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2017

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Impact Of Nafta And Trips On Intellectual Property Rights Protections In Canada And The United States, Ron J.T. Corbett Oct 2017

Impact Of Nafta And Trips On Intellectual Property Rights Protections In Canada And The United States, Ron J.T. Corbett

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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On The Use Of Inertial Sensors To Determine Trunk Displacement During Walking: A Validation Study, Martin Fleron, Niels Ubbesen, Francesco Battistella, David Leandro Dejtiar, Anderson Oliveira Oct 2017

On The Use Of Inertial Sensors To Determine Trunk Displacement During Walking: A Validation Study, Martin Fleron, Niels Ubbesen, Francesco Battistella, David Leandro Dejtiar, Anderson Oliveira

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy trunk displacement extracted from an inertial motion capture system (IMC) compared to an optical motion capture system (OMC). Participants walked overground while trunk displacement data from IMC and OMC were simultaneously recorded. The resultant trunk speed from both systems during walking and brief standing periods were compared. No differences were found in trunk speed during walking between IMC and OMC. However, trunk speed was greater for the IMC during the transition periods when compared to the OMC (p<0.05). It is concluded that trunk kinematic parameters extracted from IMCs have fair accuracy when compared to a gold standard during walking, but accuracy is reduced and speed is overestimated when recording kinematics around stationary periods.

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Free Moment Application By Athletes With And Without Amputations In Linear And Curved Sprinting, Steffen Willwacher, Johannes Funken, Kai Heinrich, Tobias Alt, Ralf Müller, Wolfgang Potthast Oct 2017

Free Moment Application By Athletes With And Without Amputations In Linear And Curved Sprinting, Steffen Willwacher, Johannes Funken, Kai Heinrich, Tobias Alt, Ralf Müller, Wolfgang Potthast

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of the present study was to describe free moment (FM) application to the ground in high speed linear and curved running in athletes with unilateral amputations and non-amputee athletes. The results indicate that peak FM amplitudes are about three times higher in sprinting compared to running at distance running speeds. Curved running decreases internal rotation FM amplitudes of the right (outside) leg in nonamputee runners. The use of running specific prostheses (RSPs) is related to lower FM application in sprinters with unilateral amputations. This might be related to inertial asymmetries between legs or to constraints imposed at the …

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Estimation Of The Center Of Mass And Pelvis Movement In Running Using An Inertia Sensor Mounted On Sacrum, Yasushi Enomoto, Takehiro Aibara, Kanami Sugimoto, Keitaro Seki, Toshiharu Yokozawa, Munenori Murata Oct 2017

Estimation Of The Center Of Mass And Pelvis Movement In Running Using An Inertia Sensor Mounted On Sacrum, Yasushi Enomoto, Takehiro Aibara, Kanami Sugimoto, Keitaro Seki, Toshiharu Yokozawa, Munenori Murata

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to compare the center of mass and pelvis movement measured by the inertia sensor, motion capture, and ground reaction force during running. Linear movements of the center of mass and pelvis rotation were measured by motion capture system and the inertia sensor mounted on sacrum for thirteen distance runners. Vertical movement of the sensor was well coincident with the center of mass but lateral and forward/backward movements were overestimated by the sensor. The forward tilt, tangular displacement and velocity of pelvis in a running cycle were almost same in the values by motion capture …

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So, Your Client Wants To Go To Havana..., Matias F. Travieso-Diaz Oct 2017

So, Your Client Wants To Go To Havana..., Matias F. Travieso-Diaz

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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Energetic Cost Of Runnning Stability Evaluated With Wireless Trunk Accelerometry, Kurt H. Schütte, Saint Sackey, Rachel Venter, Benedicte Vanwanseele Oct 2017

Energetic Cost Of Runnning Stability Evaluated With Wireless Trunk Accelerometry, Kurt H. Schütte, Saint Sackey, Rachel Venter, Benedicte Vanwanseele

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to determine inter-individual variance in the energetic cost of running (Ec) using dynamic stability measures derived from a single tri-axial trunk accelerometer. These measures were extracted from fifteen male recreational runners at their fastest steady-state treadmill running speed. A select group of dynamic stability measures were entered in a hierarchical regression to explain Ec (kcal.km-1) after reducing dimensionality with factor analysis. Two dynamic stability parameters could explain an additional 9.9% of inter-individual variance in Ec over and above body mass, attributed to anteroposterior (AP) stride regularity (6.5%) and mediolateral (ML) sample entropy (3.4%). Our …

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Effects Of Medial Wedge Insoles When Walking On Different Surfaces, Cristina I. Vinescu, Uwe G. Kersting Oct 2017

Effects Of Medial Wedge Insoles When Walking On Different Surfaces, Cristina I. Vinescu, Uwe G. Kersting

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Shoe inserts are often used to correct for foot misalignment or overloading during walking and running. To understand the interaction of medial wedge insoles and different surface hardness and geometry, we investigated plantar pressure and rearfoot movement. Twentyeight subjects with normal feet were tested when walking with and without insole on all combinations of hard and soft surface and level and upstairs walking. The main changes in load distribution and rearfoot movement were found between wearing insoles and not wearing them while differences between surfaces were small. In conclusion, surface hardness did not change the general effects of the insoles.

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Trade Rules: Ethyl Corporation V. Canada (Nafta Chapter 11) - Part 1: Claim And Award On Jurisdiction, Timothy Ross Wilson Oct 2017

Trade Rules: Ethyl Corporation V. Canada (Nafta Chapter 11) - Part 1: Claim And Award On Jurisdiction, Timothy Ross Wilson

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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Contact Time And Foot Strike Angles Estimation Using Foot Worn Inertial Sensors In Running, Mathieu Falbriard, Frédéric Meyer, Benoît Mariani, Grégoire P. Millet, Kamiar Aminian Oct 2017

Contact Time And Foot Strike Angles Estimation Using Foot Worn Inertial Sensors In Running, Mathieu Falbriard, Frédéric Meyer, Benoît Mariani, Grégoire P. Millet, Kamiar Aminian

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of new algorithms based on foot-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs), to detect foot contact time and foot strike angles in running. Treadmill instrumented with force plate and camera-based motion capture system were use as reference system. For 35 participants running on treadmill with different speeds, contact time and foot strike angle values obtained from IMUs were compared with those measured by force plate and motion cameras, respectively, with a relative error (mean ± SD) of -10.5 ± 2.2% and 3.9 ± 5.3°. This error could be further reduced using a …

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Nafta & (And) The Parent Systems Of Its Members: Is There Potential For A Unification Of The North American Patent Systems, Ryan H. Flax Oct 2017

Nafta & (And) The Parent Systems Of Its Members: Is There Potential For A Unification Of The North American Patent Systems, Ryan H. Flax

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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The Protection Of Intellectual Property In Brazil, Michael A. Ugolini Oct 2017

The Protection Of Intellectual Property In Brazil, Michael A. Ugolini

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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Vertical Jump Characteristics And Lower Limbs Muscular Contribution In Chilean Volleyball Players During The Counter Movement Jump (Cmj)., Fábio Dal Bello, Enrique Navarro Cabello, Javier Rueda, Esteban Aedo Muñoz Oct 2017

Vertical Jump Characteristics And Lower Limbs Muscular Contribution In Chilean Volleyball Players During The Counter Movement Jump (Cmj)., Fábio Dal Bello, Enrique Navarro Cabello, Javier Rueda, Esteban Aedo Muñoz

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare characteristics of the lower limb extension musculature in Chilean indoor and beach volleyball players and the muscular contribution during the CMJ. The sample was composed by 13 subjects belonging to the Chilean elite beach and indoor volleyball. The subjects performed 3 CMJ jumps for average determination of the height of the jump, eccentric force development rate (TDFE), concentric force development rate (TDFC), power and lower limbs muscular contribution, evaluated using force platform and wireless electromyography (EMG). The results demonstrated a significant relationship between the height of the jump-TDFC and …

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Relationship Between Muscle Volume And Strength Asymmetry In Elite Athletes: Investigation Of The Quadriceps Femoris And Hamstring Muscles, Robert Bollinger, Dieter Bubeck, Ioannis Sialis, Daniela Kramer, Eric Lehmann, Wilfried Alt Oct 2017

Relationship Between Muscle Volume And Strength Asymmetry In Elite Athletes: Investigation Of The Quadriceps Femoris And Hamstring Muscles, Robert Bollinger, Dieter Bubeck, Ioannis Sialis, Daniela Kramer, Eric Lehmann, Wilfried Alt

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle volume asymmetries and strength asymmetries of the lower extremity. 26 highly trained athletes underwent isometric and isokinetic strength tests at different speeds (60, 180, 0 °/s) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyse quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscle volume. Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed significant correlations between both the quadriceps volume asymmetries and the maximum knee extension asymmetries (r = .60 to r = .72) as well as the hamstring volume asymmetries and the maximum knee flexion asymmetries (r = .39 to r = .52). It is assumed that …

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Matching Triceps Surae Muscle Strength And Tendon Stiffness Eliminates Age-Related Differences In Drop-Jump Performance, Matthias König, Svenja Hemmers, Christopher Mccrum, Gaspar Epro, Thijs Ackermans, Ulrich Hartmann, Kiros Karamanidis Oct 2017

Matching Triceps Surae Muscle Strength And Tendon Stiffness Eliminates Age-Related Differences In Drop-Jump Performance, Matthias König, Svenja Hemmers, Christopher Mccrum, Gaspar Epro, Thijs Ackermans, Ulrich Hartmann, Kiros Karamanidis

ISBS Proceedings Archive

We aimed to determine the influence of triceps surae (TS) muscle strength and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness on age-related changes in locomotor performance and motor task execution strategy during a drop jump (DJ) task. After matching 12 young and 12 middleaged adults for TS muscle strength and AT stiffness, all subjects performed a series of DJs from different starting heights. Matched young and middle-aged adults showed similar DJ performance but the middle-aged adults showed significantly longer ground contact times, lower values in maximum vertical ground reaction force during the support phase and lower mechanical power, independent of starting height. These …

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Interaction Effects Of Posture And Uneven Ground On Able-Bodied Walking Kinetics, Soran Aminiaghdam, Christian Rode, Reinhard Blickhan Oct 2017

Interaction Effects Of Posture And Uneven Ground On Able-Bodied Walking Kinetics, Soran Aminiaghdam, Christian Rode, Reinhard Blickhan

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Interactions between trunk orientation and gait kinetics are proposed to be inevitable for maintaining dynamic balance, and these interactions are unknown for walking on uneven ground. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of posture (regular erect, 30°, 50° and 70° trunk flexion) and step category (unperturbed, perturbation, pre- and post-perturbation) on able-bodied walking kinetics. Statistical analysis revealed interactions posture×step: with increased trunk flexion, walking on uneven ground exhibited less changes in GRF kinetic parameters relative to upright walking. Pre-adaptations were more pronounced in the approach step to the drop in regular erect gait. It seems …

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Greater Skeletal Contributions To Leg Stiffness In Highcompared To Low-Arched Athletes During Running And Landing Movements., Douglas W. Powell, Max R. Paquette, Blaise Williams Oct 2017

Greater Skeletal Contributions To Leg Stiffness In Highcompared To Low-Arched Athletes During Running And Landing Movements., Douglas W. Powell, Max R. Paquette, Blaise Williams

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The contributions of skeletal and muscular structures to stiffness may underlie the distinct injury patterns observed in high- (HA) and low-arched (LA) athletes. This study compared skeletal and muscular contributions to leg stiffness in HA and LA athletes during running and landing. Ten HA and 10 LA female athletes performed five over ground running trials and five step off landing trials. Leg stiffness, and skeletal and muscular contributions to leg stiffness were calculated using Visual 3D and MatLab. HA athletes had greater leg stiffness (p=0.010) and skeletal stiffness (p=0.016) in running. During landing, HA had greater leg stiffness (p=0.015) and …

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Biomechanical Complexity: A Measure To Delineate Between Athletic Groin Pain Patients And Uninjured Controls, Shane Gore, Andrew Franklyn-Miller, Chris Richter, Eanna Falvey, Enda King, Kieran Moran Oct 2017

Biomechanical Complexity: A Measure To Delineate Between Athletic Groin Pain Patients And Uninjured Controls, Shane Gore, Andrew Franklyn-Miller, Chris Richter, Eanna Falvey, Enda King, Kieran Moran

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study investigates if signal complexity is a useful measure to delineate between patients diagnosed with athletic groin pain (AGP) and uninjured controls. The 3D biomechanics of 65 AGP patients and 50 uninjured controls were examined during a lateral hurdle hop exercise. The complexity of hip moments was examined using quadratic sample entropy and statistically tested using independent t-tests. The results from this study demonstrated that the AGP group had significantly less complexity in hip moments in comparison to the uninjured control group with effect size ranging from 0.53 - 0.96. These findings would suggest that signal complexity of hip …

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Biotechnology And Intellectual Property Protection From U.S. Law Through Nafta, Charles Vorndran Oct 2017

Biotechnology And Intellectual Property Protection From U.S. Law Through Nafta, Charles Vorndran

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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Long Jump Mechanics – Olympic Versus Paralympic Champion, Johannes Funken, Steffen Willwacher, Kai Heinrich, Ralf Müller, Hiroaki Hobara, Alena M. Grabowski, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Wolfgang Potthast Oct 2017

Long Jump Mechanics – Olympic Versus Paralympic Champion, Johannes Funken, Steffen Willwacher, Kai Heinrich, Ralf Müller, Hiroaki Hobara, Alena M. Grabowski, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Wolfgang Potthast

ISBS Proceedings Archive

In the last 20 years the long jump world record of athletes with an amputation of the lower extremities has improved by over two meters. However, there is no recent research on amputee long jumping and no information about amputee long jump kinetics. In this study the take-off step of an Olympic and a Paralympic champion were analyzed with regard to jumping mechanics. A 3D motion capturing system (Vicon) and a force plate (Kistler) were used to capture kinematic and kinetic data. Inverse dynamic calculations (Dynamicus, Alaska) revealed remarkable differences with respect to mechanical loading and motor solutions between the …

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Leg- And Joint Stiffness In Male Elite High Jump: The Influence Of Stiffness On Sports Performance, Eicke Boden, Björn Braunstein, Kai Heinrich, Maximilian Sanno, Benjamin Stäudle, Wolfgang Ritzdorf, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Kirsten Albracht, Jan-Peter Goldmann Oct 2017

Leg- And Joint Stiffness In Male Elite High Jump: The Influence Of Stiffness On Sports Performance, Eicke Boden, Björn Braunstein, Kai Heinrich, Maximilian Sanno, Benjamin Stäudle, Wolfgang Ritzdorf, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Kirsten Albracht, Jan-Peter Goldmann

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to analyse stiffness in the mechanical system of the world’s elite high jumpers. Seven male elite high jump athletes (personal best 2.24 m ± 0.06 m) were filmed with 19 Infrared-High-Speed-Cameras during jumping. Kinetics were captured with a force plate. It was found that a different leg and joint stiffness during takeoff enables nearly the same jumping height. For example, a typical power jumper with a leg stiffness of 543.6 N m-1 kg-1 reached 2.13 m, while a typical speed jumper with a leg stiffness of 1133.5 N m-1 kg-1 reached a comparable height …

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Nations Update: Venezuela Mining Law Oct 2017

Nations Update: Venezuela Mining Law

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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Quantifying Segmental Coordination During A Sport Specific Movement Using A Modified Vector Coding Technique: A Comparison Between Two Coordination Pattern Classifications, Robert A. Needham, Jamie A. Gosling, Roozbeh Naemi, Nachiappan Chockalingam Oct 2017

Quantifying Segmental Coordination During A Sport Specific Movement Using A Modified Vector Coding Technique: A Comparison Between Two Coordination Pattern Classifications, Robert A. Needham, Jamie A. Gosling, Roozbeh Naemi, Nachiappan Chockalingam

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to compare two coordination pattern classifications associated with a modified vector coding technique, with a view to examine how differences between these classification systems affect the interpretation of movement patterns during the maximal instep kick in association football. This study strongly recommends the use of a coordination pattern classification that details the phase relationship between two segments (i.e. in-phase or anti-phase), provides an understanding of the direction of segmental rotations, and is able to quantify segmental dominancy at each point in time.

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Investigating The Use Of Sample Entropy To Detect Fatigue, Paul G. Taylor, James A. Ross, Justin W. L . Keogh Oct 2017

Investigating The Use Of Sample Entropy To Detect Fatigue, Paul G. Taylor, James A. Ross, Justin W. L . Keogh

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Sample entropy can sensitively identify changes in biological signal regularity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sample entropy could detect such change in human movement which may be attributable to fatigue or other factors. The regularity of kettlebell trajectories from simulated kettlebell sport competition performed by five experienced lifters was assessed using a novel moving window technique. Resultant entropy estimate trajectories indicate sensitivity to changes in regularity. Decrements in grip strength indicate this may be attributable to fatigue though other possibilities exist. The ability to easily model the resultant entropy trajectories is also demonstrated. The technique holds …

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Ground Reaction Forces During Competitive Track Events: A Motion Based Assessment Method, Andrew Udofa, Laurence Ryan, Kenneth Clark, Peter Weyand Oct 2017

Ground Reaction Forces During Competitive Track Events: A Motion Based Assessment Method, Andrew Udofa, Laurence Ryan, Kenneth Clark, Peter Weyand

ISBS Proceedings Archive

A motion based approach to generating vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) from the motion of sprint running could be a useful analytical tool. The spring-mass model has been used for this purpose; however, the invariant pattern predicted by the model is not fully consistent with the force-time waveforms of competitive sprint athletes. The recently introduced two-mass model provides an alternative method that might generate better representations of sprinter’s force-time waveforms. Here we used both models to generate kinematic-averaged force-time waveforms from 4 sprint athletes in an IAAF 100-meter race from 360 Hz video data. We found substantial differences in the …

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Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of Gait Events Detected Using Three Different Methods During Running, Shi-Wei Mo, Daniel H.K. Chow Oct 2017

Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of Gait Events Detected Using Three Different Methods During Running, Shi-Wei Mo, Daniel H.K. Chow

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Different methods have been proposed for determining initial contact and toe off with inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to different anatomical positions. However, the accuracy has not yet been compared. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of three commonly used methods (S-, M-, and L-method) in detecting gait events at two running speed conditions (slow and fast). Obvious differences of detected initial contact and toe off and estimated stance duration among the three detection methods using IMU were found at the two running speed conditions. It was shown that initial contact detected using the S-method and toe off detected …

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Nafta's Impact On The Environmental Management Of The U.S./Mexico Border Lands, Jill A. Kotvis Oct 2017

Nafta's Impact On The Environmental Management Of The U.S./Mexico Border Lands, Jill A. Kotvis

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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A Non-Invasive Method To Investigate Foot Bone Kinematics, Kilian Rauner, Anja Krautter, Stefan Lehner, Jürgen Mitternacht, Veit Senner Oct 2017

A Non-Invasive Method To Investigate Foot Bone Kinematics, Kilian Rauner, Anja Krautter, Stefan Lehner, Jürgen Mitternacht, Veit Senner

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether image correlation photometry in combination with an inverse dynamics foot model is capable of investigating foot bone kinematics. Thus an explorative test setup with one participant was used to acquire the motion data with ARAMISTM (GOM, Braunschweig, Germany). The motion data enabled a customized inverse dynamics foot model to reproduce the recorded motion and simulate intrinsic movement. Navicular drop was 10.5mm and maximal motion angle did not exceed 23°. The calculated results of navicular drop, range of motion and course of angle over time are promising in comparison to studies using …

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Previously Filed Petitions Before The Commission For Environmental Cooperation Oct 2017

Previously Filed Petitions Before The Commission For Environmental Cooperation

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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A Kinematically Based Algorithm To Estimate The Energy Cost Of Variable-Speed Shuttle Running, Matteo Zago, Manuela Galli, Susanna Rampichini, Eloisa Limonta, Fabio Esposito, Chiarella Sforza Oct 2017

A Kinematically Based Algorithm To Estimate The Energy Cost Of Variable-Speed Shuttle Running, Matteo Zago, Manuela Galli, Susanna Rampichini, Eloisa Limonta, Fabio Esposito, Chiarella Sforza

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Changes of direction (CoDs) have a high metabolic and mechanical impact in field and court team sports, but the estimation of the associated workload is still inaccurate. The aim of this study is to establish a kinematic-based algorithm to determine the energy cost of running at variable speed with frequent 180° CoDs. Kinematic and metabolic data were simultaneously collected during 5-minutes 5+5 m shuttle run tests. Mechanical work computation was split into positive (eccentric) and negative (concentric) contributions. When compared to the actual energy cost, the estimation algorithm returned an error of 5%. This model constitutes the theoretical basis to …

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Canada-Mexico-United States: North American Agreement On Environmental Cooperation Oct 2017

Canada-Mexico-United States: North American Agreement On Environmental Cooperation

Law and Business Review of the Americas

No abstract provided.

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