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Sir John Randolph's Reports Of Cases In The General Court Of Virginia (1729-1735), William Hamilton Bryson

Law Faculty Publications

This second edition of Sir John Randolph's Virginia reports was prompted by the discovery in the Library of Congress of another manuscript copy, which was heretofore unknown. I would like to thank Nathan Dorn, of the Law Department of the Library of Congress for bringing it to light. The importance of this discovery is the addition of three cases to the first edition, which was published over a hundred years ago.

In this new edition of these law reports, I have presented these cases in a more usable format for members of the legal profession by extending the abbreviations of …

Education & Practice (Newsletter Of The Section On Education Of Lawyer, Virginia State Bar) - V. 23, No. 2 (Spring 2015), Dale Margolin Cecka

Law Faculty Publications

Contents

William & Mary Hosts Capital Area Legal Writing Conference, by Laura Killinger, Director of the Legal Practice Program and Professor of the Practice at William & Mary Law School

Reliving Student Experiences at the Legal Writing Conference, by Kristina D. Rutledge, professor of advanced legal writing at Washington & Lee

Chair’s Column, Professor Jim Moliterno of Washington and Lee School of Law

Section’s Website Update

Retired Magistrate Judge B. Waugh Crigler Receives VSB Leadership in Education Award

2015 Annual Meeting

News and Events Around the Commonwealth

Law Faculty News

2014-2015 Board of Governors

Death As A Bargaining Chip: Plea Bargaining And The Future Of Virginia's Death Penalty, John G. Douglass

Law Faculty Publications

Virginia now averages less than a single death sentence each year, a far cry from its not-too-distant history as the second most active death penalty state in the nation. The numbers alone tempt us to forecast the death of Virginia's death penalty: a death by disuse. But those numbers leave much of the story untold. The plummeting number of death sentences is only the diminishing tip of a larger, more stable iceberg of capital case litigation. That iceberg is melting very slowly, if at all.

Diet Of Larval Ambystoma Altamiranoi From Llano De Los Axolotes, Mexico, J. A. Lemos-Espinal, Geoffrey R. Smith, G. A. Woolrich-Pina

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Amphibians And Reptiles Of The State Of Hidalgo, Mexico, J. A. Lemos-Espinal, Geoffrey R. Smith

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Thermal Ecology, Sexual Dimorphism, And Diet Of Xenosaurus Tzacualtipantecus From Hidalgo, Mexico, J. Garcia-Rico, A. Diaz De La Vega-Pere, Geoffrey R. Smith, J. A. Lemos-Espinal, G. A. Woolrich-Pina

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

How Product Attributes Influence Internationalization: A Framework Of Domain- And Culture-Specificity, Terence P. C. Fan, Alex Tai Loong Tan

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

This paper introduces two important dimensions of product attributes in the context of internationalization: domain- and culture-specificity. Products can be high or low in domain- or culture-specificity, thereby being one of four broad categories in a two-by-two matrix. This framework of product attributes helps explain a series of gradations on how cultural difference influences the difficulty of selling a product internationally. By examining four cases, one from each of these categories, this paper shows that different product attributes affect the difficulty or ease with which the products of these firms were internationalized. While all four cases were able to derive …

Values In Breast Cancer Screening: An Empirical Study With Australian Experts, Lisa Parker, Lucie Rychetnik, Stacy Carter

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Objective:

To explore what Australian experts value in breast screening, how these values are conceptualised and prioritised, and how they inform experts’ reasoning and judgement about the Australian breast-screening programme.

Design:

Qualitative study based on interviews with experts.

Participants:

33 experts, including clinicians, programme managers, policymakers, advocates and researchers selected for their recognisable influence in the Australian breast-screening setting.

Setting:

Australian breast-screening policy, practice and research settings.

Results:

Experts expressed 2 types of values: ethical values (about what was good, important or right) and epistemological values (about how evidence should be created and used). Ethical values included delivering benefit, avoiding …

Prudentia: A Medical School's Solution To Curriculum Mapping And Curriculum Management, Carole Steketee

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

The School of Medicine (SoM) at the University of Notre Dame Australia has developed a curriculum mapping system called Prudentia. This web-based application allows users to explore curriculum across all four years of the MBBS to determine what and when students are expected to learn, and if there are any anomalies evident within this data. A five-level hierarchical, outcomes-based curriculum framework underpins Prudentia ranging from the macro Australian Medical Council (AMC) Student Outcomes Statements to the micro daily learning objectives. Data in all five levels of the framework can be mapped and constructive alignment between the outcomes, instructional and assessment …

Early Primary Care Physician Contact And Health Service Utilisation In A Large Sample Of Recently Released Ex-Prisoners In Australia: Prospective Cohort Study, Jesse T. Young, Diane Arnold-Reed, David Preen, Max Bulsara, Nick Lennox, Stuart A. Kinner

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Objective To describe the association between ex-prisoner primary care physician contact within 1 month of prison release and health service utilisation in the 6 months following release.

Design A cohort from the Passports study with a mean follow-up of 219 (±44) days post release. Associations were assessed using a multivariate Andersen-Gill model, controlling for a range of other factors.

Setting Face-to-face, baseline interviews were conducted in a sample of prisoners within 6 weeks of expected release from seven prisons in Queensland, Australia, from 2008 to 2010, with telephone follow-up interviews 1, 3 and 6 months post release.

Participants From an …

Osseointegrated Total Knee Replacement Connected To A Lower Limb Prosthesis: 4 Cases, Aditya Khemka, Laurent Frossard, Sarah J. Lord, Belinda Bosley, Munjed Al Muderis

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background and purpose

Osseointegrated implants are an alternative for prosthetic attachment in individuals with amputation who are unable to wear a socket. However, the load transmitted through the osseointegrated fixation to the residual tibia and knee joint can be unbearable for those with transtibial amputation and knee arthritis. We report on the feasibility of combining total knee replacement (TKR) with an osseointegrated implant for prosthetic attachment.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed all 4 cases (aged 38–77 years) of transtibial amputations managed with osseointegration and TKR in 2012–2014. The below-the-knee prosthesis was connected to the tibial base plate of a …

When A Patient's Ethnicity Is Declared, Medical Students' Decision-Making Processes Are Affected, S C. Ewen, J Barrett, David Paul, D Askew, G Webb, A Wilkin

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Disparity in health status and healthcare outcomes is widespread and well known. This holds true for Indigenous peoples in many settings including Australia and Hawaii. While multi-factorial, there is increasing evidence of health practitioner contribution to this disparity. This research explored senior medical students’ clinical decision-making processes.

Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in 2014 with 30 final year medical students from The University of Melbourne, Australia, and The John Burns Medical School, Hawaii, USA. Each student responded to questions about a paper-based case, first in writing and elaborated further in an interview. Half the students were given a …

Using The Script Concordance Test To Assess Clinical Reasoning Skills In Undergraduate And Postgraduate Medicine, Michael Wan

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

The script concordance test is a relatively new format of written assessment that is used to assess higher order clinical reasoning and data interpretation skills in medicine. Candidates are presented with a clinical scenario, followed by the reveal of a new piece of information. The candidates are then asked to assess whether this additional information increases or decreases the probability or likelihood of a particular diagnostic, investigative, or management decision. To score these questions, the candidate’s decision in each question is compared with that of a reference panel of expert clinicians. This review focuses on the development of quality script …

Optimising Motor Learning In Infants At High Risk Of Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study, Catherine Morgan, Iona Novak, Russell Dale, Nadia Badawi

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: The average age for the diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP) is 19 months. Recent neuroplasticity literature suggests that intensive, task-specific intervention ought to commence as early as possible and in an enriched environment, during the critical period of neural development. Active motor interventions are effective in some populations, however the effects of active motor interventions on the motor outcomes of infants with CP have not been researched thoroughly, but pilot work is promising. The aim of this study was to determine the short- term effects of “GAME”; a new and novel goal-oriented activity-based, environmental enrichment therapy programme on the …

Framing Overdiagnosis In Breast Screening: A Qualitative Study With Australian Experts, Lisa M. Parker, Lucie Rychetnik, Stacy Carter

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify how the topic of overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening is framed by experts and to clarify differences and similarities within these frames in terms of problems, causes, values and solutions.

Methods: We used a qualitative methodology using interviews with breast screening experts across Australia and applying framing theory to map and analyse their views about overdiagnosis. We interviewed 33 breast screening experts who influence the public and/or policy makers via one or more of: public or academic commentary; senior service management; government advisory bodies; professional committees; non-government/consumer organisations. Experts were currently …

How Do General Practitioners Manage Patients With Cancer Symptoms? A Video-Vignette Study, Moyez Jiwa, Xingqiong Meng, Carolyn O'Shea, Parker Magin, Ann Dadich, Vinita Pillai

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Objectives: Determine how general practitioners (GPs) manage patients with cancer symptoms.

Design: GPs reviewed 24 video-vignettes and case notes on patients with cancer symptoms and indicated whether they would refer the patient and/or prescribe medication, and/or undertake further investigation. According to available guidelines, all cases warranted a referral to a specialist or further investigations.

Setting: Australian primary care sector.

Participants: 102 practising GPs participated in this study, including trainees.

Interventions: The research was part of a larger randomised controlled trial testing a referral pro forma; however, this paper reports on management decisions made throughout the study.

Primary and secondary outcome …

Apathy And Suicide-Related Ideation 3 Months After Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study, Wai Kwong Tang, Lara Caeiro, Chieh Grace Lau, Huajun Liang, Vincent Mok, Gabor S. Ungvari, Ka Sing Wong

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Both apathy and suicide are common in poststroke patients. However, the association between poststroke apathy and suicide-related ideation (SI) in Chinese stroke patients is not clear and poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the association between apathy and SI in stroke.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association in 518 stroke survivors from Acute Stroke Unit of the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong. Geriatric Mental State Examination-Version A (GMS) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory-apathy subscale (NPI-apathy) were employed to assess poststroke SI and apathy, respectively. Patients’ clinical characteristics were obtained with the …

A Mixed Methods Study Of The Factors That Influence Whether Intervention Research Has Policy And Practice Impacts: Perceptions Of Australian Researchers, Robyn Newson, Lesley King, Lucie Rychetnik, Adrian E. Bauman, Sally Redman, Andrew J. Milat, Jacqueline Schroeder, Gillian Cohen, Simon Chapman

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Objectives: To investigate researchers’ perceptions about the factors that influenced the policy and practice impacts (or lack of impact) of one of their own funded intervention research studies.

Design: Mixed method, cross-sectional study.

Setting: Intervention research conducted in Australia and funded by Australia’s National Health and Medical Research Council between 2003 and 2007.

Participants: The chief investigators from 50 funded intervention research studies were interviewed to determine if their study had achieved policy and practice impacts, how and why these impacts had (or had not) occurred and the approach to dissemination they had employed.

Results: We found that statistically significant …

Challenges In The Care Of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Community Care Perspective, Tom Brett, Gerald F. Watts, Diane Arnold-Reed, Damon Bell, Jacquie Garton-Smith, Alistair W. Vickery, Jacqueline D. Ryan, Jing Pang

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Familial hyperchoelsterolaemia (FH) remains under-diagnosed and under-treated in the community setting. Earlier evidence suggested prevalence of 1:500 worldwide but newer evidence suggests it is more common. Less than 15% of FH patients are ever diagnosed with children and young adults rarely tested despite having most to gain given their lifetime exposure.

Increasing awareness among primary care teams is critical to improve detection profile for FH. Cascade testing in the community setting needs a sustainable approach to be developed to facilitate family tracing of index cases. The use of the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria score to facilitate a phenotypic diagnosis …

Evaluation Of The Regional Nurse-Supported Hepatitis C Shared Care Program In Western Australia: A Mixed Methods Study, Roanna Lobo, Lester Mascarenhas, David Worthington, Judith Bevan, Donna B. Mak

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Nurse-supported shared care services for patients living with hepatitis C have been implemented in some regional areas of Western Australia to provide access to local treatment and care services for patients and to improve currently low levels of treatment uptake. This study collected data from health professionals involved in managing the care of patients living with hepatitis C and from patients engaged in regional nurse-supported hepatitis C shared care services in Western Australia.

Methods: Key informant qualitative interviews were conducted with health professionals in regions operating a nurse-supported shared care service and in regions without this service. Patients engaged …

Can We Identify Women Who Initiate And Then Prematurely Cease Breastfeeding? An Australian Multicentre Cohort Study, Julie Quinlivan, Sonia Kua, Robert A. Gibson, Andrew Mcphee, Maria M. Makrides

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Health authorities recommend 6 months of fully breastfeeding and continuation of breastfeeding for at least a year. Many women initiate breastfeeding in hospital but discontinue before the six-month period, and therefore do not optimise the public health benefits. The aim of this study was to determine whether these women could be identified at hospital discharge, to enable targeted interventions.

Methods: A secondary analysis of women who intended to breastfeed and were enrolled in a large randomized trial was undertaken. Women were enrolled in the antenatal period and antenatal, delivery and six month postnatal questionnaires were completed. Univariate and multivariate …

The Impact Of The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (Csnat) In Community Palliative Care Using A Stepped Wedge Cluster Trial, Samar Aoun, Gunn Grande, Denise Howting, Kathleen Deas, Chris Toye, Lakkhina Troeung, Kelli Stajduhar, Gail Ewing

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Family caregiving towards the end-of-life entails considerable emotional, social, financial and physical costs for caregivers. Evidence suggests that good support can improve caregiver psychological outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of using the carer support needs assessment tool (CSNAT), as an intervention to identify and address support needs in end of life home care, on family caregiver outcomes. A stepped wedge design was used to trial the CSNAT intervention in three bases of Silver Chain Hospice Care in Western Australia, 2012-14. The intervention consisted of at least two visits from nurses (2-3 weeks apart) …

Apoe Ε4 Moderates Abnormal Csf-Abeta-42 Levels, While Neurocognitive Impairment Is Associated With Abnormal Csf Tau Levels In Hiv+ Individuals – A Cross-Sectional Observational Study, Lucette A. Cysique, Timothy Hewitt, Juliana Croitoru-Lamoury, Kevin Taddei, Ralph N. Martins, Constance S. Chew, Nicholas N. Davies, Patricia Price, Bruce J. Brew

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers Aβ1-42, t-tau and p-tau have a characteristic pattern in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Their roles in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains unclear.

Methods: Adults with chronic treated HIV disease were recruited (n = 43, aged 56.7 ± 7.9; 32% aged 60+; median HIV duration 20 years, >95% plasma and CSF HIV RNA <50 cp/mL, on cART for a median 24 months). All underwent standard neuropsychological testing (61% had HAND), APOE genotyping (30.9% carried APOE ε4 and 7.1% were ε4 homozygotes) and a lumbar puncture. Concentrations of Aβ1-42, t-tau and p-tau were assessed in the CSF using commercial ELISAs. Current neurocognitive status was defined using the continuous Global Deficit Score, which grades impairment in clinically relevant categories. History of HAND was recorded. Univariate correlations informed multivariate models, which were corrected for nadir CD4-T cell counts and HIV duration.

Results: Carriage of APOE ε4 predicted markedly lower levels of CSF Aβ1-42 in univariate (r = -.50; p = .001) and multivariate analyses (R2 = .25; p < .0003). Greater levels of neurocognitive impairment were associated with higher CSF levels of p-tau in univariate analyses (r = .32; p = .03) and multivariate analyses (R2 = .10; p = .03). AD risk prediction cut-offs incorporating all three CSF biomarkers suggested that 12.5% of participants had a high risk for AD. Having a CSF-AD like profile was more frequent in those with current (p = .05) and past HIV-associated dementia (p = .03).

Conclusions: Similarly to larger studies, APOE ε4 genotype was not directly associated with HAND, but moderated CSF …

Improving Allied Health Professionals' Research Implementation Behaviours For Children With Cerebral Palsy: Protocol For A Before-After Study, Christine Imms, Iona Novak, Claire Kerr, Nora Shields, Melinda Randall, Adrienne Harvey, H Kerr Graham, Dinah Reddihough

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Cerebral palsy is a permanent disorder of posture and movement caused by disturbances in the developing brain. It affects approximately 1 in every 500 children in developed countries and is the most common form of childhood physical disability. People with cerebral palsy may also have problems with speech, vision and hearing, intellectual difficulties and epilepsy. Health and therapy services are frequently required throughout life, and this care should be effective and evidence informed; however, accessing and adopting new research findings into day-to-day clinical practice is often delayed.

Methods/Design: This 3-year study employs a before and after design to evaluate …

De Novo Identification Of Differentially Methylated Regions In The Human Genome, Timothy J. Peters, Michael J. Buckley, Aaron L. Statham, Ruth Pidsley, Katherine Samaras, Reginald V. Lord, Susan J. Clark, Peter L. Molloy

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: The identification and characterisation of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between phenotypes in the human genome is of prime interest in epigenetics. We present a novel method, DMRcate, that fits replicated methylation measurements from the Illumina HM450K BeadChip (or 450K array) spatially across the genome using a Gaussian kernel. DMRcate identifies and ranks the most differentially methylated regions across the genome based on tunable kernel smoothing of the differential methylation (DM) signal. The method is agnostic to both genomic annotation and local change in the direction of the DM signal, removes the bias incurred from irregularly spaced methylation sites, and …

A Comparison Of The Predictive Accuracy Of Three Screening Models For Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension In Systemic Sclerosis, Yanjie Hao, Vivek Thakkar, Wendy Stevens, Kathleen Morrisroe, David Prior, Candice Rabusa, Peter Youssef, Eli Gabbay, Janet Roddy, Jennifer Walker, Jane Zochling, Joanne Sahhar, Peter Nash, Susan Lester, Maureen Rischmueller, Susanna M. Proudman, Mandana Nikpour

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Introduction: There is evidence that early screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) improves outcomes. We compared the predictive accuracy of two recently published screening algorithms (DETECT 2013 and Australian Scleroderma Interest Group (ASIG) 2012) for SSc-associated PAH (SSc-PAH) with the commonly used European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS 2009) guidelines.

Methods: We included 73 consecutive SSc patients with suspected PAH undergoing right heart catheterization (RHC). The three screening models were applied to each patient. For each model, contingency table analysis was used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values for …

Relationship Between Serum Testosterone And Fracture Risk In Men: A Comparison Of Ria And Lc-Ms/Ms, Thach S. Tran, Jacqueline R. Center, Markus J. Seibel, John A. Eisman, Mark M. Kushnir, Alan L. Rockwood, Tuan V. Nguyen

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

BACKGROUND: Serum testosterone can be measured byLC-MS/MS and RIA. We investigated whether the testosterone–fracture relationship was affected by the method of measurement.

METHODS: We measured total testosterone (TT) by LCMS/MS (TTLC-MS/MS) and RIA (TTRIA) in serum samples collected from 602 men whose incident fractures had been continuously ascertained by x-ray reports from 1989 to 2010. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The association between TT and fracture risk was assessed by the Cox proportional hazards model, taking into account the effect of age and BMD.

CONCLUSIONS: The concordance between LC-MS/MS and RIA in the measurement of …

Twenty-Year Outcomes Of A Longitudinal Prospective Evaluation Of Isolated Endoscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Patellar Tendon Autografts, Simon Thompson, Lucy Salmon, Alison Waller, James Linklater, Justin Roe, Leo Pinczewski

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Long term prospective follow up studies of single-incision endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are limited and may include confounding factors.

Objectives: This longitudinal prospective study reports the outcome of isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using middle-third patellar tendon autograft in 90 patients over 20 years.

Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Between January 1993 and April 1994, 90 patients met study inclusion criteria, evaluation 1,2,3,4,5,7,10,15 and 20 years post-surgery. Exclusion criteria: associated ligamentous injury requiring surgery, previous meniscectomy; meniscal injury meniscectomy more than 1/3; chondral injury; and an abnormal contralateral knee.

Results: At 20 years, …

Bioabsorbable Versus Titanium Screws In Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstring Autograft: A Prospective, Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial With 5-Year Follow-Up, Yuval Arama, Lucy J. Salmon, Kesavan Sri-Ram, James Linklater, Justin P. Roe, Leo Pinczewski

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Longer term studies of bioabsorbable screws for ACL reconstruction are reported, but results are specific to the exact screw material and design. Titanium and PLLA-HA screw outcomes have been compared only to 2 years.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of PLLAHA screw (BS) versus a titanium screw (TS), for hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction over 5 years. We hypothesized that there are no differences in clinical scores, and tunnel widening, between the BS and the TS groups, and that the PLLA-HA screw as seen on MRI should show high …

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Challenges In Primary Care, Tom Brett, Gerald F. Watts, Jacquie Garton-Smith, Damon A. Bell, Alistair W. Vickery, Jing Pang, Diane Arnold-Reed

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Familial hypercholesterolaemia remains largely unrecognised and undertreated in Australian primary care. A new approach involving increased awareness, early detection, lifelong treatment and cascade testing of relatives is essential to improve outcomes of patients with this disorder.

Key Points

• Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a relatively common inherited disorder of high cholesterol levels.
• FH can lead to atherosclerosis, premature coronary artery disease and early death if left untreated.
• Cascade testing of relatives of patients with FH is cost- effective and necessary as one in two will have the condition.
• Innovations in primary care can improve FH detection in the community.
• An integrated …