Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2016

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 4291 - 4320 of 159504

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Strategies For Establishment And Low Input Forage Production Of Southeastern Wildrye, Matthew Thomas Thornton Dec 2016

Strategies For Establishment And Low Input Forage Production Of Southeastern Wildrye, Matthew Thomas Thornton

Theses and Dissertations

Southeastern wildrye (Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey ex L.H. Dewey) Scrib & C.R. Ball) is a relatively new perennial cool-season grass that has shown potential as a forage crop in the Southeastern United States. However, there is a lack of research on this species assessing its agronomic performance. To assess the agronomic performance and it’s tolerance to imazapic field trials were established in Newton and Starkville, MS. A forage production trial included five nitrogen (N) 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha -1 (high input) and five annual clover (low input) treatments. Tolerance to imazapic was assessed with applications of …


Synthesis And Characterization Of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials From Lignin, Xuefeng Zhang Dec 2016

Synthesis And Characterization Of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials From Lignin, Xuefeng Zhang

Theses and Dissertations

The main objective of this research was to develop a catalytic thermal conversion process for production of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNs) from kraft lignin. Four specific objectives were to: (1) understand the structural evolution of kraft lignin during its thermal treatment process; (2) investigate effects of temperature, and iron catalyst loading and morphology on the catalytic thermal conversion of kraft lignin to CNs, understand lignin catalytic thermal conversion mechanism; (3) explore potential applications of CNs synthesized from kraft lignin as an adsorbent for lead removing from contaminated water; (4) and propose effective methods for graphene material characterization. Experimental results indicated that …


Synthesis And Reactions Of Novel Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes, Radhika Reddy Nareddy Dec 2016

Synthesis And Reactions Of Novel Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes, Radhika Reddy Nareddy

Theses and Dissertations

Natural products serve as a major resource for many pharmacologically-active drugs found in the market today. Using natural products as medicines, however, is associated with many limitations such as availability and isolation. An alternative to this is the synthesis of these compounds, which can be done using two different approaches: (1) Total synthesis of the molecule, and (2) A semi-synthetic approach. Total synthesis generally involves synthesis of the target molecule by assembling the ring systems or the core skeletal framework of the natural product. There are numerous methods reported in the literature for the synthesis of these ring systems. Despite …


Relationships Among Environmental Attitudes, Environmental Knowledge, And Outdoor Recreational Habits Of Upper Elementary School Students In Mississippi, Katherine Elizabeth Abell Dec 2016

Relationships Among Environmental Attitudes, Environmental Knowledge, And Outdoor Recreational Habits Of Upper Elementary School Students In Mississippi, Katherine Elizabeth Abell

Theses and Dissertations

Research sought to evaluate environmental attitudes, environmental knowledge, and nature-based recreation in Mississippi upper-elementary adolescents, as delineated by race/ethnicity and gender. Research was conducted Spring 2015 in eight study schools using three survey instruments. Analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA, univariate analysis of variance, and generalized linear mixed models. Results found that no gender differences exist between environmental attitudes or knowledge; however, Caucasian/White students displayed significantly higher environmental knowledge and attitudes versus their African American/Black peers. Additionally, a positive relationship was detected between attitudes and knowledge of study participants. Outdoor, nature-based recreation participation varied along race/ethnicity and gender, with Caucasian/White …


Role Of Selenium In Age-Related Degeneration: Selenotranscriptome Hierarchy And Characterization Of Selenoprotein H, Lei Cao Dec 2016

Role Of Selenium In Age-Related Degeneration: Selenotranscriptome Hierarchy And Characterization Of Selenoprotein H, Lei Cao

Theses and Dissertations

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element exerting its biological functions mainly through selenoproteins. Our lab has recently shown a paradoxical role of dietary Se at nutritional levels of intake in the delay of age-related degeneration while reducing longevity in mice carrying humanized telomeres. The first aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of long-term dietary Se deficiency, aging, and sex on selenotranscriptome hierarchy in tissues. Four unique patterns in selenotranscriptomic changes were summarized. First, the responses of selenotranscriptomes to dietary Se deprivation and aging were sexually dimorphic. Second, a few selenoproteins responded to dietary Se deficiency and …


School Engagement Perceptions Influencing Attendance Reported By Ninth Grade Students At A High Performing Rural School, Jemmye Ann Helms Dec 2016

School Engagement Perceptions Influencing Attendance Reported By Ninth Grade Students At A High Performing Rural School, Jemmye Ann Helms

Theses and Dissertations

School attendance is a major component in the success of a student. School climate is a pivotal factor in why students come to school. The overarching goal of this research project was to determine why students at Hendersonville High School prefer to be absent and what they believe would motivate them to attend school regularly. In order to accomplish this task, quantitative and qualitative research questions were used. Quantitative 1. How do 9th grade students at Hendersonville High School rate items related to academic work and engagement on the HSSSE? 2. How do 9th grade students at Hendersonville High School …


Pseudotransformational Leadership, Leadership Styles, And Emotional Intelligence: A Comparative Case Study Of Lon Nol And Pol Pot, Hok Roth Dec 2016

Pseudotransformational Leadership, Leadership Styles, And Emotional Intelligence: A Comparative Case Study Of Lon Nol And Pol Pot, Hok Roth

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this dissertation is to help explain how and why two revolutionary national leaders of Cambodia–Lon Nol and Pol Pot, particularly the latter–had spectacular failures and became pseudotransformational leaders. It aims to build a proposition or theory that revolutionary leaders in the public sector, particularly of undemocratic regimes, tend to become pseudotransformational leaders when a) they lack certain components of emotional intelligence (EI) and/or b) adopt certain leadership styles and use them inappropriately. The author used a mixed methods comparative case study with the quantitative method nested in the qualitative one. He collected empirical data from a quantitative …


Identification Of Histamine Receptors In The Canine Gastrointestinal Tract, Alyssa Martin Sullivant Dec 2016

Identification Of Histamine Receptors In The Canine Gastrointestinal Tract, Alyssa Martin Sullivant

Theses and Dissertations

The role of histamine in chronic gastrointestinal diseases has been increasingly recognized in humans, but the role of histamine in the canine gastrointestinal tract has not been thoroughly investigated. The presence and distribution of all 4 histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4) in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, and colon of healthy dogs were evaluated with a commonly employed immunohistochemistry technique using antibodies predicted to cross react with canine histamine receptors. All 4 histamine receptors were identified in the canine gastrointestinal tract, and differed in location and density within sections of the canine gastrointestinal tract. Antibody specificity was evaluated …


Impact Of Simulated Corn Earworm Damage On Field Corn Yield And The Influence Of Chlorantraniliprole And Flubendiamide On Fall Armyworm And Agronomic Characteristics Of Field Corn, Bryan Michael Olivi Dec 2016

Impact Of Simulated Corn Earworm Damage On Field Corn Yield And The Influence Of Chlorantraniliprole And Flubendiamide On Fall Armyworm And Agronomic Characteristics Of Field Corn, Bryan Michael Olivi

Theses and Dissertations

The introduction of pyramided Bacillus thuringinesiss (Bt) in field corn, Zea mays L. has helped reduce kernel and foliar damage from caterpillar pests including fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). These pests can also be controlled with diamide insecticides. No compensation for manual kernel damage occurred at any section of the ear for Bt or Non-Bt corn. No consistent impacts on corn growth or yield were observed following foliar applications of diamide insecticides at various growth stages. The diamides exhibit longer residual efficacy than other insecticides available for fall armyworm management in field corn. …


American White Pelicans Hand Raised Until Fledging And Examination Of The Trematode Infection Bolbophorus Damnificus In These Birds, Treena Lee Ferguson Dec 2016

American White Pelicans Hand Raised Until Fledging And Examination Of The Trematode Infection Bolbophorus Damnificus In These Birds, Treena Lee Ferguson

Theses and Dissertations

Because little is known about juvenile American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) this study was conducted to gather more information on disease, general ecology and growth of American White Pelicans from hatching to fledging. In July 2011, American White Pelican regurgitate samples from North and South Dakota sub-colonies were collected/analyzed in preparation for a captive trial. Nutrient content compared between the colonies was found to be significantly different. Concentrations of Immunoglobulin Y and A in regurgitate samples were significantly different between colonies. A captive trial began 29 May 2012 and ended 30 July 2012, in which 16 American White Pelicans were …


A Genome-Wide Characterization Of Differentially Expressed Genes Encoding Mrnas And Mirnas And Methylation Analysis Of Phytochrome Genes In A Cotton Phytochrome A1 Rnai Line, Qing Miao Dec 2016

A Genome-Wide Characterization Of Differentially Expressed Genes Encoding Mrnas And Mirnas And Methylation Analysis Of Phytochrome Genes In A Cotton Phytochrome A1 Rnai Line, Qing Miao

Theses and Dissertations

Silencing phytochrome A1 gene (PHYA1) by RNA interference in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312) had generated PHYA1 RNAi lines with increased fiber length, strength and low micronair (finer fiber). In order to identify and characterize mRNAs and miRNAs that are differentially expressed in the RNAi plants, transcriptome and miRNAome analyses via high-throughput RNA sequencing were performed. Total RNA isolated from 10-DPA (days post anthesis) fibers and small RNAs isolated from 5-, 10-, and 15-DPA fibers of RNAi and Coker 312 lines were used to construct 6 RNA libraries and 18 small RNA libraries, respectively, which were sequenced …


Temporal Growth And Harvest Adjustment Procedures For Large-Scale Forest Inventory Data, Jacob R. Beard Dec 2016

Temporal Growth And Harvest Adjustment Procedures For Large-Scale Forest Inventory Data, Jacob R. Beard

Theses and Dissertations

The Mississippi Institute for Forest Inventory (MIFI) multi-product forest inventory divides Mississippi into five inventory regions with one region inventoried each year on a rotating basis. Resource analyses that overlap these temporally separated regions require adjustment to a common comparative time base by applying appropriate forest stand growth and harvest allocation models to the portions of a selected area not inventoried at the desired common time base. Currently the Mississippi Dynamic Inventory Reporter (MDIR) does not make adjustments to temporally synchronize portions of user selected working circles, polygons, or counties that occur in separate inventory regions. Separate inventory reports for …


The Effects Of Sub-Lethal Chlorine Induced Oxidative Stress On Biofilm Formation And Thermal Resistance Of Salmonella, Janak Dhakal Dec 2016

The Effects Of Sub-Lethal Chlorine Induced Oxidative Stress On Biofilm Formation And Thermal Resistance Of Salmonella, Janak Dhakal

Theses and Dissertations

The effect of sub-lethal chlorine stress on various strains/serotypes of Salmonella on biofilm formation and thermal resistance was studied. The effect of oxidative stress (induced by 150 ppm of chlorine in TSB) on Salmonella biofilm formation on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces at three temperatures (4°C, 30°C, and room temperature) in nutrient rich (full strength TSB) and nutrient limited conditions (1/10th TSB) was evaluated. On polystyrene surface, chlorine stressed S. Heidelberg (strain ID 72), S. Newport (strain ID 107) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) formed stronger (P < 0.05) biofilms at 30°C. On stainless steel, the chlorine stressed S. Heidelberg (ATCC 8326) and S. Enteritidis (ATCC 4931) at room temperature formed stronger (P < 0.05) biofilms as compared to the non-stressed control cells. The thermal resistance of short-term (1h) and long-term (27d) chlorine stressed Salmonella Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium were compared with the non-stressed controls at three different temperatures (55°C, 58°C and 61°C) and two growth phases (logarithmic and stationary). The short-term stressed log phase cells (both serotypes) were found to be more sensitive (P< 0.05) to thermal inactivation in TSB. Upon long-term sub-lethal chlorine exposure, Salmonella developed a rugose morphotype on tryptic soy agar at 37°C. The rugose morphotype provided significant thermal protection (P< 0.05) against heat stress as compared to smooth morphotype. In chicken broth, at 55°C, short-term chlorine stressed stationary phase S. Typhimurium displayed a higher D55 value compared to non-stressed cells. The findings from this research reveal that some Salmonella strains have the potential to form stronger biofilms and exhibit higher thermal tolerance upon exposure to sub-lethal chlorine concentration.


The Effects Of The Structural Components Of 4-H Residential Summer Programs On The Achievement Of The Essential Elements Of Positive Youth Development And The Acquisition Of Targeted Life Skills, Alayna Naro Dec 2016

The Effects Of The Structural Components Of 4-H Residential Summer Programs On The Achievement Of The Essential Elements Of Positive Youth Development And The Acquisition Of Targeted Life Skills, Alayna Naro

Theses and Dissertations

Youth-serving organizations, such as 4-H, place a large emphasis on positive youth development and experiential learning in order to assist youth in acquiring specific life skills. The literature suggests that residential summer camps are one of the best ways to provide positive youth development, experiential learning, and targeted life skills. This study was a mixed methods design which utilized four residential summer programs throughout the state of Mississippi in order to compare the differences between the residential 4-H summer programs that took place on a university campus to those that took place within the naturalistic environment. The results of this …


Mental Illness In Starkville, Ms: A Cultural Consensus Analysis Of The Public Conceptions Of Mental Illness, Curtis Andrew Kennett Dec 2016

Mental Illness In Starkville, Ms: A Cultural Consensus Analysis Of The Public Conceptions Of Mental Illness, Curtis Andrew Kennett

Theses and Dissertations

Mental illness is a complex phenomenon that is social and psychological as well as biological. But since the creation of the DSM-III in the 1980s, the landscape of mental health research and treatment in the United States has been heavily influenced by the biomedical model. The thoughts and beliefs of the lay public about mental illness are often ignored despite the push for greater cultural understanding among biomedical professionals. This disconnect, coupled with the poor mental health infrastructure, has left Mississippi with an inadequate ability to help Mississippians address mental illness. This research uses cognitive anthropological methods and biocultural theory …


Mexican And Central American Emigration: Exploring Recent Motivations And Challenges Of The Migrant Child Arriving To The U.S, Frank (Frank Edward) Bradford Dec 2016

Mexican And Central American Emigration: Exploring Recent Motivations And Challenges Of The Migrant Child Arriving To The U.S, Frank (Frank Edward) Bradford

Theses and Dissertations

This study examines several critical factors deemed to be important in examining why children from Mexico and Central America decide to take risks by traveling alone to unfamiliar places, such as the U.S., in such large numbers. An exploration of present day and historical backgrounds provide insight for social, political, and economic conditions that assist in shaping the landscape and outlook of Central Americans and Mexicans, particularly children on a daily basis.


Mississippi Sex Educators' Perceptions Of Youth Sexuality, Sarah Elizabeth Pellegrine Dec 2016

Mississippi Sex Educators' Perceptions Of Youth Sexuality, Sarah Elizabeth Pellegrine

Theses and Dissertations

School-based sexuality education (SBSE) is an important and debated part of the sexual socialization of young people in the US. While existing literature addresses the sociological implications of SBSE at the policy and curriculum-level, little was previously known about the ways instructors carried out and made sense of sex education in their classrooms. In this study, I examine the relationship between how sex education instructors make sense of sex education and their understandings of youth and sexuality. I conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with sex education teachers in Mississippi public schools and used an inductive analysis approach to determine themes from …


Morpho-Physiological Characterization Of Cotton Chromosome Substitution Lines For Abiotic Stresses, Akansha Awasthi Dec 2016

Morpho-Physiological Characterization Of Cotton Chromosome Substitution Lines For Abiotic Stresses, Akansha Awasthi

Theses and Dissertations

The chromosome substitution (CS) lines constitute an important genetic and breeding resources, increasing the genetic diversity of Upland cotton from other alien tetraploid species. Two experiments were conducted to quantify low temperature and drought stress effects during early growth stages in 21 cotton CS-lines with parent, Texas Marker (TM)-1. In Experiment I, plants were grown at optimum (30/22°C) and low (22/14°C) temperatures under optimum water and nutrient conditions. In Experiment II, plants were grown at optimum water and drought conditions. Above- and below-ground growth parameters including several root traits were assessed at 25 days after seeding. CS-lines varied significantly varied …


The Impact Of Metacomprehension Accuracy On Control Processes During Comprehension, Elaine Wei-Ling Tan Dec 2016

The Impact Of Metacomprehension Accuracy On Control Processes During Comprehension, Elaine Wei-Ling Tan

Theses and Dissertations

The aim of this dissertation was to investigate whether improving metacomprehension accuracy via the monitoring process impacted learning strategy selection implemented by the control process so that comprehension was also improved. A new paradigm—the multi trial metacomprehension paradigm—was introduced to investigate this aim. Participants studied a text using an effective or ineffective learning strategy, made metacomprehension predictions about their future comprehension, and took a comprehension test; there were three trials of this procedure. The goal was to determine whether metacomprehension accuracy improved—leading to improved comprehension accuracy—for the third trial. Experiment 1 tested whether metacomprehension accuracy improved across multiple trials when …


The Influence Of A Graphing Calculator Program Policy Change On The Algebra I High Stakes Assessment In Mississippi, Elizabeth Anderson Repsher Dec 2016

The Influence Of A Graphing Calculator Program Policy Change On The Algebra I High Stakes Assessment In Mississippi, Elizabeth Anderson Repsher

Theses and Dissertations

Graphing calculator programs have been used on high-stakes tests and teacher-created assessments at the secondary and college level for many years. These programs- are even used on college-placement tests such as the ACT. Beginning with the 2011-2012 school year, the Mississippi Department of Education (MDE) made the decision to no longer allow the use of graphing calculator applications and/or programs on the Subject Area Testing Program (SATP2) for Algebra I. Currently, limited research exists to address the influence of graphing calculator program use on high-stakes assessments. The programming capabilities of graphing calculators should not be ignored. Because of the 2011-2012 …


Understanding The Exotic Distributions Of Invasive Species, Tyler Evan Schartel Dec 2016

Understanding The Exotic Distributions Of Invasive Species, Tyler Evan Schartel

Theses and Dissertations

Invasive species are organisms whose introduction and spread in exotic ranges result in a multitude of ecological impacts. Understanding the factors that constrain the exotic distributions of invasive species is of considerable interest. Biotic associations formed with taxa in the invaded community may be particularly important in shaping invader distributions. These associations emerge from interactions between the traits of the invasive species and some subset of the traits present in the invaded community. Focusing on how organism traits influence the outcomes of biotic interactions may inform predictions of invader distributions. This kind of trait-based approach may be most easily applied …


Utilization Of Outdoor Resources To Enhance Understanding Of Geosciences, Sarah Radencic Lalk Dec 2016

Utilization Of Outdoor Resources To Enhance Understanding Of Geosciences, Sarah Radencic Lalk

Theses and Dissertations

Societal awareness and general understanding of the diversity of geosciences environments and phenomena across regions is vital. The primary method to obtain information about geosciences is through mass media. However, there is little coverage of geosciences information and the public may not trust it because of low geosciences awareness. Geosciences are rarely included as part of K-12 curricula and are optional at the collegiate level, contributing to the public deficiency regarding awareness and understanding of the geosciences. This research study investigated methods utilizing outdoor resources in an effort to increase region-specific understanding and awareness of geosciences among diverse groups. A …


Utilization Of Woody Residues To Produce Bioenergy By Primary Forest Products Manufacturers In The Southern United States, Raju Pokharel Dec 2016

Utilization Of Woody Residues To Produce Bioenergy By Primary Forest Products Manufacturers In The Southern United States, Raju Pokharel

Theses and Dissertations

Woody residues are byproducts with high lignocellulosic content, such as mill residues, logging residues, and other woody waste. This study estimated the impact of different mill characteristics, procurement attributes, constraints, and geospatial features on the utilization of woody residues to produce bioenergy by primary forest products manufacturers in the southern United States. Data were collected using a mail survey, and USDA and Esri geodatabases. Data analysis was conducted using analysis of variance, two-stage least squares, binary logit, and spatial logistic regression models. Approximately 70% of mills utilized woody residues for bioenergy purposes and 11% were willing to utilize additional logging …


Material Characterization Using Spectrofluorometers, Charles Bruce Nettles Dec 2016

Material Characterization Using Spectrofluorometers, Charles Bruce Nettles

Theses and Dissertations

The use of spectrofluorometers to examine nanomaterials is quite popular using either fluorescence or synchronous measurements. However, understanding how a material’s optical properties can influence spectral acquisition are of great importance to accurately characterize nanomaterials. This dissertation presents a series of computational and experimental studies aimed at enhancing the quantitative understanding of nanoparticle interactions with matter and photons. This allows for more reliable spectrofluorometer based acquisition of nanoparticle containing solutions. Chapter I presents a background overview of the works described in this dissertation. Correction of the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) inner filter effect (IFE) on fluorophore fluorescence using PEGylated AuNPs as …


Mathematical Motivation Beliefs: A Study On The Influences Of The Mathematical Motivation Beliefs Of Students In A Predominantly African American Environment In Mississippi, Kendrick Laterrell Savage Dec 2016

Mathematical Motivation Beliefs: A Study On The Influences Of The Mathematical Motivation Beliefs Of Students In A Predominantly African American Environment In Mississippi, Kendrick Laterrell Savage

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to examine the influences certain factors have on the mathematical motivation beliefs of students in a predominantly African American setting. Mathematical motivation beliefs, for the purpose of this study, are defined as the components mathematical self-efficacy and mathematical value, both represented as dependent variables in the study. 4 independent variables were studied as potential influences regarding mathematical motivation beliefs. The variables included parental influences, teacher influences, mathematical anxiety, and the environment/setting. This research was conducted using 2 high schools in a rural area in East Mississippi. The 1st high school was predominantly African American …


Gaskinetic Modeling On Dilute Gaseous Plume Impingement Flows, Chunpei Cai Dec 2016

Gaskinetic Modeling On Dilute Gaseous Plume Impingement Flows, Chunpei Cai

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

This paper briefly reviews recent work on gaseous plume impingement flows. As the major part of this paper, also included are new comprehensive studies on high-speed, collisionless, gaseous, circular jet impinging on a three-dimensional, inclined, diffuse or specular flat plate. Gaskinetic theories are adopted to study the problems, and several crucial geometry-location and velocity-direction relations are used. The final complete results include impingement surface properties such as pressure, shear stress, and heat flux. From these surface properties, averaged coefficients of pressure, friction, heat flux, moment over the entire flat plate, and the distance from the moment center to the flat …


Fort Hays State University Tiger Weekly, December 09, 2016, University Relations Dec 2016

Fort Hays State University Tiger Weekly, December 09, 2016, University Relations

Tiger Weekly Newsletters

No abstract provided.


The Identification And Prevention Of Insider Threats, Matthew D. Waters Dec 2016

The Identification And Prevention Of Insider Threats, Matthew D. Waters

Posters-at-the-Capitol

Insider threats, or attacks against a company from within, are a pressing issue both domestically and internationally. Frequencies of these threats increase each year adding to the overall importance of further research analysis. In fact, many case studies have been conducted which state that these employees who participate in insider attacks tend to exhibit certain personality and characteristic traits, as well as certain observable behaviors, that would indicate to other employees that an attack is imminent. It is hypothesized that companies will be able to take a more preventative stance of security as opposed to a reactive stance by identifying …


Meeting Minutes, Wku University Senate Dec 2016

Meeting Minutes, Wku University Senate

Faculty Senate

Meeting regarding charter revision, budget, committee assignments, syllabi, emeritus status, president search and Student Government Association.


Anne And The Tiger Raja, Rebeca Wallin Dec 2016

Anne And The Tiger Raja, Rebeca Wallin

Children's Book and Media Review

Anne is having trouble on the playground with two bullies. She wants to fight back violently, but she meets Isaac who tells her that “violence never really solves anything. You have to use your imagination to come up with other solutions.” The children proceed to work together, taking on characters that suit their personalities, to tell the story of the Tiger Raja in Java, based on the Indonesian folk tale Why There Are No Tigers in Borneo. When food becomes scarce in Java, the Tiger Raja sends a messenger to Borneo to demand that the tigers either send food or …