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Effect Of Different Processing Methods Of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan) On Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, And Blood Biochemical And Hematological Parametersof Broiler Chickens, Muhammad Arif, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad Saeed, Mohamed Ezzat Abd El-Hack, Mahmoud Alagawany, Haider Abbas, Muhammad Asif Arian, Sarfaraz Ali Fazlani, Abbasi Imtiaz Hussain, Tugay Ayaşan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different processing methods of pigeon pea (Pp; Cajanus cajan) on fattening performance and carcass traits as well as blood biochemical and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 300 day-old chicks were assigned to 5 treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates and contained 12 birds each under a completely randomized design. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated with the inclusion of pigeon pea crushed (control, PPC), boiled with potash (PPP), boiled (PPB), soaked (PPS), or roasted (PPR) at the rate of 20% of the basal diet. The highest values …

Risk Factors Of Clinical And Subclinical Endometritis In Cattle: A Review, Mounir Adnane, Rachid Kaidi, Christian Hanzen, Gary C.W. England

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The postpartum period is a critical period in the life of dairy cattle and management of the most important problems and diseases at an early stage represents the key to successful dairy herd management. Endometritis is one of the most important and dramatic diseases that disrupt the reproductive performance of cows and reduce the livestock profitability. Because endometritis is a multifactorial disease and is caused by nonspecific bacteria, determining all the factors that enhance its risk of occurrence is more important than treating the disease. This review considers the evidence regarding the risk factors for postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle …

Supplementation Of Rice Straw (Oryza Sativa) With Exogenous Fibrolyticenzymes Improves In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Sathya Sujani, Theja Piyasena, Thakshala Seresinhe, Indunil Pathirana, Chandima Gajaweera

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the cell wall degradation of rice straw. The enzymes used for in vitro incubations were characterized for cellulase (CE) and xylanase (XY). Enzymes were supplemented alone (CE or XY) and as a mixture (CE + XY) in a 1:1 ratio. Five supplementation levels of enzymes including no enzyme (control) were used with 500 mg of ground (1 mm) substrate (rice straw) dry matter. Anaerobic buffer medium and strained ruminal fluid were added to the in vitro incubations in triplicate, and in vitro gas …

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Among Cloacal Escherichia Coliisolates In Healthy Broilers In Turkey, Ni̇lgün Ünal, Alper Karagöz, Şi̇nasi̇ Aşkar, Zahi̇de Di̇li̇k, Buket Yurteri̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clonal typing of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in healthy broilers in Turkey. Three hundred broiler cloacal samples were collected from various broiler slaughterhouses and inoculated on Levine agar plates supplemented with 2 μg/mL cefotaxime. Suspected strains were identified using a BBL Crystal Enteric/Nonfermenter ID Kit (Becton Dickinson, USA) and ESBL production was confirmed using an ESBL phenotypic confirmatory test. ESBL types were analyzed using PCR and sequencing. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed with XbaI for the clonal typing of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. While 33 phenotypic …

Optical Density Changes In Ultrasonographic Images Of The Endometrium And Corpus Luteum In Pregnant And Cyclic Cows, Mehmet Cengi̇z, Armağan Çolak, Armağan Hayirli, Orçun Cannazi̇k

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Optical density image (ODI) analysis, based on the intensity of pixels in digital images, is commonly used in orthopedic medicine. This study was conducted to quantify endometrial and luteal changes in early pregnant and cyclic cows by ODI analysis. Twenty healthy primiparous Simmental cows on days 80?120 postpartum were subjected to ultrasonography and ODI analysis on the days of estrus (day 0) and metestrus (day 4) as well as 12, 15, 18, and 21 days after insemination. The ODI values of pregnant (P) and nonpregnant (NP) cows were compared using two-way ANOVA. The P cows tended to have greater endometrial …

Molecular Cloning And Sequence Characterization Of Two Genes, Dqa1 And Dqa2,From The Chinese Yakow (Bos Grunniens X Bos Taurus), Dongmei Xi, Sameeullah Memon, Guozhi Li, Xiangying Liu, Chao Su, Jing Leng, Liping Wang, Sehroon Khan, Weidong Deng

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in the immune response to infectious diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural and functional characteristics and possible duplication of the MHC-DQA genes in the Chinese yakow, which is well adapted to the Qinghai?Tibetan Plateau. Two full-length cDNA sequences and partial 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) were retrieved and denoted as Bogr×BoLA-DQA*0101 (DQA1) and BogrxBoLA-DQA*2001 (DQA2), respectively. The percentage of nucleotide and amino acid sequences homology between BogrxBoLA-DQA1 and BogrxBoLA-DQA2 showed that these two sequences have more identity to alleles of the corresponding DQA1 and DQA2 …

Normal Bone Healing In Three Cloned Dogs With Long Bone Fractures, Yawon Hwang, Sang-Hwan Hyun, Woo-Suk Hwang, Gonhyung Kim

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A number of mammals have been cloned, including cats and dogs. The purpose of this report was to study the bone fracture and bone fracture healing of three cloned dogs. The three cloned dogs, aged 3 months to 6 months, received separate surgeries. Clinical and radiological examination of each of the three cloned dogs revealed the fracture of a femur, a tibial tuberosity, and a humerus, respectively. Each dog had undergone surgical reduction and stabilization of their individual bone fracture with an intramedullary pin, a screw, and/or a wire. No abnormalities were observed during the follow-up period. The dogs showed …

Accelerated Achilles Tendon Healing With Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein In Rabbits, Marko Pecin, Mario Kreszinger, Snjezana Vukovic, Marija Lipar, Ozren Smolec, Berislav Radisic, Josip Kos

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The current study describes the use of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) as a possible strategy for optimizing tendon healing and repair by presenting histologically visible changes in rabbit Achilles tendon tissue after longitudinal tenotomy. The study was carried out on 26 Californian rabbits divided into two equal groups. One was the experimental IRAP (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) group and the second one was the PBS (purified buffered saline) group. The PBS group was the control group. After longitudinal tenotomy in both groups of rabbits, in the IRAP group IL-1Ra was applied locally, whereas PBS was applied in the control group. …

Influence Of Supplementing Diet With Microalgae (Schizochytrium Limacinum)On Growth And Metabolism In Lambs During The Summer, Eki̇n Sucu, Duygu Udum, Nazmi̇ye Güneş, Önder Canbolat, İsmai̇l Fi̇lya

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The current experiment was conducted to examine the impact of a supplement of microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum) on the performance, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites in lambs during summer. Forty lambs were used in a 49-day experiment. The lambs were group-fed either a basal diet (alfalfa hay and concentrate, n = 20) or the basal diet along with 5 g/day microalgae (n = 20). Feed intakes were recorded daily and body weight (BW) was measured weekly. Overall, microalgae feeding increased (P < 0.05) the BW and average daily gain. There were no significant differences for average feed intake or feed efficiency (P > 0.05). Microalgae feeding decreased rumen pH (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce proportion of acetate (P < 0.1), while it increased total rumen volatile fatty acid concentration (8.6%; P < 0.01) and proportions of propionate (13.9%, P < 0.01) and valerate (P < 0.01; 26.5%) compared with the control animals. Microalgae feeding increased (P < 0.05) blood glucose (98.47 vs. 84.97 mg/dL) and insulin (64.14 vs. 29.26 ng/mL), whereas it lowered total cholesterol concentrations in blood (62 vs. 58 mg/dL, P < 0.1) compared with the control animals. The results of this study indicate that microalgae supplement influences productivity and enhances dietary energy utilization in lambs during the summer.

Comparison Of The Role Of The Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System In The Genesis Ofhypertension Between Two Groups Of Nonhunting Dogs And Hunting Dogs, Elvira Hadziahmetovic Jurida, Jasmin Ferizbegovic, Stjepan Krcmar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The role of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system in the genesis of hypertension between nonhunting dogs and hunting dogs of various breeds was comparatively studied in the city of Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Sixty dogs were divided into four subgroups based on different age categories. Hypertension was recorded in 21 dogs or in 35% of examined dogs. Fourteen dogs had mild (23.3%), 5 dogs had moderate (8.3%), and 2 dogs had severe hypertension (3.3%). The most cases of hypertension (n = 9) were recorded in hunting dogs aged from 9 to 12 years. In subgroups of nonhunting and hunting dogs aged …

Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Enterococcus Faecium Andenterococcus Faecalis Isolated From Broiler Cloacal Samples, Ni̇lgün Ünal, Şi̇nasi̇ Aşkar, Murat Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was performed to isolate and identify Enterococcus spp. from broiler cloacal samples to species level, to determine their resistance patterns to various antibiotics, and to detect vancomycin resistance genes. Cloacal samples of broilers collected from slaughterhouses were inoculated in Slanetz and Bartley agars with and without vancomycin (6 μg/mL). Antibiotic resistance/susceptibility testing of the isolated and identified enterococci was performed by using the disk diffusion test. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the species and to detect vancomycin resistance genes. The majority of the isolated enterococci was Enterococcus faecium (60.43%, n = 142) and Enterococcus faecalis (33.62%, …

Detection And Economic Impact Related To Bovine Respiratory Disease, Shrink, Andtraveling Distance In Feedlot Cattle In Northwest Mexico, Jose Luis Rodríguez-Castillo, Gilberto Lopez Valencia, Francisco Javier Monge Navarro, Gerado Enrique Medina Basulto, Sawako Hori-Oshima, Sergio Arturo Cueto-González, Alfonso De La Mora-Valle, Luis Mario Muñoz-Del Real, Luis Tinoco-Gracia, Tomas Benjamin Rentería-Evangelista

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main reason for economic loss in feedlots. A cross-sectional study was conducted in order to detect the pathogens involved in BRD. A total of 88 animals with respiratory signs were sampled for diagnosis using PCR. The detected pathogens were bovine respiratory syncytial virus (80.6%), Mannheimia haemolytica (79.5%), Pasteurella multocida (68.1%), parainfluenza 3 virus (23.8%), bovine herpes virus-1 (20.4%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (11.3%). The average number of treatments applied per animal was 1.3 with an estimated treatment cost of 16 USD per treatment/animal. Animals receiving more than one treatment averaged costs exceeding 38 …

Typification Of A Fresh Goat Cheese Of Mexico By Path Models, Emmanuel J. Ramírez-Rivera, José M. Juárez-Barrientos, Jesús Rodríguez-Miranda, Pablo Díaz-Rivera, Lorena G. Ramón-Canul, José A. Herrera-Corredor, María I. Hernández-Serrano, Erasmo Herman Y Lara

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to typify goat cheese and determine the relationship among climatic factors, production systems, milk quality, and their impact on the physicochemical, instrumental, and sensory properties and consumer preference by path models. Using the regression partial least square technique coupled to multiple factor analysis, two models were established. These models showed that the production system directly affected the physicochemical quality and indirectly affected instrumental and sensory parameters, which explained the preference and classification of the cheeses. The proposed methodology is expected to generate useful information enabling the establishment of potential fresh goat cheese produced in …

Some Reproductive, Lactation, And Kid Growth Characteristics Ofkilis Goats Under Semiintensive Conditions, Mahmut Keski̇n, Sabri̇ Gül, Osman Bi̇çer, İrfan Daşkiran

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was carried out to determine some reproductive and kid growth characteristics as well as some lactation traits of Kilis goats raised under semiintensive conditions in Kilis Province in Turkey. The animal material of the study comprised 502, 698, and 753 heads of Kilis goats in 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively. At the end of study, multiple birth rates were calculated between 31.5% and 35.7% during the years. Lactation length and lactation milk yield were determined to be between 207.1 ± 0.81 and 232.4 ± 0.65 days and between 315.7 ± 4.16 l and 375.6 ± 3.4 L, respectively …

Diagnosis And Treatment Of Umbilical Cord-Derived Tetanus In Neonatal Calves, Nuri̇ Altuğ, Nazmi̇ Yüksek, Abdullah Karasu, Fatma İlhan, Ebubeki̇r Ceylan, İsmai̇l Hakki Eki̇n, Sezai̇ Arslan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, umbilical cord-derived neonatal tetanus in calves was identified in Turkey. Four calves with tetanus-specific history and clinical findings were used. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, and clinical findings were recorded. A tetanus-specific treatment procedure was performed. However, the calves died from not responding to treatment. Pretreatment white blood cell, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined to be high. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, CK, and LDH activities were found to increase after treatment compared to before treatment. Gram-positive terminal spore-forming bacilli were observed in bacterioscopic examination of …

Impacts Of Vitamin C And E Injections On Ovarian Structures And Fertility In Holstein Cows Under Heat Stress Conditions, Juan GonzáLez Maldonado, Raymundo Rangel Santos, Raymundo Rodriguez De Lara, Gustavo Ramirez Valverde

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study evaluated the effect of injecting vitamin C (VC) and E (VE) on size of the preovulatory follicle, volume of the corpus luteum, and pregnancy rates in Holstein cows under heat stress conditions (temperature humidity index > 74). Sixty-two cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1, control, n = 15: cows were not supplemented with vitamins; 2, VCG, n = 15: cows were simultaneously injected i.v. with 500 and s.c. with 2500 mg of VC before and after estrus; 3, VEG, n = 15: cows received an i.m. injection of 3000 IU of VE before estrus; 4, …

Biometric Variation In Martes Foina From Mainland Greece And The Aegean Islands, Malamati Papakosta

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The geographical morphometric variations in the stone marten (Martes foina) from mainland Greece, the Aegean Islands, and Crete were analyzed. Samples taken from the three areas were compared regarding 18 craniometrical and 5 body size variables. According to univariate statistics, 13 skull measurements from males and 15 from females (72% and 83% of total skull variables for males and females, respectively) did not differ significantly among mainland Greece, the Aegean Islands, and Crete. The morphological differences among mainland and insular populations showed a tendency for separation (63% overall correct classification from skull measurements of males, 72.5% and 73.6% for body …

Proximate Analysis Of Indian Flying Fox's (Pteropus Giganteus) Natural Food, With A Note On Its Roost Variations In Urban Areas Of Lahore, Pakistan, Arshad Javid, Tayiba Gulraiz, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Nadeem, Syed Makhdoom Hussain, Muhammad Altaf, Irfan Babu

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Food habits, nutrient preferences, and roost variations of Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus were investigated for a period of 1 year in two public parks in Lahore, Pakistan. Bolus and guano samples of P. giganteus were collected on a monthly basis, and seeds of 32 plant species belonging to 23 genera and 15 families were identified from the ejecta samples. Of these 32 food species, 8 were native and 24 were exotic; 13 were commercially important, while 19 species had no mercantile value. Proximate analysis of the food items revealed that fruits with comparatively higher moisture content were utilized during …

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2017 Georgia Southern University Softball Roster, Georgia Southern University

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Bobcat Population Ecology In West Virginia, Stephanie Michelle Landry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are a popular furbearer and game species throughout their range in North America, where they serve as a top predator in many of their ecosystems. However, bobcat populations across their range declined during the 1800s and early 1900s due to overharvest. Overharvest and habitat loss in Europe also affected the Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus), resulting in the listing of all Lynx spp. under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 1977. Bobcats were listed under Appendix II, which required that state management agencies monitor their bobcat populations for stability. Since their listing, bobcat populations …

Microbial Quality And Pathogen Decontamination Strategies For Locally-Grown, Fresh Produce From West Virginia And Kentucky, Ka Wang Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality/safety of fresh produce from farmers' markets (FM) and assess the post-harvest washing practice with antimicrobials to inactivate Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh produce. In study I, 212 produce samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella and Listeria spp. using modified FDA-BAM methods. Aerobic plate counts (APCs), total coliforms (TCCs), and yeast/molds were analyzed on petri-films. Among the 212 samples, the APCs, TCCs, and yeast/molds were 3.72-5.63, 3.67-5.47, and 3.07-4.13 log CFU/g, respectively, with spinach containing the highest (P<0.05) populations. Among all tested samples, Salmonella enterica spp. enterica was detected on 18.6% of spinach, 10.9% of tomatoes, 18.5% of peppers, and 56.3% of cantaloupes, which is much higher than previous reported. Only 3.78% of the samples were confirmed for Listeria spp., and 50% of them were identified as L. monocytogenes, based on multiplex PCR results. Due to the high percentage of pathogens detected on the farmers' marker produce, an evaluation of post-harvest produce washing with various antimicrobials was conducted in study II. Specifically, spinach, tomatoes, green peppers and cucumbers were inoculated with S. Typhimurium and Tennessee or L. monocytogenes and washed in tap water, vinegar water (10%), lactic acid (5%), a lactic and citric acid blend (2.5%), and sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm) for 30 sec or unwashed. Vinegar water (10%) showed better (P<0.05) reduction of S. Typhimurium and Tennessee on tomatoes and cucumbers, and L. monocytogenes on tomatoes and peppers than tap water. The three antimicrobials reached an additional reduction level of 0.9 to 2.7 (S. Typhimurium and Tennessee) and 0.2 to 1.4 log CFU/g ( L. monocytogenes) compared to tap water. Lactic acid caused the greatest (P<0.05) reduction of S. Typhimurium and Tennessee on spinach and green peppers, and sodium hypochlorite showed the great (P<0.05) reduction of L. monocytogenes on cucumbers. The results supplied important information for FM vendors to develop post-harvest protocols to control foodborne pathogens.

Examining The Relationship Between Modifiable Risk Factors And Levels Of Functioning Among Appalachian Patients With Heart Failure, Trisha M. Petitte

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: Heart failure is becoming more prevalent in the United States due to our aging population. More than 10% of people over the age of 70 have heart failure. Risk factors include coronary artery disease (CAD), which includes myocardial infarction and angina. Hypertension precedes heart failure in 75% of cases. Risk factors for CAD include obesity, high glycemic intake, high dietary sodium intake, sedentary lifestyle, and cigarette smoking. In West Virginia, the heart failure death rate is 32.6 per 100,000 population, accounting for 3% of all deaths. The highest rates of hospitalization for heart failure in the nation are found …

Exploring Concentration And Duration Dependence In Hormesis, Maren S. Prediger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The phenomenon of hormesis, characterized by beneficial low-exposure stress-protective effects, has experienced increasing interest by the scientific community. Elucidating the underlying cellular signaling pathways that lead to a new homeostatic state can provide crucial information about new therapeutic targets to prevent and treat diseases. Commonly investigated for hormetic behavior are plant-based substances (phytochemicals), such as quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, and resveratrol. The polyphenol resveratrol, found in peanuts, grapes, and subsequently in wine, is known for a variety of effects---beneficial and detrimental---depending on the investigated cell type and concentration. In HepG2 cells, an increase in proliferation has been observed previously at …

The Use Of Concentration Of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (Amh) As An Indicator Of Reproductive Performance In Livestock Species, Adam Karl Russell Redhead

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Reproductive success is essential for high levels of animal productivity. Low fertility has been identified as one of the main constraints hindering the productivity of livestock systems. To address this problem, several tools such as genomic selection and assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have been implemented. Two of the more common ART used to improve reproductive performance are artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET). The success of these methods is highly dependent on individual animal characteristics; therefore the ability to select animals that provide high levels of reproductive success is essential. The size of the ovarian antral follicular population (AFP) …

Growing Community Gardens In The Mountain State, Mary Ryan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Community gardening is being used to address food inequality as an alternative food network. Most literature looks at community gardening in urban contexts. Less is known about community gardening in rural areas. My research was able to address how community gardening contributes to food sovereignty in WV and how garden leaders help contribute to this access to food sovereignty. Through a survey of 19 community gardens across West Virginia I show the organization and use of these gardens. Through interviews with 11 of those gardens, I was able to learn about how garden leaders' frame their gardens' goals and importance …

Plant–Insect Interactions In A Changing World, S. Pincebourde, J. Van Baaren, S. Rasmann, P. Rasmont, G. Rodet, B. Martinet, P. A. Calatayud

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Global change is resetting the spatial and ecological equilibrium of complex co-evolutionary relationships between plants and their insect herbivores. We review the mechanisms at play in the responses of plant–insect interactions to global changes, including increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, modification of land use and pollution. We distinguish between the direct effects of global changes on each partner from the indirect impacts on insects via the responses of plants. The indirect effects include a change in the nutritional quality of the plant tissues for herbivore insects, as well as a change in the microclimatic conditions at the leaf surface. …

Impact Of Supplemental Home Enteral Feeding Postesophagectomy On Nutrition, Body Composition, Quality Of Life, And Patient Satisfaction, C.L. Donohoe, L.A. Healy, M. Fanning, Suzanne Doyle, A. Mchugh, J. Moore, N. Ravi, J.V. Reynolds

Articles

The aim of this prospective cohort study is to analyze the impact of supplemental home enteral nutrition (HEN) post-esophageal cancer surgery on nutritional parameters, quality of life (QL), and patient satisfaction. A systematic review reported that over 60% of patients lose >10% of both body weight and BMI by 6 months after esophagectomy. Enteral feeding (EF) is increasingly a modern standard postoperatively; however, the impact of extended HEN postdischarge has not been systematically studied. One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients [mean age 62 ± 9, 80% male,76% adenocarcinoma, 66% on multimodal protocols, and 69% with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2] were studied. …

Do People’S Perceptions Of Neighborhood Bikeability Match “Reality”?, Liang Ma, Jennifer Dill

Urban Studies and Planning Faculty Publications and Presentations

Do people perceive the built environment the same as we objectively measure it? If not, what are the relative roles of the objective versus the perceived environment on bicycling behavior? This study, based on data from Portland, Oregon, explored the match or mismatch between the objective and perceived bicycling environment and how it affects people’s bicycling behavior. The descriptive analysis indicated a fair agreement between perceived and objective measures. Older adults, women having children, less-educated and lower-income persons, and those who bicycle less tended to perceive their high-bikeable environment (measured objectively) as being a low-bikeable environment. In addition to the …

Gvsu Undergraduate And Graduate Catalog, 2017-2018, Grand Valley State University

Course Catalogs, 1963 - Current

Grand Valley State University 2017-2018 undergraduate and/or graduate course catalog published annually to provide students with information and guidance for enrollment.