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2017

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Players' Responses To And Primary Caregivers' Perceptions Of Authoritarian And Authoritative Coaching In The Inner-City, Renee Brown Jan 2017

Players' Responses To And Primary Caregivers' Perceptions Of Authoritarian And Authoritative Coaching In The Inner-City, Renee Brown

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An abundance of research in sport-based positive youth development (PYD) indicates that coaches should be positive, promote autonomy-supportive and authoritative coaching styles, and caution the use of authoritarian leadership, while too often ignoring elements of authoritarian leadership such as discipline and structure. However, most of the studies conducted targeted middle-upper socioeconomic status (SES) suburban, White populations, with little emphasis on the inner-city underserved context. Parenting and teaching literature provides strong support for authoritarian styles in the underserved setting (Hartman & Manfa, 2015; Smetana, 2011). Similarly, the few studies conducted in the underserved sport settings show support of authoritarian styles (Brown …

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Temperature-Dependent Selenium Sorption To Mine Drainage Solids: Implication For Diel Cycling, Rebecca K. Mcgrail Jan 2017

Temperature-Dependent Selenium Sorption To Mine Drainage Solids: Implication For Diel Cycling, Rebecca K. Mcgrail

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aqueous diel cycles have been observed for a variety of elements and have recently been observed for selenium (Se). Elevated concentrations of Se have been linked to adverse biological impacts on a variety of species from fish to humans. The objective of this work was to determine the role of temperature on selenite (Se(IV)) sorption, a possible mechanism for Se diel cycles. Four solids were selected as sorbents: gray and brown overburden material from the southern West Virginia coal fields and active and passive mine drainage treatment solids. Sorption isotherms were conducted at 20 °C for all solids and at …

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Role Of Perivascular Adipose Tissue In Vascular Pathology And The Therapeutic Effect Of Exercise, Evan Ray Devallance Jan 2017

Role Of Perivascular Adipose Tissue In Vascular Pathology And The Therapeutic Effect Of Exercise, Evan Ray Devallance

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aortic compliance is important for dampening pulsatile flow and delivery of continuous flow to the periphery. Aortic compliance is regulated by extracellular matrix composition and endothelial derived nitric oxide. Disruption of aortic endothelium or extracellular matrix can lead to the development of aortic stiffness an independent risk factor of cardiac events and mortality. Over the past decade perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding the vasculature has come to light as an important regulator of artery function. The main focus of this dissertation is to evaluate the role PVAT surrounding the aorta in mediating endothelial relaxation in health and disease. Specifically, metabolic …

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Financial Decision Making, Price, And Consumer Financial Well-Being: A Multiple Methodology Inquiry Of The Cognitions, Emotional Coping Responses, And Brand Measures In The Healthcare Service Industry, Joshua D. Dorsey Jan 2017

Financial Decision Making, Price, And Consumer Financial Well-Being: A Multiple Methodology Inquiry Of The Cognitions, Emotional Coping Responses, And Brand Measures In The Healthcare Service Industry, Joshua D. Dorsey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Article 1: Financial bankruptcy, particularly those as a result of healthcare expenses, has become a pervasive issue in the United States. This article examines a basic premise for the research, that healthcare is not viewed, by consumers, consistently with other exchanges, leading to detachment and disengagement within the purchase experience (e.g., a lack of price searching and price comparison behaviors) and disadvantageous consequences for financial well-being. Subsequently, the studies test cognitive (i.e., knowledge structures) and emotional constructs (i.e., emotion regulation), with a between-subjects experimental methodology (three studies), that may further unfurl the decision process for healthcare consumers. Contributions to the …

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Development And Validation Of An Oral Health Values Scale, Cierra B. Edwards Jan 2017

Development And Validation Of An Oral Health Values Scale, Cierra B. Edwards

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Oral health values, the degree to which one demonstrates investment in improving or maintaining one's dental status, are believed to vary across individuals. Oral health values may contribute to dental treatment utilization. By assessing differences in oral health values, researchers may be better able to explain differences in dental care treatment-seeking patterns. There is limited research, however, on measuring and evaluating oral health values. This study developed and validated a new Oral Health Values Scale (OHVS) that may be used in future research efforts to understand psychosocial barriers to treatment. The study provided evidence of content validity by having experts …

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A Discussion Of Art Therapy Approaches Used In Classroom Activities To Help Students With Emotional And Behavioral Issues, Ashley Nichol Elliott Jan 2017

A Discussion Of Art Therapy Approaches Used In Classroom Activities To Help Students With Emotional And Behavioral Issues, Ashley Nichol Elliott

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this paper was to inform the reader of the benefits of using art therapy activities in art lessons as a way to help students' process emotional and behavioral issues. New and future art educators are not equipped to handle the wide range of issues that students face everyday. This is especially true for the students in the West Virginia public school system. As in larger, more urban locations, many students here deal with drugs, violence, bullying, abuse, and others contemporary social stressors. In this paper, I utilized my own personal experiences, literary research, experimentation, and observations of …

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Characterizing Risk Factors Of Adolescent Electronic Cigarette Use, Paul T. Enlow Jan 2017

Characterizing Risk Factors Of Adolescent Electronic Cigarette Use, Paul T. Enlow

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs, electronic vapor products) rose dramatically in the United States over the past decade and a half, most notably among high school students. This increase in use, coupled with concerns about renormalization of smoking and potential health risks, has raised concern that e-cigs represent a growing public health risk. Unfortunately, there is limited research on risk factors for e-cig use among teens, and many studies have methodological flaws that are unaddressed. The primary aim of the current study is to apply an empirically tested theory of health-risk behaviors in adolescents, Problem Behavior Theory (PBT), to lifetime- …

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Child-Care Directors' Years Of Experience In Relation To The Activities Subscale Score On The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-R, Angelica Everetts Jan 2017

Child-Care Directors' Years Of Experience In Relation To The Activities Subscale Score On The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-R, Angelica Everetts

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study focused on examining the relationship between the child-care directors' years of experience in relation to the Activities subscale on the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-R. The data used in the study was from the Quality Rating and Improvement for West Virginia Child-Care grant, which was funded by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. The participants included 175 4-year-old classrooms across West Virginia. The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale contains 43 items across seven subscales. This scale was used to measure the activities score of the 4-year-old classrooms. There was no significant relationship found between the …

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An Examination Of The Consultation Component Of A Training Protocol For Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, Carrie B. Jackson Jan 2017

An Examination Of The Consultation Component Of A Training Protocol For Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, Carrie B. Jackson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There is a growing need to train clinicians in evidence-based treatments (EBTs) to increase the accessibility of research-informed treatments in community settings (Herschell, Kolko, Baumann, & Davis, 2010). Multi-component trainings, which commonly include ongoing support, are more effective than one-day workshops, reading treatment manuals, and other brief training methods. The present study examines the effectiveness of one form of ongoing support, consultation, as part of a multi-component training protocol. Thirty-two community-based clinicians were trained in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) as part of a statewide implementation effort, and data were collected on several training (e.g., knowledge) and implementation (e.g., acceptability) outcomes …

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A Study Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials At High Temperature Using An Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, Mahfuzur Rahman Jony Jan 2017

A Study Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials At High Temperature Using An Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, Mahfuzur Rahman Jony

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising energy conversion devices, but their economic viability depends on long term stability of the SOFC materials at the high operating temperatures. The in-situ study of materials degradation faces a great challenge because of the unavailability of analytical methods at those high temperatures. The traditional analytical techniques for degradation measurements are widely based on post-mortem studies. The cells or cell materials are cooled down to room temperature and are then subjected to microscopy-based methods. Combining post-mortem analyses with cell modelling, several studies have reported the following microstructural degradations: (a) Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM) particles, …

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A Delphi On Drowning Prevention Education Research, Adam Bradley Katchmarchi Jan 2017

A Delphi On Drowning Prevention Education Research, Adam Bradley Katchmarchi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: The World Health Organization's Global Drowning Report (2014) listed action steps to reduce drowning globally, with the last action step highlighting the need to address priority research with well-designed studies. While drowning injury and fatality rates remain largely unchanged in recent years in the United States, existing research has not developed a supportive foundation to identify priority research questions.;Purpose: The purpose of this study was to conduct a 3-round Delphi procedure to determine and prioritize future research questions associated with drowning prevention education in the United States.;Design & Methodology: This research employed a 3-round Delphi procedure to (1) survey …

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#Physical Activity: Influencing Parent Behavior Change Through Social Media, Adam Keath Jan 2017

#Physical Activity: Influencing Parent Behavior Change Through Social Media, Adam Keath

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: Parents play a major role in supporting physical activity in and around the home, creating a home environment that encourages physical activity as well as participation in activity with their children and supporting children's physically active lifestyles are important areas of concern for health promotion. Despite support for family-based interventions, there is still little evidence to demonstrate the most effective ways of targeting families with physical activity interventions. Social media has been one area of promise for connecting with parent participants in physical activity interventions. Sites like Facebook have an existing high prevalence of parent users and offer media-rich …

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Knowledge Of Applied Behavior Analysis Principles As An Outcome Of Instructional Coaching, Cristin Ketley Jan 2017

Knowledge Of Applied Behavior Analysis Principles As An Outcome Of Instructional Coaching, Cristin Ketley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Training teachers to use evidence-based practices using instructional coaching is a major component of the Competent Learner Model (CLM). CLM strives to create sustainable educational programs for students with challenging behavioral and educational needs and uses coaching to teach the implementation and basic principles of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). This study used a knowledge test and additional survey items to find out what level of knowledge participants (N=154) had about principles of ABA following instructional coaching. It was discovered that the frequency of coaching and methods used by the coach was not significantly related to the level of knowledge participants …

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Data Conversion Within Energy Constrained Environments, Brandon M. Kelly Jan 2017

Data Conversion Within Energy Constrained Environments, Brandon M. Kelly

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Within scientific research, engineering, and consumer electronics, there is a multitude of new discrete sensor-interfaced devices. Maintaining high accuracy in signal quantization while staying within the strict power-budget of these devices is a very challenging problem. Traditional paths to solving this problem include researching more energy-efficient digital topologies as well as digital scaling.;This work offers an alternative path to lower-energy expenditure in the quantization stage --- content-dependent sampling of a signal. Instead of sampling at a constant rate, this work explores techniques which allow sampling based upon features of the signal itself through the use of application-dependent analog processing. This …

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Ripple Effect Mapping Of Youth & Adult Dyad Pairs Demonstrating Community Impact From Icook 4-H Intervention, Sina J.E. King Jan 2017

Ripple Effect Mapping Of Youth & Adult Dyad Pairs Demonstrating Community Impact From Icook 4-H Intervention, Sina J.E. King

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Introduction: Creating effective dissemination and implementation tools within community based, obesity prevention research is needed to bridge the current science to practice gap. Ripple Effect Mapping (REM) using Community Capitals Framework (CCF) is a community impact evaluation tool that is hypothesized to positively capture activity during dissemination within community programs. Although REM is a proposed impact evaluation method, it has not been widely adopted within the research sector. In order to facilitate the translation of research into evidenced based practice, a stepwise process must be described and tested to determine efficacy and effectiveness, followed by a method to translate findings …

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The Lived Experience Of Establishing A Home After A Period Of Homelessness, Monica Iaquinta Jan 2017

The Lived Experience Of Establishing A Home After A Period Of Homelessness, Monica Iaquinta

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the structure of meaning of the lived experience of establishing a home after a period of homelessness. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted using a unique line of inquiry based upon story theory and hermeneutic phenomenology. Questions were posed beginning with the present daily life in a home, followed by the previous experience of homelessness, and ending with establishing a home in the future. Stories were reconstructed, using the participant's own words, and confirmed during a second interview. The data analysis strategies were rooted in the theoretical framework including identifying essential statements, …

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Gas Composition Effects In A Ci Engine Converted To Si Natural Gas Operation, Hemanth Kumar Bommisetty Jan 2017

Gas Composition Effects In A Ci Engine Converted To Si Natural Gas Operation, Hemanth Kumar Bommisetty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Low-carbon fuels such as natural gas (NG) have the potential to lower the demand of petroleum-based fuels, reduce engine-out emissions, and increase IC engine thermal efficiency. One of the most rapid and efficient use of NG in the transportation sector would be as a direct replacement of the diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines without any major engine modifications to the combustion chamber such as new pistons and/or engine head. An issue is the large variation in NG composition with the location and age of the gas well across U.S., which would affect engine operation, as well as the …

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Evaluating Steam Conditioning Manipulations And Grain Expressed Enzymes Effects On Feed Manufacturing Metrics, Feed Hygiene, Broiler Performance, And Bone Mineralization, John William Boney Jan 2017

Evaluating Steam Conditioning Manipulations And Grain Expressed Enzymes Effects On Feed Manufacturing Metrics, Feed Hygiene, Broiler Performance, And Bone Mineralization, John William Boney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Animal well-being, evolving feed manufacturing regulatory programs, and consumer perception drive the continued need to provide safe feed to animals. Considering the performance benefits associated with feeding pelleted feed, the concepts of hygienic feed production and production of highly durable pellets may interact to benefit the broiler chicken. In addition to hygienic and physical attributes, poultry nutrition may be enhanced by cereal grains expressing enzymatic activity. These additives may provide additional opportunities to support dietary phosphorus (P) requirements in growing broilers, further contributing to improved animal welfare conditions in an economically favorable manner. In order to study the effects of …

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In Vitro Study Of Retentive Properties Of Different Overdenture Attachment Systems On Straight And Divergent Dental Implants, Khalid Abdullaziz Azzouz Jan 2017

In Vitro Study Of Retentive Properties Of Different Overdenture Attachment Systems On Straight And Divergent Dental Implants, Khalid Abdullaziz Azzouz

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objectives: To evaluate the retention of Locator R-TX (ZEST Anchors LLC, Escondido, CA USA), Locator (ZEST Anchors LLC, Escondido, CA USA) and GPS (Implant Direct Sybron International, LLC, California, USA) dental implant attachment systems on parallel and divergent implants after sixteen months of simulated cyclic wear.;Methods: 30 acrylic blocks representing mandibular arches were used. Two Locator R-TX, two Locator, or two GPS abutment analogs were placed parallel or with 10 degrees of divergence in each block. The associated housings were picked up in corresponding acrylic blocks with clear Orthodontic resin (Dentsply GAC, Islandia, NY USA). The black processing liners in …

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Novel Mechanisms Controlling The Expression Of The Antidiabetic Hepatokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 21, Kimberly M. Alonge Jan 2017

Novel Mechanisms Controlling The Expression Of The Antidiabetic Hepatokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 21, Kimberly M. Alonge

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The incidence of obesity has increased at an alarming rate during the past thirty years. Current therapies for the treatment and prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome are ineffective and/or produce undesirable side effects. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver derived hormone that mediates adaptive changes in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by elevating energy expenditure and reducing lipid storage. Pharmacological administration of FGF21 analogs in both animal and human models induces striking reversals of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the activity of FGF21 analogs exhibit short half-lives in blood circulation and are unsuitable for current treatment. …

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Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Amine Functionalized Carbonaceous Materials From Bio-Refinery Waste Streams, Emmanuel Atta-Obeng Jan 2017

Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Amine Functionalized Carbonaceous Materials From Bio-Refinery Waste Streams, Emmanuel Atta-Obeng

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One of the greatest challenges in the world today is to replace exhaustible fossil fuel resources with renewable alternatives that will satisfy the increasing worldwide energy and chemical demands in a sustainable way. Using renewable precursors has a low impact on environmental health since it reduces pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and limits global warming and problems associated with waste management. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most available feedstock for developing sustainable chemicals and energy. A major challenge to the efficiency of the forest biorefinery industry is lack of suitable technologies for the conversion of its waste or by-products (lignin and hemicelluloses) …

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Interactions Between Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles, Their Fungal Symbionts And The Native Trees They Attack In The Eastern United States, Matthew C. Berger Jan 2017

Interactions Between Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles, Their Fungal Symbionts And The Native Trees They Attack In The Eastern United States, Matthew C. Berger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In a globalized world, wood products are constantly being shipped from one location to another, along with tiny hitchhikers in the form of insects and microorganisms. Euwallacea validus is a fungus-farming ambrosia beetle native to East Asia that likely made its way to the United States in wood packaging materials in the latter half of the twentieth century. E. validus cultivates two fungal symbionts in the U.S., an unnamed Fusarium sp. (AF-4) and Raffaelea subfusca. Fusarium symbionts of Euwallacea ambrosia beetles as well as Raffaelea symbionts of closely related ambrosia beetles have incited widespread disease on more than one-hundred hosts …

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Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2017, Tennessee. Department Of Correction Jan 2017

Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2017, Tennessee. Department Of Correction

Annual Reports

This document is the annual report for the Tennessee Department of Correction during the fiscal year.

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Monitoring And Control Framework For Advanced Power Plant Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ghassan Khalil Ismaeel Al-Sinbol Jan 2017

Monitoring And Control Framework For Advanced Power Plant Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ghassan Khalil Ismaeel Al-Sinbol

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation presents the design, development, and simulation testing of a monitoring and control framework for dynamic systems using artificial intelligence techniques. A comprehensive monitoring and control system capable of detecting, identifying, evaluating, and accommodating various subsystem failures and upset conditions is presented. The system is developed by synergistically merging concepts inspired from the biological immune system with evolutionary optimization algorithms and adaptive control techniques.;The proposed methodology provides the tools for addressing the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the modern power plants in a comprehensive and integrated manner that classical approaches cannot achieve. Current approaches typically address abnormal condition (AC) detection …

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Men Faculty Engagement In Gender Equity Work In Stem: The Radicalization Of "Doing The Right Thing", Amena Oliver Anderson Jan 2017

Men Faculty Engagement In Gender Equity Work In Stem: The Radicalization Of "Doing The Right Thing", Amena Oliver Anderson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This grounded theory study explores the sparsely examined phenomenon of men faculty engagement in gender equity work through the National Science Foundation's (NSF) ADVANCE project and one of its program innovations, Men Faculty Advocates and Allies (A & A). The A & A initiative recruits two categories of men faculty---advocates and allies---to engage in a program of work designed to heighten awareness about gender inequity and redress it through strategic efforts at the individual, departmental, and institutional level. Advocates are usually senior faculty or program administrators from within and outside of STEM fields. They assume the greater part of the …

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Efficacy Of Self-Directed Exposure Using Smart Phone Technology: First Versus Third Person Perspective, Matthew C. Arias Jan 2017

Efficacy Of Self-Directed Exposure Using Smart Phone Technology: First Versus Third Person Perspective, Matthew C. Arias

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Exposure therapy, including its self-directed forms, is effective for treatment of specific phobias. Nevertheless, there are issues with patient adherence in the use of exposure therapy, including its self-directed formats. Technological advancements, as with smartphones, may improve adherence to self-directed exposure therapy, perhaps due to exposure stimuli being more readily accessible. Thus, there is a need to examine how presenting phobic material on a smartphone might promote increased adherence in conducting self-directed exposure. Additionally, exposure can incorporate phobic material from different perspectives (i.e., first-person or third-person), which is one factor that may impact treatment effectiveness. Participants (N = 36) were …

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Clarifying Concepts In Cognitive Dissonance Theory, Eddie Harmon-Jones Jan 2017

Clarifying Concepts In Cognitive Dissonance Theory, Eddie Harmon-Jones

Animal Sentience

This commentary on Zentall’s target article focuses primarily on clarifying some postulates and variables in cognitive dissonance theory. I discuss the adaptive motivational functions of dissonance arousal and dissonance reduction, and attempt to clarify some past dissonance experiments and to tease apart a dissonance theory and contrast explanation of effort-justification-type effects. The evidence and arguments reviewed here support the explanatory power of cognitive dissonance theory in a wide variety of circumstances in human and nonhuman animals, but they depend on first defining concepts such as “cognitions” quite broadly, as Festinger did when he originally proposed the theory.

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Mandates Of Maternity At A Science Museum, From Should To Must, David H. Lee Jan 2017

Mandates Of Maternity At A Science Museum, From Should To Must, David H. Lee

Publications and Research

A pregnancy exhibit at a science museum is an opportunity to research how medical advice is communicated and interpreted. This paper is about the Beginning of Life area of an exhibition called The Amazing You at the Tampa Museum of Science and Industry, where exhibits are prescriptive as well as descriptive. Expectant women are urged to deliver full-term, normal birthweight babies, by behaving according to prescribed medical norms. This study provides ethnographic descriptions of the exhibits, as well as insights from museum visitors who were interviewed. The exhibits, which emphasize fetal rights and maternal duties, are interpreted and critiqued by …

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Human Services Students Preferences For Master's Level Training, Tammi F. Dice, Mark C. Rehfuss Jan 2017

Human Services Students Preferences For Master's Level Training, Tammi F. Dice, Mark C. Rehfuss

Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications

Human Services students close to graduation are seeking employment in the field, but many are also considering their future career paths and the training needed to reach their long-term career goals. Knowing if bachelor's level students desire graduate degrees, which focus they prefer, and how they would like to pursue the degrees may contribute to the decision-making of educators, employers, and students. This exploratory study, therefore, examined human services students' preferences for master's level training. Students' responses reflected preferences for several types of master's programs, direct acceptance, and online delivery. These themes and their implications for educators, employers, and students …

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Barriers To Counseling Among Human Service Professionals: The Development And Validation Of The Fit, Stigma, & Value Scale, Edward S. Neukrug, Michael T. Kalkbrenner, Sandy-Ann M. Griffith Jan 2017

Barriers To Counseling Among Human Service Professionals: The Development And Validation Of The Fit, Stigma, & Value Scale, Edward S. Neukrug, Michael T. Kalkbrenner, Sandy-Ann M. Griffith

Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications

This study sought to confirm rates of attendance in counseling of human service professionals and validate a 32-item questionnaire designed to identify barriers to counseling seeking behavior among this population. Results indicated that a large percentage of human service professionals attend counseling, with males and females attending at similar rates and non-Caucasians attending at lower rates. A multivariate analysis of variance and descriptive statistics identified the most common barriers to attendance in counseling and examined demographic differences in participants’ sensitivity towards barriers to attendance in counseling. A Principal Factor Analysis (PFA) revealed three subscales (fit, value, and stigma), which we …

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