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Articles 33391 - 33420 of 35519
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility In Singapore: Towards More Effective Media Relations, A. Pang, Angela Ka Ying Mak, Joanne M. H. Lee
Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility In Singapore: Towards More Effective Media Relations, A. Pang, Angela Ka Ying Mak, Joanne M. H. Lee
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Organizations face several impediments when it comes to communicating their corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement to the public via the media. This paper examines practitioners’ and journalists’ perception of CSR communication using the agenda-building model (Qiu Q, Cameron GT, Communicating health disparities: building a supportive media agenda. VDM Verlag, Saarbruecken, 2008) by examining news coverage of how practitioners and journalists understand CSR, what types of CSR stories get covered in the media, and how are CSR stories portrayed in the media. News coverage of Singapore’s mainstream publications, The Straits Times, The Business Times, and The New Paper, were analyzed. The …
Hazards To Effective Due Diligence, Michael Benoliel
Hazards To Effective Due Diligence, Michael Benoliel
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
It is not surprising that many business deals fail to realize their expected future value because some deal makers fail to perform effective due diligence. Successful deal makers, however, know that due diligence is one of the most important tasks in successful deal making. Thus, they avoid the psychological and contextual traps that cause poor due diligence. In this article, I describe the hazards – the psychological biases and contextual factors – that might affect the due diligence task. These hazards include information availability bias; confirmation bias; overconfidence bias; time pressure; self-interested agents; deal fever; narrow focus; and complexity. Following …
The Class Size Paradox, Boris Handal, Marguerite Maher, Kevin Watson
The Class Size Paradox, Boris Handal, Marguerite Maher, Kevin Watson
Education Papers and Journal Articles
No abstract provided.
Relationship Between Physical Capacity And Match Performance In Semiprofessional Australian Rules Football, Ben G. Piggott, Michael R. Mcguigan, Michael J. Newton
Relationship Between Physical Capacity And Match Performance In Semiprofessional Australian Rules Football, Ben G. Piggott, Michael R. Mcguigan, Michael J. Newton
Health Sciences Papers and Journal Articles
This study investigated the relationship between physical performance and match performance in Australian Rules Football (ARF). Thirty-six semiprofessional ARF players participated in this study. Physical capacity was measured using a 3-km time trial. Match performance was measured throughout the 2013 season through 2 methods: direct game involvements (DGIs) per minute and a recording of coaches' vote after the game. The main finding of the study was that 3-km time trial performance was a significant predictor of DGI per minute (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, the number of senior games played was also significant in predicting DGI per minute (p ≤ …
The Impact Of Maternal Gestational Stress On Motor Development In Late Childhood And Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study, Tegan Grace, Max Bulsara, Monique Robinson, Beth Hands
The Impact Of Maternal Gestational Stress On Motor Development In Late Childhood And Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study, Tegan Grace, Max Bulsara, Monique Robinson, Beth Hands
Health Sciences Papers and Journal Articles
The number and timing of stressors experienced during pregnancy were investigated using longitudinal data from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Study cohort (N = 2,900). Motor development data were collected at 10 (n = 1,622), 14 (n = 1,584), and 17 (n = 1,222) years using the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development. Linear mixed models were used to examine the effect of stress on motor development, accounting for repeated measures. Number of stressful events and mean Neuromuscular Development Index were negatively related (β = −1.197, p = .001). Stressful events experienced in late pregnancy were negatively related with offspring motor …
Unethical For The Sake Of The Group: Risk Of Social Exclusion And Pro-Group Unethical Behavior, Stefan Thau, Rellie Derfler-Rozin, Marko Pitesa, Marie S. Mitchell, Madan M. Pillutla
Unethical For The Sake Of The Group: Risk Of Social Exclusion And Pro-Group Unethical Behavior, Stefan Thau, Rellie Derfler-Rozin, Marko Pitesa, Marie S. Mitchell, Madan M. Pillutla
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This research tested the idea that the risk of exclusion from one's group motivates group members to engage in unethical behaviors that secure better outcomes for the group (pro-group unethical behaviors). We theorized that this effect occurs because those at risk of exclusion seek to improve their inclusionary status by engaging in unethical behaviors that benefit the group; we tested this assumption by examining how the effect of exclusion risk on pro-group unethical behavior varies as a function of group members' need for inclusion. A 2-wave field study conducted among a diverse sample of employees working in groups (Study 1) …
Scoring And Validation Of The Cystic Fibrosis Disclosure Questionnaire, Adrienne P. Borschuk
Scoring And Validation Of The Cystic Fibrosis Disclosure Questionnaire, Adrienne P. Borschuk
Theses and Dissertations
As more patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are living into adulthood, patients may need to disclose their CF status to others, such as in romantic or professional settings. Patients who choose not to disclose their CF status may be limited in their closeness with others, which may negatively affect their psychological functioning and health-related quality of life. Few studies, however, have examined disclosure in CF, and currently no validated measures of CF disclosure exist. The purpose of this study was to explore CF disclosure in adults and validate a new assessment of CF disclosure, the Cystic Fibrosis Disclosure Scale (CFDS). …
Effects Of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor And Its Signaling Pathway On Sensory Neuronal Activation During Colitis, Fiza Hashmi
Effects Of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor And Its Signaling Pathway On Sensory Neuronal Activation During Colitis, Fiza Hashmi
Theses and Dissertations
Visceral hypersensitivity is the heightened response to sensory stimuli. Visceral sensations are transmitted through primary afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the sensitization of the neural pathway leads to modification in spinal ascending and descending neurons. The aim of this investigation is to determine the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its signaling pathway on sensory neuronal activation during colitis. In order to evaluate this, levels of calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide marker for nociceptive transmission, and phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB), a molecular switch in neuronal plasticity, were studied in response to BDNF …
The Editorial Double Vision Of Maxwell Perkins: How The Editor Of Fitzgerald, Hemingway, And Wolfe Plied His Craft, Rachel F. Van Hart
The Editorial Double Vision Of Maxwell Perkins: How The Editor Of Fitzgerald, Hemingway, And Wolfe Plied His Craft, Rachel F. Van Hart
Theses and Dissertations
Scholars and literary enthusiasts have struggled for decades to account for editor Maxwell Perkins’s unparalleled success in facilitating the careers of many of the early twentieth century’s most enduring and profitable writers, among them F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Thomas Wolfe. This study seeks to penetrate that mystery by dissecting Perkins’s editorial practice and examining how he navigated the competing tensions between commercial success and aesthetic integrity in various circumstances. At play in the construction of his literary legacy are prevailing perceptions of authorship, complex interpersonal relationships, and the inherent battle between art and commerce. Focusing on his day-to-day …
The Effectiveness Of A Preventive Recall Strategy In Children Following Dental Rehabilitation Under General Anesthesia, Katherine A. Nordeen
The Effectiveness Of A Preventive Recall Strategy In Children Following Dental Rehabilitation Under General Anesthesia, Katherine A. Nordeen
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: This was a pilot study to assess the impact of a preventive strategy following full-mouth dental rehabilitation (FMDR) under general anesthesia in children with early childhood dental caries.
Methods: Sixty-six patients completed FMDR and were included in the analysis. At the consultation visit, caries risk assessment (CRA) and dental exam information were recorded, and caregivers completed an oral health knowledge (OHK) questionnaire. Patients returned for a post-surgery and recall visit. Caregivers received oral hygiene instructions in a motivational-interviewing style.
Results:At the consultation visit all patients were high risk. At the post-surgery visit, only 47% remained high risk …
Dual Pi3k/Mtor Inhibition With Bez235 Augments The Therapeutic Efficacy Of Doxorubicin In Cancer Without Influencing Cardiac Function, David E. Durrant
Dual Pi3k/Mtor Inhibition With Bez235 Augments The Therapeutic Efficacy Of Doxorubicin In Cancer Without Influencing Cardiac Function, David E. Durrant
Theses and Dissertations
Cancer continues to be a leading cause death in the United States despite improved treatments. Cancerous lesions form after acquiring oncogenic driver mutations or losing tumor suppressor function in normal cells. Traditional therapies have included use of genotoxic substances that take advantage of the increased growth rate and loss of tumor suppressor function to cause cell death. One such drug is the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOX). DOX interchelates into DNA and disrupts transcriptional machinery while also poisoning topoisomerase II. This results in single and double stranded DNA breaks, which if severe enough leads to either necrotic or apoptotic cell death. …
Social Performance And Reticence: Mental Negotiations In Austen, Brontë, And Eliot, Meredith L. Spencer
Social Performance And Reticence: Mental Negotiations In Austen, Brontë, And Eliot, Meredith L. Spencer
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines how three nineteenth-century British novels purvey and critique contemporary standards regarding social performance and reticence and the strains such standards place on those whose dispositions disincline them to conform to the regulations for decorum articulated in conduct books of the time. Utilizing the psychological lens of introversion and extroversion alongside the cognitive narrative theories of Alan Palmer and Lisa Zunshine, this thesis investigates the construction of individual character identities through the reading of interactions among multiple fictional minds in Charlotte Brontë’s Villette (1853), Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813), and George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss …
Thomas Jefferson’S Designs For The Federal District And The National Capitol, 1776-1826, Craig A. Reynolds
Thomas Jefferson’S Designs For The Federal District And The National Capitol, 1776-1826, Craig A. Reynolds
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines six major points: 1) it argues that Jefferson is an architect of the United States Capitol, having direct and final say over its design; 2) it asserts that Jefferson set two nationally influential models of architectural taste as part of his movement to reform American architecture, first in Richmond as the Virginia State Capitol and second in Washington as the United States Capitol; 3) it explores those models to define what Jefferson called “cubic” and “spherical” architecture; 4) it suggests that Jefferson used his political appointments to maximize his influence over the design of the United States …
Place-Based Scholarship Program Design, Context, And Intergenerational Mobility: A Case Study Of The Kalamazoo Promise Scholarship Program, Arielle F. Niemeyer
Place-Based Scholarship Program Design, Context, And Intergenerational Mobility: A Case Study Of The Kalamazoo Promise Scholarship Program, Arielle F. Niemeyer
Theses and Dissertations
Earning a college degree correlates with achieving financial security. Thus, improving an individual’s access to college is a key tactic used to mitigate poverty and foster intergenerational mobility. Despite the recognized value of higher education, earning a degree remains unattainable for many because of financial constraints. However, research definitively demonstrates that financial aid overcomes that obstacle. It also reveals that some program designs are more effective than others. The Kalamazoo Promise is a place-based scholarship program that offers four-year, full-tuition scholarships to residents who graduate from a Kalamazoo public high school. It is characterized by first-dollar and universal eligibility features, …
Use And Perspectives Of A Social Marketing Campaign To Improve Fruit And Vegetable Intake, Allison Palmberg
Use And Perspectives Of A Social Marketing Campaign To Improve Fruit And Vegetable Intake, Allison Palmberg
Theses and Dissertations
The current study evaluated the development and acceptability of a social marketing campaign to improve emerging adults’ fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. A social marketing campaign was developed through focus groups with 24 college students. Materials were implemented in two dining locations at Virginia Commonwealth University. Sales of carrots, apples, and chips were collected in three phases: baseline, implementation of the campaign, and washout. In addition, surveys were collected from 303 diners across all phases and locations. Results indicated an increase in carrot sales, decrease in sales of chips sold with a meal, and mixed findings regarding sales of apples …
Limelight & Indigestion, Joshua D. Thorud
Limelight & Indigestion, Joshua D. Thorud
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis chronicles the progression toward and creation of my thesis show, Limelight & Indigestion, as well as the cultural, technological and artistic influences and discussions that underpin the works therein. The show is an exploration of celebrity, mass media, and the nature of the desire for fame. I hope to situate my work through an investigation of topics such as Hollywood and the use of green screens and associated technology, our physical and ideological connection to cinema, the absurd in cinema history, and the complex nature of media digestion.
On-Field Signs And Symptoms Associated With Recovery Duration After Concussion In High School And College Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic, Jaebin Shim, Deanna H. Smith, Bonnie Van Lunen
On-Field Signs And Symptoms Associated With Recovery Duration After Concussion In High School And College Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic, Jaebin Shim, Deanna H. Smith, Bonnie Van Lunen
Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty Publications
Clinical Scenario: Over the past decade, sport-related concussions have received increased attention due to their frequency and severity over a wide range of athletics. Clinicians have developed return-to-play protocols to better manage concussions in young athletes; however, a standardized process projecting the length of recovery time after concussion has remained an elusive piece of the puzzle. The recovery times associated with such an injury once diagnosed can last anywhere from 1 wk to several months. Risk factors that could lead to protracted recovery times include a history of 1 or multiple concussions and a greater number, severity, and duration of …
The Destined Duke, Jennifer D. Glover
The Destined Duke, Jennifer D. Glover
Liberal Studies (MA) Final Essays
The idea for what would become this fiction piece, The Destined Duke, occurred to me during my first graduate writing class at Hollins University with Professor Amanda Cockrell. I remember the first question she asked of us, her students, was in regard to what genre we loved to read and what we may be interested in writing. As I sat at the large class table about two-thirds around, I awaited my turn, listening to my fellow classmates and trying to determine if I was brave enough in a graduate writing class to admit that I love to read romance novels …
Exploring Web-Based University Policy Statements On Plagiarism By Research-Intensive Higher Education Institutions, Ewa Mcgrail, J. Patrick Mcgrail
Exploring Web-Based University Policy Statements On Plagiarism By Research-Intensive Higher Education Institutions, Ewa Mcgrail, J. Patrick Mcgrail
Research, Publications & Creative Work
Plagiarism may distress universities in the US, but there is little agreement as to exactly what constitutes plagiarism. While there is ample research on plagiarism, there is scant literature on the content of university policies regarding it. Using a systematic sample, we qualitatively 2 analyzed 20 Carnegie-classified universities that are “Very High in Research.” This included 15 public state universities and five high-profile private universities. We uncovered highly varied and even contradictory policies at these institutions. Notable policy variations existed for verbatim plagiarism, intentional plagiarism and unauthorized student collaboration at the studied institutions. We conclude by advising that the American …
A First Overview Of The Fauna Of Chloropidae Of Iran (Diptera, Acalyptratae), Zeinab Bazyar, Abu Fazel Dousti, Michael Von Tschirnhaus, Majid Fallahzadeh
A First Overview Of The Fauna Of Chloropidae Of Iran (Diptera, Acalyptratae), Zeinab Bazyar, Abu Fazel Dousti, Michael Von Tschirnhaus, Majid Fallahzadeh
Turkish Journal of Zoology
We present recent findings of Chloropidae in Iran and a first list of the Iranian species of this family. It includes 20 genera and 50 species (39 identified to species level), recorded up until 2014. Some European distribution records not included in Fauna Europaea are added. The courtship behavior of Polyodaspis sulcicollis is described for the first time.
Tachinidae (Diptera) Species Of Sakarya Province (Turkey), With 2 New Recordstarık Balkan, Kenan Kara, Turgut Atay* Department Of Plant Protection, Faculty Of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey, Tarik Balkan, Kenan Kara, Turgut Atay
Tachinidae (Diptera) Species Of Sakarya Province (Turkey), With 2 New Recordstarık Balkan, Kenan Kara, Turgut Atay* Department Of Plant Protection, Faculty Of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey, Tarik Balkan, Kenan Kara, Turgut Atay
Turkish Journal of Zoology
This study was carried out to determinate the Tachinidae fauna of Sakarya Province in 2012 and 2013. Tachinids were collected in the region by sweeping with nets from various plants. As a result of this study, 7 genera and 8 species belonging to the subfamily of Exoristinae, 5 genera and 5 species belonging to the subfamily of Tachininae, 2 genera and 2 species belonging to the subfamily of Dexiinae, and 4 genera and 6 species belonging to the subfamily of Phasiinae were found. Two species among them, Meigenia incana (Fallen, 1810) and Exorista civilis (Rondani, 1859), were recorded for the …
New Records For Turkish Tachinidae (Diptera) Fauna From Erciyes Mountain, Kayseri, Turgut Atay, Kenan Kara, Mustafa Özdemi̇r
New Records For Turkish Tachinidae (Diptera) Fauna From Erciyes Mountain, Kayseri, Turgut Atay, Kenan Kara, Mustafa Özdemi̇r
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Four Tachinidae species were recorded for the first time in Turkey. They are Aphria longirostris, Belida angelicae, Winthemia quadripustulata, and Nowickia rondanii.
Factors Affecting The Diet Of The Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) In A Heterogeneousmediterranean Landscape, Dimitrios Bakaloudis, Vasileios Bontzorlos, Christos Vlachos, Malamati Papakosta, Evanggelos Chatzinikos, Sotirios Braziotis, Vasileios Kontsiotis
Factors Affecting The Diet Of The Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) In A Heterogeneousmediterranean Landscape, Dimitrios Bakaloudis, Vasileios Bontzorlos, Christos Vlachos, Malamati Papakosta, Evanggelos Chatzinikos, Sotirios Braziotis, Vasileios Kontsiotis
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The diet of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been well studied in Europe, but limited information exists about its feeding habits in Greece and in other Mediterranean landscapes. We studied the diet variation of the red fox by analyzing contents from 219 red fox stomachs in central Greece from 2003 to 2005. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and quasi-distribution generalized linear model (GLM) response curves to investigate whether the trophic groups of the red fox diet varied temporally and/or spatially with environmental factors. Mammals, arthropods, and plants were the most important trophic groups in the diet; in particular, …
Intensity And Prevalence Of Some Crustacean Fish Parasites Inturkey And Their Molecular Identification, Aki̇f Er, Şevki̇ Kayiş
Intensity And Prevalence Of Some Crustacean Fish Parasites Inturkey And Their Molecular Identification, Aki̇f Er, Şevki̇ Kayiş
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In the present study, intensity, prevalence, and some pathologic effects of Caligus minimus, Nerocila spp., and Livoneca punctata on fishes extending from the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey were determined. In addition, besides morphological characters of parasites, diagnosis of the species was carried out by using a molecular method (polymerase chain reaction) in characterization. Caligus minimus was isolated for the first time from wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Seasonal distribution of Nerocila spp. Was determined. The highest prevalence rates of Nerocila were determined on snouted sole (Pegusa nasuta, syn. Solea nasuta) …
A New Locality Record Of Chalcides Ocellatus (Forskal, 1775) (Sauria: Scincidae) From Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, Emi̇n Bozkurt, Azi̇z Avci, Can Yilmaz
A New Locality Record Of Chalcides Ocellatus (Forskal, 1775) (Sauria: Scincidae) From Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, Emi̇n Bozkurt, Azi̇z Avci, Can Yilmaz
Turkish Journal of Zoology
One specimen of Chalcides ocellatus was found in the village of Görümlü, Silopi, Şırnak, southeastern Anatolia. It was examined in terms of morphometric, pholidotic, and coloration pattern characteristics. The distribution of Chalcides ocellatus was expanded to the eastern part of Turkey, an addition of around 235 km air distance, with this study.
Y Chromosome Haplotype Characterization Of Tunisian Sheep Breeds, Samia Kdidi, Mohamed Habib Yahyaoui, Belen García-Manrique, Pilar Sarto, Mohsen Ben Sassi, Touhami Khorchani, Jorge Hugo Calvo
Y Chromosome Haplotype Characterization Of Tunisian Sheep Breeds, Samia Kdidi, Mohamed Habib Yahyaoui, Belen García-Manrique, Pilar Sarto, Mohsen Ben Sassi, Touhami Khorchani, Jorge Hugo Calvo
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
This study aimed to investigate Y chromosomal haplotypes in the main Tunisian sheep breeds. For this purpose, we sequenced 2 regions of SRY (549-bp and 598-bp fragments) and 1 region in each of the AMELY and DBY genes in Barbarin, Western Thin Tail, Sicilo Sarde, and Black Thibar breeds. In addition, we analyzed the diversity at the SRYM18 microsatellite locus and detected 4 alleles of 139, 141, 143, and 145 bp. The sequencing analysis did not reveal any polymorphism in the AMELY or DBY regions; however, 2 samples carried the G allele in the 549-bp fragment of SRY. A total …
New Data On The Distribution And Ecology Of The Mayfly Larvae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) Of Serbia (Central Part Of The Balkan Peninsula), Ana Petrovic, Djuradj Milosevic, Momir Paunovic, Snezana Simic, Nevena Dordevic, Milica Stojkovic, Vladica Simic
New Data On The Distribution And Ecology Of The Mayfly Larvae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) Of Serbia (Central Part Of The Balkan Peninsula), Ana Petrovic, Djuradj Milosevic, Momir Paunovic, Snezana Simic, Nevena Dordevic, Milica Stojkovic, Vladica Simic
Turkish Journal of Zoology
This work is a contribution to the knowledge of the Ephemeroptera (Insecta) fauna of the central Balkan Peninsula. A total of 85 mayfly species (31 genera and 12 families) were reported. The largest number of mayfly species was recorded within the Ju?na and Zapadna Morava river basins, while the lowest taxa richness was observed within the Sava basin. The highest diversity was observed in hilly mountainous regions due to the general environmental requirements of the majority of mayfly taxa, as well as the distribution of anthropogenic stress. Lowland areas have been more exposed to different stress factors that could reduce …
A Review Of Species Of Subtribe Apodacrina Rohdendorf, 1967 Withdescription Of A New Species Of Apodacra Macquart, 1854 From Turkey(Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae: Miltogrammini), Yury Verves, Volodymyr Radchenko, Lyudmyla Khrokalo
A Review Of Species Of Subtribe Apodacrina Rohdendorf, 1967 Withdescription Of A New Species Of Apodacra Macquart, 1854 From Turkey(Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae: Miltogrammini), Yury Verves, Volodymyr Radchenko, Lyudmyla Khrokalo
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Faunistic and ecological data on 44 species from 3 genera of subtribe Apodacrina are given: Apodacra (13 species), Xeromyia (13 species), and Xerophilomyia (18 species). An original key to the genera is presented. Apodacra radchenkoi Verves & Khrokalo sp. nov. from Turkey is described as being new to science. One species is recorded for the first time for Afghanistan, 2 for Azerbaijan, 2 for Egypt, 2 for Greece, 8 for Israel, 1 for Kazakhstan, 1 for Kyrgyzstan, 6 for Tajikistan, 1 for Tanzania, 3 for Turkey, 2 for Turkmenistan, and 3 for Uzbekistan.
Deactivation Of Tannins In Raisin Stalk By Polyethylene Glycol-6000 Effect Onfeed Intake, Digestibility, And Nitrogen Retention In Sheep, Manocher Souri, Laleh Angaji, Mohammad Mehdi Moeini
Deactivation Of Tannins In Raisin Stalk By Polyethylene Glycol-6000 Effect Onfeed Intake, Digestibility, And Nitrogen Retention In Sheep, Manocher Souri, Laleh Angaji, Mohammad Mehdi Moeini
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and urea on feed intake, nitrogen retention, and nutrient digestibility in sheep fed raisin stalk. Sixteen male fat-tailed Sanjabi sheep (26 ± 0.66 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments: raisin stalk (control; RS), raisin stalk supplemented with 3% urea and 4% molasses (RSU3%); 5% urea and 7% molasses (RSU5%); or 5% urea, 7% molasses plus 5% PEG (RSU-PEG) per DM of raisin stalk. The urea and molasses were dissolved in distilled water and then mixed into a solid ingredient. Polyethylene glycol was also sprayed …