Digital Commons Network^™

Mystery Date: Advocating For A Harmonized System Of Expiration Date Labeling Of Food, Akshat Tiwari

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Americans throw out roughly 25 percent of the food they bring home. Negative perceptions associated with expiration dates are a leading cause for this waste. However, a complex patchwork of state-run regulatory regimes and varying terminology makes it difficult for consumers to determine whether a food product is unsafe to eat or simply past a peak quality level arbitrarily set by manufacturers. Regulatory trends in Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand suggest a move towards binding expiration date labeling through guidelines for establishing a "best before" or "use-by" date. This Note examines laws currently in place in …

International Consortium On Mammographic Density: Methodology And Population Diversity Captured Across 22 Countries, Valerie A. Mccormacka, Anya Burton, Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva, John H. Hipwell, Caroline Dickens, Dorria Salem, Rasha Kama, Mikael Hartman, Charmaine Pei Ling Lee, Kee-Seng Chia, Vahit Ozmen, Mustafa Erkin Aribal, Anath Arzee Flugelman, Martín Lajous, Ruy Lopez-Riduara, Megan Rice, Isabelle Romieu, Giske Ursin, Samera Qureshi, Huiyan Ma, Eunjung Lee, Carla H. Van Gils, Johanna O.P. Wanders, Sudhir Vinayak, Rose Ndumia, Steve Allen, Sarah Vinnicombe, Sue Moss, Jong Won Lee, Jisun Kim, Ana Pereira, Maria Luisa Garmendia, Reza Sirous, Mehri Sirous, Beata Peplonska, Agnieszka Bukowska, Rulla M. Tamimi, Kimberly Bertrand, Chisato Nagata, Ava Kwong, Celine Vachon, Christopher Scott, Beatriz Perez-Gomez, Marina Pollan, Gertraud Maskarinec, Graham Giles, John Hopper, Jennifer Stone, Nadia Rajaram, Soo-Hwang Teo, Shivaani Mariapun, Martin J. Yaffe, Joachim Schüz, Anna M. Chiarelli, Linda Linton, Norman F. Boyd

Imaging & Diagnostic Radiology, East Africa

Mammographic density (MD) is a quantitative trait, measurable in all women, and is among the strongest markers of breast cancer risk. The population-based epidemiology of MD has revealed genetic, lifestyle and societal/environmental determinants, but studies have largely been conducted in women with similar westernized lifestyles living in countries with high breast cancer incidence rates. To benefit from the heterogeneity in risk factors and their combinations worldwide, we created an International Consortium on Mammographic Density (ICMD) to pool individual-level epidemiological and MD data from general population studies worldwide. ICMD aims to characterize determinants of MD more precisely, and to evaluate whether …

Two-Stage Psa System For Co2 Removal And Concentration During Closed-Loop Human Space Exploration Missions, Hanife Erden

Theses and Dissertations

A novel two-stage pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system has been developed to remove metabolic CO2 removal from the spacecraft cabin air of the International Space Station (ISS). This PSA system enriches and recovers the CO2 to make it suitable for use in a Sabatier reactor (CO2 reduction). This two-stage PSA process utilizes Stage 1 to concentrate metabolic CO2 from about 0.2667 vol% to about 40 to 60 vol% and Stage 2 to further enrich the CO2 product from Stage 1 up to > 97 vol% CO2, while recovering at least 95% of it, which corresponds to removing 4.0 kg/day of CO2. …

Congoo V. Revcontent, District Of New Jersey

Historical and Topical Legal Documents

No abstract provided.

Strafford County 2015 Annual Report Of The Commissioners, Treasurer, Other County Officers And The Strafford County Delegation Strafford County, New Hampshire For The Year Ending December 31, 2015., Stafford County Representatives

Strafford County, NH Annual Reports

This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a county in the state of New Hampshire.

The Poverty Obliteration Program, Robertico Croes, Manuel Rivera

Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

The complexity of the concept of poverty is revealed through multiple channels in politics, media, and associations, and the international community. Different views and positions are adopted with regard to the meaning, causes and approaches to poverty. This diversity in definitions poses enormous hurdles for realizing the perennial objective of reducing poverty by modern society. Varying conceptualizations of poverty make measurements controversial, affecting estimates of the magnitude of poverty and subsequent actions to be undertaken. Conflicting notions of poverty can leave poor people without the necessary policy attention and actions. This chapter explores the meanings and measurements of poverty and …

Reconciling The Premium Tax Credit: Painful Complications For Lower And Middle-Income Taxpayers, Francine J. Lipman, James E. Williamson

SMU Law Review

No abstract provided.

Land Use In The Northern Great Plains Region Of The U.S. Influences The Survival And Productivity Of Honey Bee Colonies, Matthew D. Smart, Jeff S. Pettis, Ned Euliss, Marla S. Spivak

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The Northern Great Plains region of the US annually hosts a large portion of commercially managed U.S. honey bee colonies each summer. Changing land use patterns over the last several decades have contributed to declines in the availability of bee forage across the region, and the future sustainability of the region to support honey bee colonies is unclear. We examined the influence of varying land use on the survivorship and productivity of honey bee colonies located in six apiaries within the Northern Great Plains state of North Dakota, an area of intensive agriculture and high density of beekeeping operations. Land …

Linking Measures Of Colony And Individual Honey Bee Health To Survival Among Apiaries Exposed To Varying Agricultural Land Use, Matthew D. Smart, Jeff Pettis, Nathan Rice, Zac Browning, Marla Spivak

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

We previously characterized and quantified the influence of land use on survival and productivity of colonies positioned in six apiaries and found that colonies in apiaries surrounded by more land in uncultivated forage experienced greater annual survival, and generally more honey production. Here, detailed metrics of honey bee health were assessed over three years in colonies positioned in the same six apiaries. The colonies were located in North Dakota during the summer months and were transported to California for almond pollination every winter. Our aim was to identify relationships among measures of colony and individual bee health that impacted and …

Incidence Of Spodoptera Litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) And Its Feeding Potential On Various Citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) Cultivars In The Sargodha Region Of Pakistan, Muhammad Ullah, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Afzal, Samina Khalid, Muqadas Saleem, Irfan Mustafa, Yasir Iftikhar, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adversely affects important crops such as cotton, okra, tomato, potato, and pumpkin. For the first time, this species was observed in a citrus nursery in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan. The principal objectives of this study were to determine the effects of several citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars, including Citrus reticulata Blanco (Feutrell’s Early, Seedless Kinnow, and Fairchild mandarin orange) and Citrus paradisi Macfad. (grapefruit), on feeding by S. litura, and the effects of these plants on the growth of the insect. Based on performance of 3rd instars, Feutrell’s Early and Seedless Kinnow supported maximum …

Honey Bee Gut Microbiome Is Altered By In-Hive Pesticide Exposures, Madhavi L. Kakumanu, Alison M. Reeves, Troy D. Anderson, Richard R. Rodrigues, Mark A. Williams

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Honey bees (Apismellifera) are the primary pollinators of major horticultural crops. Over the last few decades, a substantial decline in honey bees and their colonies have been reported. While a plethora of factors could contribute to the putative decline, pathogens, and pesticides are common concerns that draw attention. In addition to potential direct effects on honey bees, indirect pesticide effects could include alteration of essential gut microbial communities and symbionts that are important to honey bee health (e.g.,immunesystem). The primary objective of this study was to determine the microbiome associated with honey bees exposed to commonly used in-hive …

Effects Of Pesticide Treatments On Nutrient Levels In Worker Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera), Haley K. Feazel-Orr, Katelyn M. Catalfamo, Carlyle C. Brewster, Richard D. Fell, Troy D. Anderson, Breanna E. Traver

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Honey bee colony loss continues to be an issue and no factor has been singled out as to the cause. In this study, we sought to determine whether two beekeeper-applied pesticide products, tau-fluvalinate and Fumagilin-B, and one agrochemical, chlorothalonil, impact the nutrient levels in honey bee workers in a natural colony environment. Treatments were performed in-hive and at three different periods (fall, spring, and summer) over the course of one year. Bees were sampled both at pre-treatment and two and four weeks post-treatment, weighed, and their protein and carbohydrate levels were determined using BCA and anthrone based biochemical assays, respectively. …

Tolerance Of Ks-4202 Soybean To The Attack Of Bemisia Tabaci Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Patrícia L. Cruz, Edson L.L. Baldin, Leysimar R.P. Guimarães, Luiz E.R. Pannuti, Giuseppina P.P. Lima, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Thomas E. Hunt

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is considered one of the most important pests of soybean, Glycine max L. (Merrill) (Fabaceae), in Brazil and worldwide. Although chemical control still represents the principal strategy used to control this insect, less aggressive strategies such as the use of resistant genotypes stand out as potentially efficient alternatives for integrated pest management programs. This study aimed to evaluate the possible occurrence of tolerance to B. tabaci biotype B in the ‘KS-4202’ soybean genotype, which is already recognized as tolerant to Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the United States. The ‘Conquista’ Brazilian cultivar …

Biology And Economics Of Recommendations For Insecticide-Based Management Of Soybean Aphid, Robert L. Koch, Bruce D. Potter, Phillip A. Glogoza, Erin W. Hodgson, Christian H. Krupke, John F. Tooker, Christina D. Difonzo, Andrew P. Michel, Kelley J. Tilmon, Travis J. Prochaska, Janet J. Knodel, Robert Wright, Thomas E. Hunt, Bryan Jensen, Adam J. Varenhorst, Brian P. Mccornack, Kelly A. Estes, Joseph L. Spencer

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, remains the key insect pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in the north-central United States. Management of this pest has relied primarily on scouting and application of foliar insecticides based on an economic threshold (ET) of 250 aphids per plant. This review explains why this ET remains valid for soybean aphid management, despite changes in crop value and input costs. In particular, we review how soybean aphid impacts soybean yield, the role of biology and economics in recommendations for soybean aphid management, and the short- and long-term consequences of inappropriately timed insecticide applications.

Host Utilization Of Tbe Endoparasitoid, Cotesia Glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) In Different Instars Of Pieris Brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), M. I. Ullah, Muhammad Arshad, S. Ali, Yasir Iftikhar, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is a destructive pest of brassicaceous plants around the world. Biological control of this pest has attained much attention being environment friendly. Parasitism rate and growth of the endoparasitoid species, Cotesia giomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied on first (L I) and second (L2) larval instars of P. brassicae. Adult fresh mass and developmental time ofthe parasitoid was higher when it parasitized Ll than L2 of host larvae. Thus, host instars contributed significant variations to parasitoids adult mass accumulation during their development. Parasitized host caterpillars in L2 grew significantly larger than in L …

Host Utilization Of The Endoparasitoid, Cotesia Glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) In Different Instars Of Pierls Brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), M. I. Ullah, Muhammad Arshad, S. Ali, Yasir Iftikhar, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is a destructive pest of brassicaceous plants around the world. Biological control of this pest has attained much attention being environment friendly. Parasitism rate and growth of the endoparasitoid species, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied on first (L 1) and second (L2) larval instars of P. brassicae. Adult fresh mass and developmental time of the parasitoid was higher when it parasitized L1 than L2 of host larvae. Thus, host instars contributed significant variations to parasitoids adult mass accumulation during their development. Parasitized host caterpillars in L2 grew significantly larger than in L1 …

Detecting Microbial Dysbiosis Associated With Pediatric Crohn Disease Despite The High Variability Of The Gut Microbiota, Feng Wang, Jess L. Kaplan, Benjamin D. Gold, Manoj K. Bhasin, Naomi L. Ward, Richard Kellermayer, Barbara S. Kirschner, Melvin B. Heyman, Scot E. Dowd, Stephen B. Cox, Haluk Dogan, Blaire Steven, George Ferry, Stanley A. Cohen, Robert N. Baldassano, Christopher J. Moran, Elizabeth A. Garnett, Lauren Drake, Hasan H. Otu, Leonid A. Mirny, Towia A. Libermann, Harland S. Winter, Kirill S. Korolev

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

The relationship between the host and its microbiota is challenging to understand because both microbial communities and their environments are highly variable. We have developed a set of techniques based on population dynamics and information theory to address this challenge. These methods identify additional bacterial taxa associated with pediatric Crohn disease and can detect significant changes in microbial communities with fewer samples than previous statistical approaches required. We have also substantially improved the accuracy of the diagnosis based on the microbiota from stool samples, and we found that the ecological niche of a microbe predicts its role in Crohn disease. …

Emergence Of A Potent Multidrug Efflux Pump Variant That Enhances Campylobacter Resistance To Multiple Antibiotics, Hong Yao, Zhangql Shen, Yang Wang, Fengru Deng, Dejun Liu, Gaowa Naren, Lel Dal, Chih-Chia Su, Bing Wang, Shaolin Wang, Congming Wu, Edward W. Yu, Qijing Zhang, Jianzhong Shen

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Bacterial antibiotic efflux pumps are key players in antibiotic resistance. Although their role in conferring multidrug resistance is well documented, the emergence of “super” efflux pump variants that enhance bacterial resistance to multiple drugs has not been reported. Here, we describe the emergence of a resistance-enhancing variant (named RE-CmeABC) of the predominant efflux pump CmeABC in Campylobacter, a major zoonotic pathogen whose resistance to antibiotics is considered a serious antibiotic resistance threat in the United States. Compared to the previously characterized CmeABC transporters, RECmeABC is much more potent in conferring Campylobacter resistance to antibiotics, which was shown by increased …

Sequence-Based Methods For Detecting And Evaluating The Human Gut Mycobiome, Mallory J. Suhr, Nabaraj Banjara, Heather E. Hallen-Adams

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

We surveyed the fungal microbiota in 16 fecal samples from healthy humans with a vegetarian diet. Fungi were identified using molecular cloning, 454 pyrosequencing and a Luminex analyte specific reagent (ASR) assay, all targeting the ITS region of the rRNA genes. Fungi were detected in each fecal sample and at least 46 distinct fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, from two phyla — Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fusarium was the most abundant genus, followed by Malassezia, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Candida. Commonly detected fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, as well as known dietary fungi Agaricus bisporus and …

Conformational Stability Of Digestion-Resistant Peptides Of Peanut Conglutins Reveals The Molecular Basis Of Their Allergenicity, Danijela Apostolovic, Dragana Stanic-Vucinic, Harmen H.J. De Jongh, Govardus A.H. De Jong, Jelena Radosavljevic, Milica Radibratovic, Julie A. Nordlee, Joseph L. Baumert, Milos Milcic, Steve L. Taylor, Nuria Garrido Clua, Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic, Stef J. Koppelman

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Conglutins represent the major peanut allergens and are renowned for their resistance to gastrointestinal digestion. Our aim was to characterize the digestion-resistant peptides (DRPs) of conglutins by biochemical and biophysical methods followed by a molecular dynamics simulation in order to better understand the molecular basis of food protein allergenicity. We have mapped proteolysis sites at the N- and C-termini and at a limited internal segment, while other potential proteolysis sites remained unaffected. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that proteolysis only occurred in the vibrant regions of the proteins. DRPs appeared to be conformationally stable as intact conglutins. Also, the overall secondary …

Battle In The New World: Helicoverpa Armigera Versus Helicoverpa Zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), José P. F. Bentivenha, Silvana L. Vieira De Paula Moraes, Edson L. L. Baldin, Alexandre Specht, Ivana F. Da Silva, Thomas E. Hunt

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and the old world bollworm H. armigera (HuÈbner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are allopatric species and occur in important agricultural crops. In maize, both species tend to infest the ear. The introduction of H. armigera in Brazil has created a new scenario, where these Helicoverpa species might cohabit and interact with one another, affecting the prevalence of each species in the agroecosystem, integrated pest management, and insect resistance management. In this study, larval occurrence and proportion of these species in maize was assessed in three regions of Brazil during three crop seasons. Interaction between …

Prebiotics And Synbiotics: Dietary Strategies For Improving Gut Health, Janina A. Krumbeck, Maria X. Maldonado-Gomez, Amanda E. Ramer-Tait, Robert W. Hutkins

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Purpose of review — A wide range of dietary carbohydrates, including prebiotic food ingredients, fermentable fibers, and milk oligosaccharides, are able to produce significant changes in the intestinal microbiota. These shifts in the microbial community are often characterized by increased levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. More recent studies have revealed that species of Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and other less well studied members may also be enriched. We review the implications of these recent studies on future design of prebiotics and synbiotics to promote gastrointestinal health.

Recent findings — Investigations assessing the clinical outcomes associated with dietary modification of the …

Does Child Temperament Modify The Overweight Risk Associated With Parent Feeding Behaviors And Child Eating Behaviors?: An Exploratory Study, Allan D. Tate, Amanda Trofholz, Kathleen Moritz Rudasill, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Jerica M. Berge

Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications

Background: Child temperament is a measure of an individual’s behavioral tendencies. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether child temperament modified the overweight risk associated with parent feeding behaviors and child eating behaviors. Methods: A sample of predominantly African American, Midwest families (N = 120) recruited from four metropolitan primary care clinics participated in this cross-sectional, mixed methods study. Parents reported on feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and child temperament. Results: Difficult temperament was not statistically related to parent feeding practices or child eating behaviors (p > 0.05). Tests of interaction indicated that the risk …

Meeting The Information Needs Of Nurses For Effective Healthcare Delivery In Nigeria: A Case Study Of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Emmanuel Uwazie Anyanwu Dr., Desmond Chinedu Oparaku, Oyemike Victor Benson

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study focused on meeting the information needs of Nurses for effective health care delivery in Nigeria with Federal Medical Centre, Owerri as case study and the area of study is South-East, Nigeria.. The descriptive survey method was used. The nominal roll of Federal Medical Centre,Owerri was used to derive the population of the study which is 300 and the sample of the study is 171. The questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The data collected was analysed using the simple percentages and tables. The findings of the study revealed that the nurses had need of information to …

Wolf (Canis Lupus) Generation Time And Proportion Of Current Breeding Females By Age, L. David Mech, Shannon M. Barber-Meyer, John Erb

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Information is sparse about aspects of female wolf (Canis lupus) breeding in the wild, including age of first reproduction, mean age of primiparity, generation time, and proportion of each age that breeds in any given year. We studied these subjects in 86 wolves (113 captures) in the Superior National Forest (SNF), Minnesota (MN), during 1972–2013 where wolves were legally protected for most of the period, and in 159 harvested wolves from throughout MN wolf range during 2012–2014. Breeding status of SNF wolves were assessed via nipple measurements, and wolves from throughout MN wolf range, by placental scars. In …

Differential Wolf-Pack-Size Persistence And The Role Of Risk When Hunting Dangerous Prey, Shannon M. Barber-Meyer, L. David Mech, Wesley E. Newton, Bridget L. Borg

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Risk to predators hunting dangerous prey is an emerging area of research and could account for possible persistent differences in gray wolf (Canis lupus) pack sizes. We documented significant differences in long-term wolf-pack-size averages and variation in the Superior National Forest (SNF), Denali National Park and Preserve, Yellowstone National Park, and Yukon, Canada (p < 0.01). The SNF differences could be related to the wolves’ risk when hunting primary prey, for those packs (N = 3) hunting moose (Alces americanus) were significantly larger than those (N = 10) hunting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (F_1,8 = 16.50, p = 0.004). Our data support the hypothesis that differential pack-size persistence may be …

Field Damage Of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) With Reduced Lignin Levels By Naturally Occurring Insect Pests And Pathogens, Patrick F. Dowd, Deanna L. Funnell-Harris, Scott E. Sattler

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) brown midrib (bmr) mutant lines have reduced levels of lignin, which is a potentially useful trait for bioenergy production, but the effects of this trait on insect and plant pathogen interactions are unknown under field conditions. Field-grown bmr6, bmr12, and wild-type (WT) plants were examined for insect and disease damage. In most cases, observed frequency, population, or leaf area damage caused by insects or pathogens on bmr6 or bmr12 plants were not greater than those observed on WT plants in the field or laboratory assays. European corn borers [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: …

Cognitive Phenotypes And The Evolution Of Animal Decisions, Tamra C. Mendelson, Courtney L. Fitzpatrick, Mark E. Hauber, Charles H. Pence, Rafael L. Rodriguez, Rebecca J. Safran, Caitlin A. Stern, Jeffrey R. Stevens

Jeffrey Stevens Publications

Despite the clear fitness consequences of animal decisions, the science of animal decision making in evolutionary biology is underdeveloped compared with decision science in human psychology. Specifically, the field lacks a conceptual framework that defines and describes the relevant components of a decision, leading to imprecise language and concepts. The ‘judgment and decision-making’ (JDM) framework in human psychology is a powerful tool for framing and understanding human decisions, and we apply it here to components of animal decisions, which we refer to as ‘cognitive phenotypes’. We distinguish multiple cognitive phenotypes in the context of a JDM framework and highlight empirical …

Guidelines For The Use And Interpretation Of Assays For Monitoring Autophagy (3rd Edition), Daniel J. Klionsky, Rodrigo Franco, More Than 2,000 Co-Authors

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.

For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that …

Expression And Distribution Of Thiol-Regulating Enzyme Glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) In Porcine Ocular Tissues, Bijaya Upadhyaya, Xiaoli Tian, Hongli Wu, Marjorie F. Lou

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Glutaredoxin2 (Grx2) is a mitochondrial isozyme of the cytosolic glutaredoxin1 (thioltransferase or TTase). Both belong to the large oxidoreductase family and play an important role in maintaining thiol/disulfide redox homeostasis in the cells. Grx2 is recently found in the lens where its activities of disulfide reductase and peroxidase, similar to TTase, can protect the lens against oxidative stress. Since other eye tissues are also highly sensitive to oxidative stress, and TTase’s distribution in the eye is known, we focused on this study by investigating the Grx2 distribution in the ocular tissues in comparison to the lens. Fresh porcine eyes were …