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2017

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Redesigning A Bilateral Grip Strength Device For Assessing Forelimb Function In Rodents, Griffin Kivitz, Spencer Lake Dr. Dec 2017

Redesigning A Bilateral Grip Strength Device For Assessing Forelimb Function In Rodents, Griffin Kivitz, Spencer Lake Dr.

Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Independent Study

My primary complete accomplishment of the Fall 2017 semester in the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Laboratory is the addition of 3 3D printed parts to the grip strength device to improve the precision of the device. To reach the end result of these 3 parts, I 3D-modelled the parts, 3D printed the prototypes, and integrated the parts into the device for testing. Near the end of the semester I had seen this process through, and the grip strength device is now fully functional and the most accurate and precise it has been. Aside from my primary project of the grip strength …

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Breakfast Machine, William Hallman, Tim Keenoy, Darius Rucker Dec 2017

Breakfast Machine, William Hallman, Tim Keenoy, Darius Rucker

Mechanical Engineering Design Project Class

The purpose of this project is to design a machine that makes a simple breakfast, consisting of a bowl of cereal with milk and a glass of orange juice on a tray. The machine will be able to prepare several breakfasts consecutively.

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Inorganic Biodegradable Substrates For Devices And Systems, Chang-Soo Kim, Richard K. Brow, D. E. Day Dec 2017

Inorganic Biodegradable Substrates For Devices And Systems, Chang-Soo Kim, Richard K. Brow, D. E. Day

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Disclosed are biodegradable glass substrates that are useful as functional elements of solid-state devices. In particular, biodegradable glass substrates having a rapidly degradable glass and a slowly degradable glass provide a structural platform that completely dissolves following a desired operational lifetime of devices such as implanted electronic devices, implanted sensor devices, and optical fibers.

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Direct Synthesis Of Ladder Wave Digital Filters With Tunable Parameters, Samad S.A. Dec 2017

Direct Synthesis Of Ladder Wave Digital Filters With Tunable Parameters, Samad S.A.

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

This paper proposes a method for the synthesis of ladder wave digital filters (WDFs) directly from the digital domain. This method avoids the need for the synthesis of analog reference filters conventionally required in WDF design. This direct method allows for the determination of the WDF coefficients from the digital domain transfer function. This is similar to conventional infinite impulse response (IIR) filter coefficient determination but the WDF will give a more efficient realization. Due to the WDFs power complementary properties, a first-order ladder WDF can simultaneously realize both lowpass and highpass responses using the same structure, while a second-order …

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Stability And Stabilization Of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems, Sattayatham P., Saelim R., Sujitjorn S. Dec 2017

Stability And Stabilization Of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems, Sattayatham P., Saelim R., Sujitjorn S.

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

Exponential and asymptotic stability for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems with uncertainties is investigated. Based on the stability of the nominal system, a class of bounded continuous feedback controllers is constructed. By such a class of controllers, the results guarantee exponential and asymptotic stability of uncertain nonlinear dynamical system. A numerical example is also given to demonstrate the use of the main result.

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Carsey Perspectives: Meeting Farmers Where They Are, Increasing Agricultural Sustainability In Malawi Through Business Format Franchising, Ilona Drew, Abraham Demaio, William Maddocks, Fiona Wilson Dec 2017

Carsey Perspectives: Meeting Farmers Where They Are, Increasing Agricultural Sustainability In Malawi Through Business Format Franchising, Ilona Drew, Abraham Demaio, William Maddocks, Fiona Wilson

Carsey Publications

In this perspectives brief, authors Ilona Drew, Abraham DeMaio, Bill Maddocks, and Fiona Wilson discuss a case study that was examined as part of the Social Sector Franchise Initiative (SSFI), a project of the Center for Social Innovation and Enterprise at the University of New Hampshire. This case study profiles Ziweto Enterprises, a social venture in Malawi using franchising methodology to scale its growth. Ziweto’s Agrovet Shops are “one-stop” franchised shops run by recent graduates of veterinary medicine and agricultural colleges that offer diverse veterinary and agricultural products and services. Ziweto’s products and services provide key support to the nation’s …

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2017-2018 Senate, Senate Committee, And University Committee Membershiip,, Georgia Southern University Dec 2017

2017-2018 Senate, Senate Committee, And University Committee Membershiip,, Georgia Southern University

Faculty Senate: Membership Lists

No abstract provided.

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Integrating Abc And Eva To Evaluate Investment Decisions, Chiadamrong N. Dec 2017

Integrating Abc And Eva To Evaluate Investment Decisions, Chiadamrong N.

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

The significance of investment is transparent in the world of competitive business. Traditional costing systems in which their emphasizes are for short term savings rather than long term benefits have shown some lacking in providing accurate and reliable cost data for the investment decisions. Activity-based Costing (ABC), which is developed to satisfy some of the weaknesses of the traditional costing systems, can provide valuable insights into the operating processes and come up with more accurate cost data. In this paper, ABC is used to provide significant information for investment decisions. Although, the ABC method provides accurate operating product costs, it …

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Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Additive Manufacturing Titanium Alloys After Thermal Processing, Ahmet Alptug Tanrikulu Dec 2017

Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Additive Manufacturing Titanium Alloys After Thermal Processing, Ahmet Alptug Tanrikulu

Dissertations and Theses

Titanium alloys are widely used for aerospace and biomaterial applications since their high specific strength, and high corrosion resistivity. Besides these properties, titanium is an excellent biocompatible material widely used for internal body implants. Because the products have complex geometries in both applications, Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods have been recently applied for production. AM methods can process a direct 3-D shape of the final product, decrease total production time and cost. However, high residual stress of the final product limits the application of AM components, especially the ones that are exposed to cyclic loading. In the present study, the initial …

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Promoting Active And Sustained School-Business Partnerships: An Exploratory Case Study Of An It Academy, Victor M. Hernandez-Gantes, Simone J. Brookins, Edward C. Fletcher Jr. Dec 2017

Promoting Active And Sustained School-Business Partnerships: An Exploratory Case Study Of An It Academy, Victor M. Hernandez-Gantes, Simone J. Brookins, Edward C. Fletcher Jr.

Journal of Research in Technical Careers

In support of the national push for promoting career readiness, school-business partnerships have been noted as an important support strategy. However, there is limited research in the context of career academies. Thus, we sought to explore the nature of a partnership between an information technology (IT) career academy and local business partners. We found that the development of social capital is required to keep the network of partners bonded toward a common goal, bridged through a Business Advisory Council to facilitate planning and related supports, and linked by a local web of connecting relationships. Study findings add to the limited …

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A Look At Minimizing Student Loan Debt, While Maximizing Advanced Educational Opportunities, Karla Bradford Dec 2017

A Look At Minimizing Student Loan Debt, While Maximizing Advanced Educational Opportunities, Karla Bradford

The Siegel Institute Journal of Applied Ethics

Poverty is a reality for many who obtain a degree of higher education and enter the workforce immediately after graduation. Funding an education for many may lead to student loan debt that is often virtually impossible to repay. This often leads many to believe that the debt incurred from obtaining a degree of higher education may not be worth the gain. The purpose of this paper is explore several articles that report on higher education as it relates to poverty, student loan debt, and salary pay scales for degrees and professional trade certifications. While investigating those related themes, this paper …

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Large Birds Of Prey, Policies That Alter Food Availability And Air Traffic: A Risky Mix For Human Safety, Rubén Moreno-Opo, Antoni Margalida Dec 2017

Large Birds Of Prey, Policies That Alter Food Availability And Air Traffic: A Risky Mix For Human Safety, Rubén Moreno-Opo, Antoni Margalida

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Raptors are considered to pose one of the greatest aviation bird strike risk. We investigated raptor bird strikes reported at the largest Spanish airport (Adolfo Suárez Madrid Barajas; AS-MB) from 2009 to 2016 to determine the factors contributing to the increased incidences and develop recommendations to mitigate the risks. We hypothesized that increased raptor bird strikes resulted from changes in foraging and dispersal patterns of Iberian Peninsula vultures (Aegypius spp. and Gyps spp.) after 2004-2005. We used information on raptor bird strikes obtained from official databases and published studies, reported incidences of raptor bird strikes and their characteristics (i.e., …

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Confessions Of A Collaborator: Shoesole And Stewardship Alliance Of Northeast Elko County, Nevada, Robin Boies Dec 2017

Confessions Of A Collaborator: Shoesole And Stewardship Alliance Of Northeast Elko County, Nevada, Robin Boies

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Abstract – The Shoesole Management Team (Shoesole) and the Stewardship Alliance of Northeastern Elko (SANE) are place-based, landowner-organized, natural and human resource conservation initiatives. The Shoesole was organized in 2002 to take a more holistic approach to grazing management issues on two federal livestock grazing allotments. This effort provided the foundation for SANE, which was organized in 2012 by representatives of eight ranches in northeastern Nevada in response to the potential listing of the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse). Shoesole and SANE came together voluntarily, as a rancher organized initiative, with a common goal of creating a better …

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A “Hammer Held Over Their Heads”: Voluntary Conservation Spurred By The Prospect Of Regulatory Enforcement In Oregon, Katherine L. Wollstein, Emily Jane Davis Dec 2017

A “Hammer Held Over Their Heads”: Voluntary Conservation Spurred By The Prospect Of Regulatory Enforcement In Oregon, Katherine L. Wollstein, Emily Jane Davis

Human–Wildlife Interactions

When the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined that greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse) did not warrant listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 2015, the agency recognized a coordinated effort of private landowners, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and state and federal agencies that effectively reduced threats to the species. This effort exemplified an alternative model to species conservation that relies on voluntary conservation of private landowners to preclude government regulation. Through one in-depth case study of private landowners’ voluntary sage-grouse conservation efforts in Lake County, Oregon, we explored features of these voluntary arrangements that motivate participating private …

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The Future Of Science And Medicine, Joseph Zullo Dec 2017

The Future Of Science And Medicine, Joseph Zullo

Quill & Scope

American medicine and science is the best in the world. A lot of our success comes from the government’s strong financial commitment to invest in the sciences. However, the driving force in American science is the talent and ingenuity of our students and trainees.

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An Incident In Pocheon: The Death Of Sapper Gilles Ducasse, Andrew Burtch Dec 2017

An Incident In Pocheon: The Death Of Sapper Gilles Ducasse, Andrew Burtch

Canadian Military History

The Canadian War Museum supports developmental research. This article is a by-product of the author’s continuing research into Canadian casualty records of the Korean War. This research helps to create a better picture of the makeup of the Canadian Army Special Force in Korea. When completed, it will shed greater light on when, where, and under what circumstances the 516 Canadians who are listed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance died. The research consists of a full review of the service records of Canadian military personnel who died in Korea or in support of the war from 1950 to …

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Nearshore Salinity And Juvenile Pink Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus Duorarum): Integrating Field Observations, Laboratory Trials, And Habitat Suitability Simulations, Ian C. Zink Dec 2017

Nearshore Salinity And Juvenile Pink Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus Duorarum): Integrating Field Observations, Laboratory Trials, And Habitat Suitability Simulations, Ian C. Zink

Open Access Dissertations

The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum is one ecological indicator of the Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands (BBCW) project, which intends to increase mesohaline and oligohaline areal extent along southwestern Biscayne Bay nearshore areas. These changes were anticipated to benefit pink shrimp abundances. My dissertation tested whether increased mesohaline and oligohaline area within a 50-m strip of shallow-water shoreline area likely would increase pink shrimp densities. First, I carried out a comprehensive literature review that revealed polyhaline and/or euhaline salinity regimes generally maximized pink shrimp occurrence, abundance, growth, and survival. Next, I analyzed 10 yrs of pink shrimp density and habitat observations …

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Encasement: A Robust Method For Finding Intersections Of Semi-Algebraic Curves, Joseph Masterjohn Dec 2017

Encasement: A Robust Method For Finding Intersections Of Semi-Algebraic Curves, Joseph Masterjohn

Open Access Theses

One of the fundamental concepts in computational geometry is deducing the combinatorial structure, or interactions, of a group of static geometric objects. In two dimensions, the objects in question include, but are not limited to: points, lines, line segments, polygons, and non-linear curves. There are various properties of interest describing a collection of such objects; examples include: distances, adjacencies, and most notably, intersections of these objects. Well studied, robust, and highly efficient algorithms exist for linear geometry and parametric curves. Problems involving non-linear, implicit, and high-dimensional objects however are an active area of research. Algebraic curves and algebraic surfaces arise …

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Data Integration, Valle L. Dalla Dec 2017

Data Integration, Valle L. Dalla

More Faculty of Science and Engineering Research

No abstract provided.

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Wearable Body Sensor Network, Han Shipeng, Olatunji Mumini Omisore, Wang Lei Dec 2017

Wearable Body Sensor Network, Han Shipeng, Olatunji Mumini Omisore, Wang Lei

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Aside the fact that monitoring, obtaining, and processing of health information remain the prominent way to assessing human health status, it has also been an important means for effective prevention and treatment of diseases. Emergence of wearable body sensor network (WBSN) is a way to achieve health tracking process and intelligent services required for dynamic monitoring of human information. Based on analysis of the present situation and research status of wearable human sensor, this paper presents a systematic review on the core technology of WBSN that would be of great impact in health diagnosis and diseases prevention. Finally, based on …

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Tri-Element Integrated Technology Of High Resolution Ms, Internet, And Digital Science Constitutes Technical Platform For Pesticide Residues, Pang Guofang, Chen Yi, Fan Chunlin, Bai Ruobin, Sun Yuehong, Chang Qiaoying Dec 2017

Tri-Element Integrated Technology Of High Resolution Ms, Internet, And Digital Science Constitutes Technical Platform For Pesticide Residues, Pang Guofang, Chen Yi, Fan Chunlin, Bai Ruobin, Sun Yuehong, Chang Qiaoying

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

A technical plaform for pesticide residues detection has been developed on the basis of tri-element integrated technology of highresolution MS-internet-digital science (simply referred as "tri-element integrated technology") inlcuding network leagued laboratories, detection result databases, and 4 sub-bases of fundamental data, data collection system as well as data intelligently analyzing system. The network leagued laboratoies located at various places across the country submit the raw test results of pesticide residues from their client side to the collection system per a unified template; the collection system shall obtain the data, supplement the information, consolidate the derivatives and analyze the toxicity before archiving …

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Land-Atmosphere Interactions And Regional Climate In West Africa And South America, Amir Erfanian Javadian Entezar Yazd Dec 2017

Land-Atmosphere Interactions And Regional Climate In West Africa And South America, Amir Erfanian Javadian Entezar Yazd

Doctoral Dissertations

Land, atmosphere, and oceans interact with each other through energy, mass, and momentum exchanges. These interactions regulate climate variability and influence climate changes at the regional scale. One notable example of highly influential land-atmosphere-ocean interactions on regional climates is monsoonal systems that influence a substantial portion of the world’s population. In this dissertation, the present and future climates of West Africa (WA) and South America (SA), two important monsoon regions, were studied utilizing Regional and Global Climate Models (RCMs and GCMs), mathematical techniques and data mining tools, and observational data (in-situ, remote-sensing, and reanalysis). The objective is to advance our …

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Subject-Independent Emotion Recognition Based On Physiological Signals: A Three-Stage Decision Method, Jing Chen, Bin Hu, Yue Wang, Philip Moore, Yongqiang Dai, Lei Feng, Zhijie Ding Dec 2017

Subject-Independent Emotion Recognition Based On Physiological Signals: A Three-Stage Decision Method, Jing Chen, Bin Hu, Yue Wang, Philip Moore, Yongqiang Dai, Lei Feng, Zhijie Ding

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Background: Collaboration between humans and computers has become pervasive and ubiquitous, however current computer systems are limited in that they fail to address the emotional component. An accurate understanding of human emotions is necessary for these computers to trigger proper feedback. Among multiple emotional channels, physiological signals are synchronous with emotional responses; therefore, analyzing physiological changes is a recognized way to estimate human emotions. In this paper, a three-stage decision method is proposed to recognize four emotions based on physiological signals in the multi-subject context. Emotion detection is achieved by using a stage-divided strategy in which each stage deals with …

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Electroionic Antagonistic Muscles Based On Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Derived From Poly(Triazine-Triptycene), S Roy, J Kim, M Kotal, K J. Kim, I K. Oh Dec 2017

Electroionic Antagonistic Muscles Based On Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Derived From Poly(Triazine-Triptycene), S Roy, J Kim, M Kotal, K J. Kim, I K. Oh

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Research

Electroactive soft actuators and bioinspired artificial muscles have received burgeoning interest as essential components in future electronic devices such as soft haptic-feedback systems, human-friendly wearable electronics, and active biomedical devices. However, important challenging issues including fast response time, ultralow input power, robust operation in harsh environments, high-resolution controllability, and cost-effectiveness remain to be resolved for more practical applications. Here, an electroionic antagonistic artificial muscle is reported based on hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) electrodes derived from a microporous poly(triazine-triptycene) organic framework (PtztpOF). The HPNC, which exhibits hierarchically micro- and mesoporous structures, high specific capacitance of 330 F g−1 in aqueous …

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Test Beam Studies Of Possibilities To Separate Particles With Gamma Factors Above 103 With Straw Based Transition Radiation Detector, N. Belyaev, M. L. Cherry, S. A. Doronin, K. Filippov, P. Fusco, S. Konovalov, D. Krasnopevtsev, V. Kramarenko, F. Loparco, M. N. Mazziotta, D. Ponomarenko, D. Pyatiizbyantseva, R. Radomskii, C. Rembser, A. Romaniouk, A. Savchenko, E. Shulga, S. Smirnov, Yu Smirnov, V. Sosnovtsev, P. Spinelli, P. Teterin, V. Tikhomirov, K. Vorobev, K. Zhukov Dec 2017

Test Beam Studies Of Possibilities To Separate Particles With Gamma Factors Above 103 With Straw Based Transition Radiation Detector, N. Belyaev, M. L. Cherry, S. A. Doronin, K. Filippov, P. Fusco, S. Konovalov, D. Krasnopevtsev, V. Kramarenko, F. Loparco, M. N. Mazziotta, D. Ponomarenko, D. Pyatiizbyantseva, R. Radomskii, C. Rembser, A. Romaniouk, A. Savchenko, E. Shulga, S. Smirnov, Yu Smirnov, V. Sosnovtsev, P. Spinelli, P. Teterin, V. Tikhomirov, K. Vorobev, K. Zhukov

Faculty Publications

Measurements of hadron production in the TeV energy range are one of the tasks of the future studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The main goal of these experiments is a study of the fundamental QCD processes at this energy range, which is very important not only for probing of the Standard Model but also for ultrahigh-energy cosmic particle physics. One of the key elements of these experiments measurements are hadron identification. The only detector technology which has a potential ability to separate hadrons in this energy range is Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) technology. TRD prototype based on straw …

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Measurements Of Angular Distribution And Spectrum Of Transition Radiation With A Gridpix Detector, N. Belyaev, M. L. Cherry, K. Desch, K. Filippov, P. Fusco, J. Kaminski, S. Konovalov, D. Krasnopevtsev, F. Loparco, M. N. Mazziotta, D. Ponomarenko, C. Rembser, A. Romaniouk, A. Savchenko, E. Shulga, S. Smirnov, Yu Smirnov, V. Sosnovtsev, P. Spinelli, M. Strikhanov, P. Teterin, V. Tikhomirov, K. Vorobev, K. Zhukov Dec 2017

Measurements Of Angular Distribution And Spectrum Of Transition Radiation With A Gridpix Detector, N. Belyaev, M. L. Cherry, K. Desch, K. Filippov, P. Fusco, J. Kaminski, S. Konovalov, D. Krasnopevtsev, F. Loparco, M. N. Mazziotta, D. Ponomarenko, C. Rembser, A. Romaniouk, A. Savchenko, E. Shulga, S. Smirnov, Yu Smirnov, V. Sosnovtsev, P. Spinelli, M. Strikhanov, P. Teterin, V. Tikhomirov, K. Vorobev, K. Zhukov

Faculty Publications

In recent years, developments of gaseous detectors based on a combination of electron multiplication gap in the gas and pixel readout chips as a part of the anode plane (GasPixel detectors) reached a level where they can offer unique opportunities for particle detection. Transition radiation (TR) detectors based on this technology can be one of the possible applications. In this work, measurements of energy spectra and angular distributions of transition radiation photons produced by particles with different gamma factors made with a GridPix detector prototype are presented. The observed results are compared with theoretical predictions.

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Remote Sensing Of Forests Using Discrete Return Airborne Lidar, Hamid Hamraz, Marco A. Contreras Dec 2017

Remote Sensing Of Forests Using Discrete Return Airborne Lidar, Hamid Hamraz, Marco A. Contreras

Forestry and Natural Resources Faculty Publications

Airborne discrete return light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds covering forested areas can be processed to segment individual trees and retrieve their morphological attributes. Segmenting individual trees in natural deciduous forests, however, remained a challenge because of the complex and multi-layered canopy. In this chapter, we present (i) a robust segmentation method that avoids a priori assumptions about the canopy structure, (ii) a vertical canopy stratification procedure that improves segmentation of understory trees, (iii) an occlusion model for estimating the point density of each canopy stratum, and (iv) a distributed computing approach for efficient processing at the forest level. …

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Femtosecond Laser Micromachining Of Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic And Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Printed Circuit Boards Materials, Raif Farkouh Dec 2017

Femtosecond Laser Micromachining Of Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic And Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Printed Circuit Boards Materials, Raif Farkouh

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC), and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) printed circuit boards (PCBs) are two materials used for the packaging of electronics. The excellent mechanical and electrical properties of LTCC, combined with the ability to embed passive components offer superior radio frequency (RF) performance and device miniaturization for high-frequency applications. Due to its unique properties, LTCC provides superior performance in applications as diverse as military radar, imaging systems, advanced automotive sensing, telecommunications, and satellites. The use of LTCC in these applications has created a demand for the micromachining of holes, channels, and cavities with specific geometries and structures. Likewise, …

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Effect Of Hydrofracking On Aquifers, Abdullah Faruque, Joshua Goldowitz Dec 2017

Effect Of Hydrofracking On Aquifers, Abdullah Faruque, Joshua Goldowitz

Articles

Geologists have understood the presence of shale gas and shale oil since the early 20th century, but always considered it unattainable due to shale’s low permeability. The shale gas revolution in the United States, brought about by the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has proven the feasibility of economically accessing this resource and significantly increasing the world’s proven reserve. As we enter the era of application of this technology worldwide, countries will have to weigh the promise of increased energy independence and hydrocarbon revenue against the potential damage to water supplies. Hydrofracking’s voracious thirst for water and potential …

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Conflict, Constraint, And The Evolution Of The Multivariate Performance Phenotype, Ann M. Cespedes Phd Dec 2017

Conflict, Constraint, And The Evolution Of The Multivariate Performance Phenotype, Ann M. Cespedes Phd

LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations

Performance is key to survival. From day-to-day foraging events, to reproductive activities, to life-or-death crises, how well an organism performs these tasks can determine success or failure. Selection, therefore, both natural and sexual, act upon performance, and performance demands on individuals shape a population’s morphological and physiological trait distributions. While studies of morphological adaptations to ecological pressures implicitly center on the idea that responses to selection improve performance via changes in morphology, the relationships between morphology, performance, and fitness are not always well understood. In this dissertation, I investigate these relationships explicitly, as well as determine the effects that different …

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