johnson
Enter Sandman: The Viability Of Environmental Personhood To Us Soil Conservation Efforts, Thomas E. Johnson
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
The US agricultural system relies on healthy soil for economic and environmental stability. The federal government established soil conservation efforts following the Dust Bowl, and state and local entities later developed legal tools to supplement soil conservation. These efforts, however, are insufficient to protect the nation's soil in the face of a changing climate. Conservation techniques are available that could substantially mitigate the effects of climate change, but the federal government lacks the tools to encourage their uniform adoption. The rigidity of prior state efforts, moreover, has disabled some landowners from adapting conservation lands to modern challenges. This Note recommends …
Legal Education In The Blockchain Revolution, Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen
Legal Education In The Blockchain Revolution, Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
The legal profession is one of the most disrupted sectors of the consulting industry today. The rise of Legal Technology, artificial intelligence, big data, machine learning, and, most importantly, blockchain technology is changing the practice of law. The sharing economy and platform companies challenge many of the traditional assumptions, doctrines, and concepts of law and governance--requiring litigators, judges, and regulators to adapt. Lawyers need to be equipped with the necessary skill sets to operate effectively in the new world of disruptive innovation in law. A more creative and innovative approach to educating lawyers for the twenty-first century is needed.
The Non-Recording, Non-Artist" Recording Artist": Expanding The Recording Artist's Brand Into Non-Music Arenas, Suzanne Kessler
The Non-Recording, Non-Artist" Recording Artist": Expanding The Recording Artist's Brand Into Non-Music Arenas, Suzanne Kessler
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
The changing nature of the music business presents earnings challenges for both record labels and recording artists. Historically, labels and artists entered into recording contracts pursuant to which the artists created music which the labels funded, distributed, marketed, and promoted. Many artists made good livings from music sales, earning dollars per album, while the labels profited even more. However, as digital delivery, especially streaming, now supplants physical records as the primary music consumption manner, the money that labels and artists realize from music sales has significantly decreased. In particular, artists earn fractions of pennies per track streamed. Labels, too, are …
Nudging Robots: Innovative Solutions To Regulate Artificial Intelligence, Michael Guihot, Anne F. Matthew, Nicolas P. Suzor
Nudging Robots: Innovative Solutions To Regulate Artificial Intelligence, Michael Guihot, Anne F. Matthew, Nicolas P. Suzor
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
There is a pervading sense of unease that artificially intelligent machines will soon radically alter our lives in ways that are still unknown. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology are developing at an extremely rapid rate as computational power continues to grow exponentially. Even if existential concerns about AI do not materialize, there are enough concrete examples of problems associated with current applications of AI to warrant concern about the level of control that exists over developments in this field. Some form of regulation is likely necessary to protect society from harm. However, advances in regulatory capacity have not kept …
Agent-Based Modelling Of The Relationships Among Kinship, Residence, And Exchange, James R. Allison
Agent-Based Modelling Of The Relationships Among Kinship, Residence, And Exchange, James R. Allison
Faculty Publications
In the North American Southwest, archaeological research has documented ceramic exchange networks in which spatially proximate households in consumer communities have greatly varying amounts of imported pottery. This paper uses agent-based modelling to gain insight into the processes responsible for these distributions. The agent-based model used here tracks kinship ties among agents representing individuals who give birth, marry, co-reside with spouses, and exchange things in a virtual landscape filled with small settlements of up to a few hundred individuals. Exchange of goods in the model flows through the kinship networks. The results suggest that the differential distribution of goods among …
The Influence Of Religious Beliefs In Marriage, Loren D. Marks, David C. Dollahite, Michael A. Goodman
The Influence Of Religious Beliefs In Marriage, Loren D. Marks, David C. Dollahite, Michael A. Goodman
Faculty Publications
In this chapter, we examine the connection between religious beliefs and marriage more deeply. Namely, we will explore, uncover, and convey “insider’s insights” that will be valuable to many readers, particularly to college- aged emerging adults, most of whom will marry one day. Our hope is that these previews into marriage will better inform and prepare emerging adults for success.
The American Families of Faith project includes 200 wives and 200 husbands from marriages or remarriages with an average duration of a little over 20 years. To frame these facts differently, our sample draws on more than eight millennia of …
Experimental Investigation Of The Temperature Effects On The Behavior Of Adhesively-Bonded Dissimilar Materials, Britt Helten
Experimental Investigation Of The Temperature Effects On The Behavior Of Adhesively-Bonded Dissimilar Materials, Britt Helten
Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics
The effects of temperature on the fatigue and low velocity impact (LVI) behaviors of adhesively-bonded single-lap joints (SLJs) composed of a pultruded E-glass/polyurethane composite bonded to 5052 aluminum and A36 steel were investigated. The fatigue behavior was studied via the evaluation of the F-N and stiffness degradation diagrams at load levels between 50% and 80% of the ultimate static load and temperatures between 0°C and 75°C. Fatigue life was found to decrease with increasing temperature and was independent of adherend material. Adherend material and load level did not have a significant effect on the stiffness degradation behavior. The LVI behavior …
การพัฒนาโปรแกรมการจัดการซ่อมบำรุงรักษาบนมือถือสำหรับโรงงานผลิตภัณฑ์เคมี, จารุวรรณ แต้มศรี
การพัฒนาโปรแกรมการจัดการซ่อมบำรุงรักษาบนมือถือสำหรับโรงงานผลิตภัณฑ์เคมี, จารุวรรณ แต้มศรี
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
งานวิจัยนี้ได้พัฒนาระบบการจัดการซ่อมบำรุงรักษา ด้วยระบบปฏิบัติการแอนดรอยด์บนมือถือ ซึ่งระบบที่พัฒนาขึ้นได้นำไปประยุกต์ใช้กับระบบซ่อมบำรุงรักษาของท่อส่งเคมีภัณฑ์ โดยปัจจุบันการนำระบบการจัดการซ่อมบำรุงรักษาด้วยเครือข่ายคอมพิวเตอร์ที่ใช้ในการจัดการข้อมูลยังไม่สามารถตอบสนองต่อความต้องการได้ ดังนั้นโปรแกรมที่พัฒนาขึ้นจะมีระบบการแจ้งซ่อมบำรุงและสามารถรายงานผลการซ่อมบำรุงได้แบบทันท่วงที เพื่อให้ผู้ปฏิบัติงานสามารถตอบสนองและตรวจสอบเหตุขัดข้องได้ในทันที นอกจากนี้โปรแกรมที่พัฒนาขึ้นยังสามารถช่วยวางแผนการจัดการจัดตารางเวลาซ่อมบำรุงรักษาในอนาคต จากการทดลองโปรแกรมที่พัฒนาขึ้นเพื่อช่วยในการลดความสูญเสียทางด้านเวลาในการดำเนินการส่งเอกสารทางอีเมลตั้งแต่ต้นจนจบกระทวนการ และทำการบันทึกข้อมูลลงในระบบฐานข้อมูล เมื่อนำระบบแอพพลิเคชั่นมาใช้ในการจัดการระบบซ่อมบำรุงรักษามีความเป็นระบบมากขึ้น โดยมีความสะดวกในการบันทึกข้อมูลในขั้นตอนต่างๆ ในการดำเนินงาน พบว่า ระยะเวลาเฉลี่ยก่อนเสียหายแต่ละครั้งเพิ่มขึ้น 11% ระยะเวลาเฉลี่ยตั้งแต่เสียหายจนใช้งานได้แต่ละครั้งลดลง 5%
Nonverbal Immediacy As A Characterisation Of Social Behaviour For Human–Robot Interaction, J Kennedy, P Baxter, T Belpaeme
Nonverbal Immediacy As A Characterisation Of Social Behaviour For Human–Robot Interaction, J Kennedy, P Baxter, T Belpaeme
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
An increasing amount of research has started to explore the impact of robot social behaviour on the outcome of a goal for a human interaction partner, such as cognitive learning gains. However, it remains unclear from what principles the social behaviour for such robots should be derived. Human models are often used, but in this paper an alternative approach is proposed. First, the concept of nonverbal immediacy from the communication literature is introduced, with a focus on how it can provide a characterisation of social behaviour, and the subsequent outcomes of such behaviour. A literature review is conducted to explore …
Deep Uv Hardening Of Photoresist For Shaping Of Graphene And Lift-Off Fabrication Of Back-Gated Field Effect Biosensors By Ion-Milling And Sputter Deposition, Bing Li, Genhua Pan, Ahmed Suhail, Kamrul Islam, Neil Avent, Paul Davey
Deep Uv Hardening Of Photoresist For Shaping Of Graphene And Lift-Off Fabrication Of Back-Gated Field Effect Biosensors By Ion-Milling And Sputter Deposition, Bing Li, Genhua Pan, Ahmed Suhail, Kamrul Islam, Neil Avent, Paul Davey
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
Modal Testing Of Offshore Rock Lighthouses Around The British Isles, James Brownjohn, Alison Raby, James Bassitt, Emma Hudson, Alessandro Antonini
Modal Testing Of Offshore Rock Lighthouses Around The British Isles, James Brownjohn, Alison Raby, James Bassitt, Emma Hudson, Alessandro Antonini
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
Canine Emotions As Seen Through Human Social Cognition, Miiamaaria V. Kujala
Canine Emotions As Seen Through Human Social Cognition, Miiamaaria V. Kujala
Animal Sentience
It is not possible to demonstrate that dogs (Canis familiaris) feel emotions, but the same is true for all other species, including our own. The issue must therefore be approached indirectly, using premises similar to those used with humans. Recent methodological advances in canine research reveal what dogs experience and what they derive from the emotions perceptible in others. Dogs attend to social cues, they respond appropriately to the valence of human and dog facial expressions and vocalizations of emotion, and their limbic reward regions respond to the odor of their caretakers. They behave differently according to the …
Charting The Contours Of A Copyright Regime Optimized For Engineered Genetic Code, Christopher M. Holman
Charting The Contours Of A Copyright Regime Optimized For Engineered Genetic Code, Christopher M. Holman
Oklahoma Law Review
No abstract provided.
Incoming: Regulating Drones In Oklahoma, Jane Dunagin
Incoming: Regulating Drones In Oklahoma, Jane Dunagin
Oklahoma Law Review
No abstract provided.
Selling Crowdfunded Equity: A New Frontier, Joan Macleod Heminway
Selling Crowdfunded Equity: A New Frontier, Joan Macleod Heminway
Oklahoma Law Review
No abstract provided.
Russian-Syrian Naval And Air Basing Agreements, 2015-2020, Russia Maritime Studies Institute, Anna Davis, Richard Moss
Russian-Syrian Naval And Air Basing Agreements, 2015-2020, Russia Maritime Studies Institute, Anna Davis, Richard Moss
RMSI Research
Since Moscow’s formal intervention in the Syrian conflict in September 2015, the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic have concluded a 49-year lease for the use and expansion of the naval base at Tartus, and a separate agreement on stationing the Russian “aviation group” at Humaymim airfield in Syria. These agreements build off longstanding Russian-Syrian ties, treaties, and cooperation agreements, and form the legal basis for Russia’s long-term presence in Syria. Further, the agreements denote the rights and protections Russian military members and contractors enjoy in Syria.
Genome-Guided Phylo-Transcriptomic Methods And The Nuclear Phylogentic Tree Of The Paniceae Grasses, Jacob D. Washburn, James C. Schnable, Gavin C. Conant, Thomas P. Brutnell, Ying Shao, Yang Zhang, Martha Ludwig, Gerrit Davidse, J. Chris Pires
Genome-Guided Phylo-Transcriptomic Methods And The Nuclear Phylogentic Tree Of The Paniceae Grasses, Jacob D. Washburn, James C. Schnable, Gavin C. Conant, Thomas P. Brutnell, Ying Shao, Yang Zhang, Martha Ludwig, Gerrit Davidse, J. Chris Pires
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
The past few years have witnessed a paradigm shift in molecular systematics from phylogenetic methods (using one or a few genes) to those that can be described as phylogenomics (phylogenetic inference with entire genomes). One approach that has recently emerged is phylo-transcriptomics (transcriptome-based phylogenetic inference). As in any phylogenetics experiment, accurate orthology inference is critical to phylo-transcriptomics. To date, most analyses have inferred orthology based either on pure sequence similarity or using gene-tree approaches. The use of conserved genome synteny in orthology detection has been relatively under-employed in phylogenetics, mainly due to the cost of sequencing genomes. While current trends …
Plantcv V2: Image Analysis Software For High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping, Malia A. Gehan, Noah Fahlgren, Arash Abbasi, Jeffrey C. Berry, Steven T. Callen, Leonardo Chavez, Andrew N. Doust, Max J. Feldman, Kerrigan B. Gilbert, John G. Hodge, J. Steen Hoyer, Andy Lin, Suxing Liu, César Lizárraga, Argelia Lorence, Michael Miller, Eric Platon, Monica Tessman, Tony Sax
Plantcv V2: Image Analysis Software For High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping, Malia A. Gehan, Noah Fahlgren, Arash Abbasi, Jeffrey C. Berry, Steven T. Callen, Leonardo Chavez, Andrew N. Doust, Max J. Feldman, Kerrigan B. Gilbert, John G. Hodge, J. Steen Hoyer, Andy Lin, Suxing Liu, César Lizárraga, Argelia Lorence, Michael Miller, Eric Platon, Monica Tessman, Tony Sax
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
Systems for collecting image data in conjunction with computer vision techniques are a powerful tool for increasing the temporal resolution at which plant phenotypes can be measured non-destructively. Computational tools that are flexible and extendable are needed to address the diversity of plant phenotyping problems. We previously described the Plant Computer Vision (PlantCV) software package, which is an image processing toolkit for plant phenotyping analysis. The goal of the PlantCV project is to develop a set of modular, reusable, and repurposable tools for plant image analysis that are open-source and community-developed. Here we present the details and rationale for major …
Supplemental Material For: Multi-Site Evaluation Of Apex For Water Quality: Ii. Regional Parameterization, Nathan O. Nelson, Claire Baffaut, John A. Lory, G.M.M.M. Anomaa Senaviratne, Ammar B. Bhandari, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Daniel W. Sweeney, Matt J. Helmers, Mike W. Van Liew, Antonio P. Mallarino, Charles S. Wortmann
Supplemental Material For: Multi-Site Evaluation Of Apex For Water Quality: Ii. Regional Parameterization, Nathan O. Nelson, Claire Baffaut, John A. Lory, G.M.M.M. Anomaa Senaviratne, Ammar B. Bhandari, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Daniel W. Sweeney, Matt J. Helmers, Mike W. Van Liew, Antonio P. Mallarino, Charles S. Wortmann
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
Model performance was assessed using Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (r2), and percent bias (PBIAS) as defined by Moriasi et al. (2007 and 2015). Threshold values indicating acceptable model performance based on these statistics are dependent on the spatial and temporal scales of the data, water quality constituents of interest, and the modeling objectives (Moriasi et al., 2015). Although some standard values have been suggested (Moriasi et al., 2007 and 2015), considerable variability exist in the published literature. For instance Ramanarayan et al. (1997) considered r2 >0.5 and NSE >0.40 as satisfactory for simulation of …
The Impact Of Continuous Living Cover On Soil Hydrologic Properties: A Meta-Analysis, Andrea D. Basche, Marcia Delonge
The Impact Of Continuous Living Cover On Soil Hydrologic Properties: A Meta-Analysis, Andrea D. Basche, Marcia Delonge
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
Increased rainfall variability due to climate change threatens the efficacy of critical soil ecosystem services. One strategy to negate effects of too much or not enough rainfall is to improve soil water properties. Practices that offer “continuous living cover” can enhance soil water storage and other soil hydrologic properties relative to annual crop systems, but to what extent such benefits can accrue, under different conditions, remains under-quantified. To address these uncertainties, we conducted a meta-analysis that included 27 studies representing 93 paired observations measuring two soil hydrologic properties: porosity and the water retained at field capacity. All experiments compared the …
Research Topics To Scale Up Cover Crop Use: Reflections From Innovative Iowa Farmers, Andrea D. Basche, Gabrielle E. Roesch-Mcnally
Research Topics To Scale Up Cover Crop Use: Reflections From Innovative Iowa Farmers, Andrea D. Basche, Gabrielle E. Roesch-Mcnally
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
Cover crops as a conservation practice continue to receive attention from farmers, researchers, media, and policy makers, given their ability to effectively reduce water pollution and improve soil quality. Recent estimates of cover crop use across the midwestern Corn Belt, as well as the United States, demonstrate large acreage increases over the last number of years. The annual Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education–Conservation Technology Information Center (SARE– CTIC) survey found that nationally cover crop acreage doubled from 2011 to 2016, based on farmers self-reporting cover crop planting (CTIC 2016). However, the total cover crop acreage based on 2012 Census of …
Evaluation Of Jules-Crop Performance Against Site Observations Of Irrigated Maize From Mead, Nebraska, Karina Williams, Jemma Gornall, Anna Harper, Andy Wiltshire, Debbie Hemming, Tristan Quaife, Tim Arkebauer, David Scoby
Evaluation Of Jules-Crop Performance Against Site Observations Of Irrigated Maize From Mead, Nebraska, Karina Williams, Jemma Gornall, Anna Harper, Andy Wiltshire, Debbie Hemming, Tristan Quaife, Tim Arkebauer, David Scoby
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
The JULES-crop model (Osborne et al., 2015) is a parametrisation of crops within the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), which aims to simulate both the impact of weather and climate on crop productivity and the impact of croplands on weather and climate. In this evaluation paper, observations of maize at three FLUXNET sites in Nebraska (US-Ne1, US-Ne2 and US-Ne3) are used to test model assumptions and make appropriate input parameter choices. JULES runs are performed for the irrigated sites (US-Ne1 and US-Ne2) both with the crop model switched off (prescribing leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height) and with …
Science In The Supply Chain: Collaboration Opportunities For Advancing Sustainable Agriculture In The United States, Allison M. Thomson, Stewart Ramsey, Ed Barnes, Bruno Basso, Marlen Eve, Sasha Gennet, Patricio Grassini, Brandon Kliethermes, Marty Matlock, Eileen Mcclellen, Ed Spevak, Clifford S. Snyder, Mark D. Tomer, Chris Van Kessel, Tristram West, Grant Wick
Science In The Supply Chain: Collaboration Opportunities For Advancing Sustainable Agriculture In The United States, Allison M. Thomson, Stewart Ramsey, Ed Barnes, Bruno Basso, Marlen Eve, Sasha Gennet, Patricio Grassini, Brandon Kliethermes, Marty Matlock, Eileen Mcclellen, Ed Spevak, Clifford S. Snyder, Mark D. Tomer, Chris Van Kessel, Tristram West, Grant Wick
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
Consumers and corporations are increasingly interested in understanding the sustainability of agricultural supply chains and reducing the environmental impacts of food, fiber, feed, and fuel production. This emerging need to quantify environmental impacts from agricultural production creates an opportunity for collaboration with the scientific community. Without such collaboration, sustainability efforts risk failure by adopting unrealistic goals or misguided approaches. This commentary explores the role of science in Field to Market, a nonprofit organization developing a sustainability program for US commodity crops, and highlights opportunities to address emerging science challenges. We evaluate changes over the past 35 years in key environmental …
Expression Of The Maize Dof1 Transcription Factor In Wheat And Sorghum, Pamela A. Pena, Truyen Quach, Shirley Sato, Zhengxiang Ge, Natalya Nersesian, Taity Changa, Ismail M. Dweikat, Madhavan Soundararajan, Tom E. Clemente
Expression Of The Maize Dof1 Transcription Factor In Wheat And Sorghum, Pamela A. Pena, Truyen Quach, Shirley Sato, Zhengxiang Ge, Natalya Nersesian, Taity Changa, Ismail M. Dweikat, Madhavan Soundararajan, Tom E. Clemente
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development. Improving the ability of plants to acquire and assimilate nitrogen more efficiently is a key agronomic parameter that will augment sustainability in agriculture. A transcription factor approach was pursued to address improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in two major commodity crops. To this end, the Zea mays Dof1 (ZmDof1) transcription factor was expressed in both wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) either constitutively, UBI4 promoter from sugarcane, or in a tissue specific fashion via the maize rbcS1 promoter. The primary transcription activation target of ZmDof1 …
Improvement Of Crystallization Behavior Of Polylactide Using Modified Chitin Whisker As Nucleating Agent, Nichaphat Passornraprasit
Improvement Of Crystallization Behavior Of Polylactide Using Modified Chitin Whisker As Nucleating Agent, Nichaphat Passornraprasit
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This work focuses on the enhancement of crystallization behavior of polylactide (PLA). The small crystalline of polymer was used to induce nuclei for crystallization. The small crystalline of chitin whisker (CW) was prepared by acid hydrolysis. In order to enhance the compatibility between CW and PLA matrix, CW was grafted with acid terminated poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) by coupling reaction to obtain PLA-g-CW. Then, the CW and PLA-g-CW were used as nucleating agents by compounding with PLA pellets at various contents from 0.1-0.3 phr by cast film extrusion. The SEM images of nanocomposites showed more agglomeration of whiskers with the increasing …
การวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของโปรตีโอมและอินเทอแรกโตมเพื่อค้นหาสารบ่งชี้สำหรับโรคออทิซึมสเปกตรัม, ฉัตรระวี พิชิตพันธ์พงศ์
การวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของโปรตีโอมและอินเทอแรกโตมเพื่อค้นหาสารบ่งชี้สำหรับโรคออทิซึมสเปกตรัม, ฉัตรระวี พิชิตพันธ์พงศ์
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
ในปัจจุบัน ออทิซึมสเปกตรัม (Autism spectrum disorder, ASD) ยังคงเป็นโรคที่ยังคงไม่ทราบกลไกระดับโมเลกุล แน่ชัด ยีนและโปรตีนที่เคยมีการรายงานการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปในผู้ป่วยออทิซึมสเปกตรัมมีความสามารถในการทำซ้ำ (Reproducibility) ต่ำหรืออาจไม่มีเลย ซึ่งน่าจะมาจากความหลากหลายของอาการแสดงของผู้ป่วย จากการศึกษาล่าสุด แสดงให้เห็นว่าการจัดกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยตามความรุนแรงของลักษณะทางคลินิกสามารถช่วยในการระบุยีนและกลไกที่ผิดปกติไปในกลุ่มย่อยของผู้ป่วย อย่างไรก็ตาม การแบ่งกลุ่มผู้ป่วยเป็นกลุ่มย่อยตามความรุนแรงของลักษณะทางคลินิกใน ออทิซึมสเปกตรัมยังไม่มีการใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายในการค้นหาโปรตีน Biomarker ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับออทิซึมสเปกตรัม ในการศึกษาครั้งนี้ ผู้วิจัยทำการวิเคราะห์โดยการแบ่งกลุ่มผู้ป่วยจำนวน 85 รายออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยทางคลินิกตามคะแนน ADI-R และทำการวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของยีนในออทิซึมสเปกตรัมในแต่ละกลุ่มย่อยเปรียบเทียบกับกลุ่มควบคุมคนปกติที่อายุใกล้เคียงกันและเพศเดียวกันกับผู้ป่วย (Sex/age-matched control) ซึ่งสามารถระบุยีนที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติ (Differentially expressed genes, DEGs) ในออทิซึมสเปกตรัม นอกจากนี้ ผู้วิจัยได้ทำการวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของโปรตีโอมจากเซลล์ไลน์เม็ดเลือดขาว (Lymphoblastoid cell lines,LCLs) ด้วยเทคนิค Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) ร่วมกับ Nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-MS/MS) รายชื่อของโปรตีนที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปอย่างมีนัยสำคัญที่ได้จากการวิเคราะห์ถูกนำมาเปรียบเทียบกับ DEGs และผลการวิเคราะห์ Meta-analysis ของโปรตีนและโปรตีโอมในการศึกษาก่อนหน้า หน้าที่ทางพยาธิสภาพที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับโปรตีนถูกวิเคราะห์โดยโปรแกรม Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) และได้ทำการคัดเลือกโปรตีนที่น่าสนใจมาทำการตรวจสอบโดยใช้ Western blot analysis จากการศึกษาครั้งนี้พบว่าผลการวิเคราะห์การแบ่งกลุ่มผู้ป่วยออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยทางคลินิกตามคะแนน ADI-R สามารถแบ่งผู้ป่วยออกเป็น 4 กลุ่มย่อย ซึ่งพบว่าหนึ่งในกลุ่มนั้น เป็นกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมที่มีความบกพร่องทางภาษารุนแรง จากผลวิเคราะห์รูปแบบ ทรานสคริปโตมของเซลล์ไลน์เม็ดเลือดขาว พบว่ามีจุดโปรตีนจำนวน 82 จุดที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปอย่างมีนัยสำคัญในกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมที่มีความบกพร่องทางภาษารุนแรง และได้ทำการคัดเลือก 18 จุดโปรตีนจากทั้งหมดมาวิเคราะห์ชนิดของโปรตีนโดยเทคนิค Nano-LC-MS/MS ซึ่งพบว่ามีความเกี่ยวข้องกับการทำงานของระบบประสาทและกระบวนการอักเสบ จากการศึกษานี้พบว่าจากโปรตีนทั้งหมด การแสดงออกของ Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) และ Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) ลดลงในออทิซึมสเปกตรัม ซึ่งโปรตีนเหล่านี้ยังพบการแสดงออกผิดปกติในการวิเคราะห์ Meta-analysis ของทรานสคริปโตมและโปรตีโอมร่วมด้วย การแบ่งกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยทางคลินิกตามด้วยการวิเคราะห์ทรานสคริปโตมและโปรตีโอมแบบบูรณาการร่วมกัน ทำให้การศึกษานี้สามารถระบุโปรตีนที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปอย่างมีนัยสำคัญในกลุ่มย่อยของออทิซึมสเปกตรัมที่มีความบกพร่องทางภาษาอย่างรุนแรง ซึ่งโปรตีนเหล่านี้อาจทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวแทนในการช่วยระบุกลไกทางโมเลกุลของออทิซึมสเปกตรัมในอนาคต ตลอดจน อาจพัฒนาไปเป็น …
Gender And Sexuality (First Edition), Carol C. Mukhopadhyay, Tami Blumenfield, Susan Harper, Abby Gondak
Gender And Sexuality (First Edition), Carol C. Mukhopadhyay, Tami Blumenfield, Susan Harper, Abby Gondak
Anthropology Publications
Learning Objectives:
- Identify ways in which culture shapes sex/gender and sexuality.
- Describe ways in which gender and sexuality organize and structure the societies in which we live.
- Assess the range of possible ways of constructing gender and sexuality by sharing examples from different cultures, including small-scale societies.
- Analyze how anthropology as a discipline is affected by gender ideology and gender norms.
- Evaluate cultural “origin” stories that are not supported by anthropological data.
Botanist And Plant Exploration On The Pacific Coast Of North America: A Bibliography, James P. Smith Jr
Botanist And Plant Exploration On The Pacific Coast Of North America: A Bibliography, James P. Smith Jr
Botanical Studies
No abstract provided.