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Molecular Strong Field Ionization Viewed With Photoelectron Velocity Map Imaging, Peter Sandor Dec 2016

Molecular Strong Field Ionization Viewed With Photoelectron Velocity Map Imaging, Peter Sandor

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In this thesis, work is presented on molecular strong-field ionization, during which an electron is removed from polyatomic molecules in the presence of strong laser fields. This is a process which is the basis of a number of experimental techniques to uncover electronic dynamics in atoms and molecules on the femtosecond and attosecond timescale. ’Strong’ refers to an electric field strength which leads to a response from the system which can not be modeled perturbatively. These fields can be easily produced in the focus of femtosecond laser radiation, as is done in this work. With the use of velocity map …

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Funneling Electron Beams From Gallium Arsenide Photocathodes, Omer Habib Rahman Dec 2016

Funneling Electron Beams From Gallium Arsenide Photocathodes, Omer Habib Rahman

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) is the most widely used source of polarized electrons around the world. Electrons are extracted from a GaAs surface, terminated by a cesium-oxygen layer. The electrons are accelerated to form a beam by a DC electric field. This beam can ionize residual gas in the chamber, and the DC field accelerates the resulting ions into the cathode surface, damaging the Cesium- Oxygen layer. This process, called Ion Back Bombardment, is the dominant mechanism for limiting photocathode lifetime. As a result, high average current operation yields charge lifetimes too low to be used in a collider design. One …

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Studies Of Entanglement Entropy, And Relativistic Fluids For Thermal Field Theories, Michael Spillane Dec 2016

Studies Of Entanglement Entropy, And Relativistic Fluids For Thermal Field Theories, Michael Spillane

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In this dissertation we consider physical consequences of adding a finite temperature to quantum field theories. At small length scales entanglement is a critically important feature. It is therefore unsurprising that entanglement entropy and Renyi entropy are useful tools in studying quantum phase transition, and quantum information. In this thesis we consider the corrections to entanglement and Renyi entropies due to addition of a finite temperature. n this dissertation we consider physical consequences of adding a finite temperature to quantum field theories. At small length scales entanglement is a critically important feature. It is therefore unsurprising that entanglement entropy and …

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Investigations In The Crystal Growth And Neutron Scattering Of Superconductors And A Relaxor Ferroelectric, John Schneeloch Dec 2016

Investigations In The Crystal Growth And Neutron Scattering Of Superconductors And A Relaxor Ferroelectric, John Schneeloch

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In this dissertation, I present research on four materials with properties that are not well understood, and illustrate the many roles inhomogeneity and disorder may play in material properties. First, we investigated materials synthesis and annealing conditions of the proposed topological superconductor CuxBi2Se3, finding that quenching above a minimum temperature was essential for superconductivity. Due to the inhomogeneity of CuxBi2Se3, we suggest that a metastable secondary phase may be responsible for the superconductivity. Second, we performed neutron scattering measurements on samples in the Fe1+yTe1−xSex family of iron-based superconductors, focusing on the anomalous phonon mode recently discovered near Bragg peaks forbidden …

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Electron Source Based On Superconducting Rf, Tianmu Xin Dec 2016

Electron Source Based On Superconducting Rf, Tianmu Xin

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

High-bunch-charge photoemission electron-sources operating in a Continuous Wave (CW) mode can provide high peak current as well as the high average current which are required for many advanced applications of accelerators facilities, for example, electron coolers for hadron beams, electron-ion colliders, and Free-Electron Lasers (FELs). Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) has many advantages over other electron-injector technologies, especially when it is working in CW mode as it offers higher repetition rate. An 112 MHz SRF electron photo-injector (gun) was developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to produce high-brightness and high-bunch-charge bunches for electron cooling experiments. The gun utilizes a Quarter-Wave Resonator …

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Measurement Of Dielectron Invariant Mass Spectra In $Au+Au$ Collisions At $\Sqrt{S_{Nn}}=200gev$ With Hbd In Phenix, Jiayin Sun Dec 2016

Measurement Of Dielectron Invariant Mass Spectra In $Au+Au$ Collisions At $\Sqrt{S_{Nn}}=200gev$ With Hbd In Phenix, Jiayin Sun

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Dileptons are emitted throughout the entire space-time evolution of heavy ion collisions. Being colorless, these electromagnetic probes do not participate in the final-state strong interactions during the passage through the hot medium, and retain the information on the conditions of their creation. This characteristic renders them valuable tools for studying the properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma created during ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. The invariant mass spectra of dileptons contain a wealth of information on every stage of the evolution of heavy ion collisions. At low mass, dilepton spectra consist mainly of light meson decays. The medium modification of the …

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Applications Of Tensor Network Algorithms In Quantum Many-Body Physics, Colin Gareth West Dec 2016

Applications Of Tensor Network Algorithms In Quantum Many-Body Physics, Colin Gareth West

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The classical simulation of many-body quantum systems is an essential tool in understanding many fundamental aspects of condensed matter physics. But a major obstacle arises from the number of degrees of freedom involved in describing such systems, which is exponential in the system size. Recently, however, a class of numerical techniques based on structures called "tensor networks" has emerged, which allows many "typical" quantum states (such as the ground states of gapped, local Hamiltonians) to be represented much more efficiently. In this work we extend and apply these techniques to consider several central topics in quantum many-body physics. After reviewing …

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The Study Of Nonequilibrium Dissipative Quantum Dynamics And Its Applications To Energy Transport And Quantum Information Processes, Zhedong Zhang Dec 2016

The Study Of Nonequilibrium Dissipative Quantum Dynamics And Its Applications To Energy Transport And Quantum Information Processes, Zhedong Zhang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Nonequilibrium quantum physics is of fundamental importance and interest. It is still an extremely hard issue even in today's theoretical physics because of the lack of the knowledge on the basic theories, like the nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. The recent advances on theory and experiments reveal the essentiality of nonequilibrium quantum dynamics on explaining as well as understanding many interesting phenomenon, i.e. | the ultrafast energy transfer \& long-survived quantum coherence in organic molecules, quantum phase transition and the novel transport properties of superfluid gas at low temperature. Here we will focus on the nonequilibrium quantum dynamics relaxing towards the …

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Searching For Dark Sectors, Yiming Zhong Dec 2016

Searching For Dark Sectors, Yiming Zhong

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The existence of Dark Matter suggests the presence of a dark sector, consisting of particles neutral under all Standard Model forces. Various “portals†can connect the dark sector to the Standard Model sector. Two popular examples are the vector portal, which gives rise to a “dark photon†(A′), and the Higgs portal, which gives rise to a “dark Higgs†. Such dark forces appear in many well-motivated extensions of the Standard Model. In some cases, they may resolve discrepancies between experimental data and theoretical predictions, such as the muon anomalous magnetic moment. We show that dark sectors and forces can …

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A Study Of Vector Boson Scattering Process In The Semi-Leptonic Final State And Limits On Anomalous Quartic Gauge Coupling, Aungshuman Zaman Dec 2016

A Study Of Vector Boson Scattering Process In The Semi-Leptonic Final State And Limits On Anomalous Quartic Gauge Coupling, Aungshuman Zaman

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In this dissertation we look into the vector boson scattering process in the semi-leptonic channel using 20.2 $fb^{−1}$ of 2012 proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV coming from the Large Hadron Collider. The final state considered is WVjj (V=W,Z) where the W decays into a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino and the other vector boson decays hadronically. The analysis requires one charged lepton, missing transverse energy and four jets, two of which are forward jets with a large invariant mass. Expected limits on the anomalous quartic gauge coupling (aQGC) parameters were estimated using Whizard+Pythia8 Monte …

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"The Cradle Of Things": Origins And Ontogenesis In The Late Landscapes Of Gustave Courbet, Nicole Georgopulos Dec 2016

"The Cradle Of Things": Origins And Ontogenesis In The Late Landscapes Of Gustave Courbet, Nicole Georgopulos

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

In the spring of 1864, Gustave Courbet returned to his home region of Franche-Comté and painted a series of landscapes that took as their subjects various natural points of origin: grottoes, caves, waterfalls, etc. Through his loose and expressive facture, Courbet renders visible in these landscapes the ongoing becoming of the world, investigating the nature of origination and evolution. Courbet’s interest in such subjects comes just two years after the publication of the French translation of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, which irreversibly unsettled the traditional understanding of humankind’s position within the world. The early years of evolutionary …

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Landscape Network, Xiao Sheng Dec 2016

Landscape Network, Xiao Sheng

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Wen Zhengming’s Deep Snow in Guanshan Mountains, as many other landscape paintings in China, is usually interpreted and appreciated as the spirituality extended from the artist. It also relates the common value of aesthetics come from traditional Chinese philosophy, and the value system completes itself as a mature system of appreciating artworks. However, since traditional literature of art criticism and appreciation in China tends to be generalized, concise, and implicative, and there are certain viewpoints that are tacitly agreed among artists and art critics, it is often self-evident for people who are familiar with the system of Chinese aesthetics, but …

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Hito Steyerl's "Duty-Free Art" As Politics And Pedagogy, Rachel Carina Sigismondi Dec 2016

Hito Steyerl's "Duty-Free Art" As Politics And Pedagogy, Rachel Carina Sigismondi

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

How does contemporary art engage the contemporary, exactly? Artist Hito Steyerl actively engages this question in her recent works. One might notice upon visiting a Hito Steyerl exhibition that her video works often include recordings of lectures she has given to live audiences in art spaces. Because Steyerl is engaged in this pedagogical practice as an artist, can it be considered contemporary art? Steyerl’s written, lectured, and visual works engage the contemporary moment prodigiously, and cannot be eschewed in an analysis of the perpetually evolving nature of contemporary art. With the use of critical, theoretical and formal analytical tools, this …

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Transverse Movements Of The Components Of The Lipid Bilayer, Jamie Lebarron Dec 2016

Transverse Movements Of The Components Of The Lipid Bilayer, Jamie Lebarron

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Cell membranes are a complex mixture often composed of approximately equal parts lipid and protein molecules. Lipids are amphipathic, having polar headgroups that prefer to associate with water and hydrophobic tails that self-associate away from water. As a result, the lipids in cell membranes exist in the form of a lipid bilayer, with lipid polar headgroups facing outwards towards water and tails grouped together in the middle. Proteins embedded in this bilayer facilitate the movement of molecules across this barrier. The molecules that form the membrane have an asymmetric distribution, with different lipids being preferentially found on one side of …

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€˜My Kind Of Partisan’ €“ The Role Of Party Leaders In Shaping Party Attachments | ‘My Kind Of Partisan’ – The Role Of Party Leaders In Shaping Party Attachments, Alexa Bankert Dec 2016

€˜My Kind Of Partisan’ €“ The Role Of Party Leaders In Shaping Party Attachments | ‘My Kind Of Partisan’ – The Role Of Party Leaders In Shaping Party Attachments, Alexa Bankert

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Hardly any political scientist would disagree that partisanship is a key variable in political behavior research: It predicts vote choice, political attitudes and core values as well as party leader evaluations and political activism. We observe these effects especially among strong partisans – a segment of the American electorate that has notably increased in recent years. While the consequences of strong partisanship for political behavior are well-known, we still lack a theoretical framework as well as corresponding empirical evidence that explains why some partisans are deeply attached to their party whereas others lack that type of strong commitment. I address …

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Partisanship, Political Information, And Money, Jeeyoung Park Dec 2016

Partisanship, Political Information, And Money, Jeeyoung Park

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This dissertation contains three parts - three papers. My dissertation tries to bridge the gap between two perspectives: the socio-psychological model and the rational choice model in voting behavior. The first part investigates how partisans behave in the prediction market. Using an agent-based model, my simulation results show that participants’ initial beliefs about a candidate’s winning probability, confirmation biases in accepting information, and monetary incentives strongly increase changes in participants’ beliefs about the electoral outcome captured by price volatility in the prediction market. The second part explores the microfoundation about individuals’ behavioral motivations in evaluating political candidates. My experimental results …

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The Impact Of Campaign Finance On Roll Call Behavior, Voter Perceptions, And Democratic Responsiveness, David Stack Dec 2016

The Impact Of Campaign Finance On Roll Call Behavior, Voter Perceptions, And Democratic Responsiveness, David Stack

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Levels of partisanship and polarization within Congress are at high levels. However, this development defies the expectation of Downsian models. My dissertation attributes polarization to the activity of political donors. Using a database of over 13.5 million individual donors, I use advanced time series models to show that donors have been increasingly rewarding Republicans who toe the party line. In the second section of my dissertation, I explore how incumbent politicians may be using these campaign contributions to offset any potential electoral penalties for excessive partisanship. My examination of survey evidence shows that incumbents may be using campaign spending to …

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The Art Of Democracy, George Seurat As A Mirror Of His Age, Lai Wei Dec 2016

The Art Of Democracy, George Seurat As A Mirror Of His Age, Lai Wei

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The thesis discuss about the ideal of democracy in the art of George Seurat, a French Post- Impressionist artist in late 19th Century. Seurat has been commonly read as an artist of “scientific†method. This paper explores the definition and perception of “science†in Seurat’s lived social historical environment. It also evaluates whether his methods are authentically scientific by examining his sources of his methods. My argument is instead of defining Seurat as scientific, “democratic†would be a more accurate description. Seurat’s democratic attitudes are demonstrated by his selection of subject matter, his methods of production, and the influence of …

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Quando La Letteratura Si Incrocia Con L'Architettura, Violanda Franzese Dec 2016

Quando La Letteratura Si Incrocia Con L'Architettura, Violanda Franzese

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Abstract of the Thesis Quando la letteratura si incrocia con l’architettura by Violanda Franzese Master of Arts in Italian Stony Brook University 2016 Premessa Con questa tesi cercherò di spiegare la relazione tra letteratura e architettura e il ruolo dell’architettura nella letteratura. Come sono collegate le due discipline? Tra i più evidenti e famosi esempi di questo legame si trovano nelle opere di: Charles Dickens che nel romanzo di Oliver Twist descrive le case popolari di Londra; Victor Hugo che mette la cattedrale gotica di Notre-Dame al centro del suo racconto; James Joyce che usa la città di Dublino come …

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Is There Such A Thing As Too Much Democracy? : The Downsides Of Democratizing State Courts, Justine Rose D'Elia-Kueper Dec 2016

Is There Such A Thing As Too Much Democracy? : The Downsides Of Democratizing State Courts, Justine Rose D'Elia-Kueper

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Much of the empirical work on judicial selection at the state level has failed to uncover any negative consequences of selecting judges in competitive elections. This dissertation examines three previously unconsidered potential consequences of using elections to select and reselect judges. Specifically, this dissertation examines whether voters in judicial elections are influenced by factors beyond the control of individual judges, whether elected judges are systematically less affected by the facts of the case than are appointed judges, and whether the practice of electing judges is harmful to minority rights. This dissertation uncovers evidence that suggests, while many of these consequences …

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Self-Control, Context, And Health-Impairing Behaviors: Understanding Addiction Risk, Melissa Auerbach Dec 2016

Self-Control, Context, And Health-Impairing Behaviors: Understanding Addiction Risk, Melissa Auerbach

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Self-control failure is a potent predictor of unhealthful behaviors such as drinking and smoking and a risk factor for addiction. Although research examining self-control failure among addicted individuals is growing, less is known about non-addicted people who fail at controlling health behavior. Social-cognitive models are often used to examine health behaviors among non-addicted individuals. However, health behavior theories tend to be trait-based and underemphasize the role of context. It is important to take into account the influence of situational factors (e.g. | stress, fatigue, and negative mood) when understanding the association of dispositional self-control and health-impairing behaviors. This study seeks …

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Predicting Romantic Relationship Formation With Targets Of Initial Attraction, Marie Braasch Chelberg Dec 2016

Predicting Romantic Relationship Formation With Targets Of Initial Attraction, Marie Braasch Chelberg

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The current research explored potential predictors of romantic relationship formation with a particular target of romantic interest. Possible predictors were derived from a variety of close relationship theories, including Social Penetration Theory, the Investment Model, and the Risk Regulation System. In the main study, single participants who were romantically interested in someone reported on their experiences with the target of interest and were followed-up with for 6 months to determine if they formed a relationship with the target. A factor analysis of the possible predictors yielded three factors – a Closeness/Low Risk factor that included reciprocal liking, mutual self-disclosure, and …

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Examining The Effects Of Binegativity On Components Of Sexual Identity And Internalizing Symptomatology Among Bisexual Women Using A Longitudinal Study Design, Christina Dyar Dec 2016

Examining The Effects Of Binegativity On Components Of Sexual Identity And Internalizing Symptomatology Among Bisexual Women Using A Longitudinal Study Design, Christina Dyar

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Recent research indicates that experiences of binegativity (stigmatization of bisexuals) have detrimental impacts on components of sexual identity (e.g. | sexual identity uncertainty and internalized binegativity) and mental health (e.g. | internalizing symptoms, substance abuse). The current study is the first to longitudinally examine the impact of experiences of binegativity on components of sexual identity and mental health. 180 cisgender bisexual women completed three surveys assessing a total of four timepoints. Results indicate that experiences of binegativity predict subsequent increases in internalized binegativity, which in turn, predict increases in sexual identity uncertainty and strength of identification as heterosexual and lesbian …

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A Comparison Of Two Theoretical Approaches To Addressing Ageism: Education And Extended Contact, Ashley Elizabeth Lytle Dec 2016

A Comparison Of Two Theoretical Approaches To Addressing Ageism: Education And Extended Contact, Ashley Elizabeth Lytle

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Ageism continues to be a widespread problem and is of increasing concern given the growing older population worldwide and youth-centered focus of many societies. Despite the need for a better understanding of attitudes towards older adults, ageism is a relatively understudied area of social psychology. This dissertation sought, for the first time, to compare two theoretical approaches to addressing ageism: education about aging (providing accurate information about aging) and extended contact (knowledge of positive intergenerational contact) as well as their potential combined impact (education plus extended contact). Across two studies, participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions: …

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Characterization Of Structural Defects In Wide Band-Gap Compound Materials For Semiconductor And Opto-Electronic Applications, Ouloide Yannick Goue Dec 2016

Characterization Of Structural Defects In Wide Band-Gap Compound Materials For Semiconductor And Opto-Electronic Applications, Ouloide Yannick Goue

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Single crystals of binary and ternary compounds are touted to replace silicon for specialized applications in the semiconductor industry. However, the relative high density of structural defects in those crystals has hampered the performance of devices built on them. In order to enhance the performance of those devices, structurally perfect single crystals must be grown. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the interplay between crystal growth process and crystal quality as well as structural defect types and transport property. To this end, the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part provides a general review of the …

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Evolution Of Surface Morphology And Chemistry In Zno Thin Films And Steel Surfaces Studied By Synchrotron X-Ray Spectroscopy And Imaging, Hua Jiang Dec 2016

Evolution Of Surface Morphology And Chemistry In Zno Thin Films And Steel Surfaces Studied By Synchrotron X-Ray Spectroscopy And Imaging, Hua Jiang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Thin film and surface treatment play an important role in developing materials with unique properties. They have been widely used in energy generation and storage, optical devices, LEDS, electrical semiconductor devices, etc. The stability and functionality of them under operational environment are important, especially the surface morphology and chemical evolution at micro-scale. This information is critical to understand the behaviors of the materials under various environments for a wide range of applications. Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) are suitable techniques on investigating surface morphology and chemical evolution. Here, we use both techniques to investigate …

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Novel Processing Of Ceramics With Polymorphic Control, Gagan Jodhani Dec 2016

Novel Processing Of Ceramics With Polymorphic Control, Gagan Jodhani

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Polymorphism is an important phenomenon exhibited by many materials, including ceramic oxides. The availability of multiple structural configurations for the same chemical composition opens the pathway to a large number of phases with distinct properties. The formation of the crystal structures can be directly correlated to the processing temperature and/or pressure as well as the particle size for nanomaterials. This work focuses on the tailored synthesis of the desired polymorphs of binary and ternary metal oxides through nanoscale processes with emphasis on flame spray pyrolysis. Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is a scalable nano-manufacturing process used for the synthesis of oxide …

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Assessment Of Thermal Spray Coatings For Wear And Abrasion Resistance Applications, Ishaan Nitin Karode Dec 2016

Assessment Of Thermal Spray Coatings For Wear And Abrasion Resistance Applications, Ishaan Nitin Karode

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Thermal spray cermet and metallic coatings are extensively used for wear, abrasion and corrosion control in a variety of industries. The first part of the thesis focuses mainly on testing of sand erosion resistance of thermal spray coatings on carbon composites used in the manufacture of helicopter rotor blades. The test set-up employed is a sand blasting machine and is an effort to duplicate the in-flight conditions especially those encountered in hot arid conditions. The technique adopted follows the Department of Defence test method standard. Carbon Composites have excellent stiffness, strength and low weight/density. The strength to weight ratio is …

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Evolution Of Immiscibly Blended Functionalized Polymers With Respect To Cure Parameters And Formulation, Nicholas Walter Heller Dec 2016

Evolution Of Immiscibly Blended Functionalized Polymers With Respect To Cure Parameters And Formulation, Nicholas Walter Heller

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Powder coatings are becoming ubiquitous in the coating marketplace due to the absence of solvents in their formulation, but they have yet to see implementation in low-reflectance outdoor applications. This demand could be met by utilizing polymer blends formulated with low loadings of matting agents and pigments. The goal of this research is a thorough characterization of prototype low-reflectance coatings through several analytical techniques. Prototypical thermoset blends consist of functionalized polyurethanes rendered immiscible by differences in polar and hydrogen bonding characteristics, resulting in a surface roughened by droplet domains. Analysis of both pigmented and control clear films was performed. This …

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Light-Induced Self-Assembly And Diffusion Of Nanoclusters, Wenxuan Lian Dec 2016

Light-Induced Self-Assembly And Diffusion Of Nanoclusters, Wenxuan Lian

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Novel methods to build multiple types of three-dimensional structures from various nanoscale components are the most exciting and challenging questions in nano-science. The properties of the assembled structures can be potentially and designed, but the development of such approaches is challenging. In order to realize such rational assembly, a tunable interaction medium is often introduced into the system. Soft matter, such as polymers, surfactants and biomolecules are used to modify the surfaces of the nanoscale building blocks. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. There are unique base pairing rules …

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