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Conceiving The Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union In The Midst Of The Cold War: Internal And International Factors, Ethan Sanders

History Faculty Publications

To what extent was international pressure placed on Nyerere and Karume to unify their two states in April 1964? The argument made is that even though Americans were initially very pleased with the outcome of the Union—because they thought it would help stem the spread of communism in the region—this was not a Western-initiated plan forced upon East African leaders. Indeed, the evidence shows that Americans were largely in the dark and in fact very frustrated by their lack of influence on the situation. Instead, the Union merely served as a confluence of African and American interests. The internal factors …

Trends In Access To Water Supply And Sanitation In 31 Major Sub-Saharan African Cities: An Analysis Of Dhs Data From 2000 To 2012, Mike R. Hopewell, Jay P. Graham

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background

By 2050, sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) urban population is expected to grow from 414 million to over 1.2 billion. This growth will likely increase challenges to municipalities attempting to provide access to water supply and sanitation (WS&S). This study aims to characterize trends in access to WS&S in SSA cities and identify factors affecting those trends.

Methods

DHS data collected between 2000 and 2012 were used for this analysis of thirty-one cities in SSA. Four categories of household access to WS&S were studied using data from demographic and health surveys – these included: 1) household access to an improved water …

Ending Open Defecation In Rural Tanzania: Which Factors Facilitate Latrine Adoption?, Stephen Sara, Jay P. Graham

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Diarrheal diseases account for 7% of deaths in children under five years of age in Tanzania. Improving sanitation is an essential step towards reducing these deaths. This secondary analysis examined rural Tanzanian households’ sanitation behaviors and attitudes in order to identify barriers and drivers to latrine adoption. The analysis was conducted using results from a cross-sectional study of 1000 households in five rural districts of Tanzania. Motivating factors, perceptions, and constraints surrounding open defecation and latrine adoption were assessed using behavioral change theory. Results showed a significant association between use of improved sanitation and satisfaction with current sanitation facility (OR: …

Beyond Donors And Dollars: An Ethnographic Case Study Of International Aid And Its Agents In Mozambique, Carly Amanda Santoro

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In Mozambique, international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) work mainly in Mozambique's rural areas, with programs dedicated to the prevention of infectious diseases, education, access to food and clean water, gender equity, and many other concerns. Yet despite these efforts, Mozambican populations are critical of NGOs' missions and practices, and Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world. To explore these issues concerning contradictions in aid in Mozambique, I employ the concept of cultural capital, which refers to cultural practices, perspectives, and beliefs in relation to one's ability to access symbolic and material goods. My thesis examines the degree to …

A Decade Of Development In Sub-Saharan African Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics Research, World Bank, Elsevier

Public Reports

The World Bank and Elsevier are partnering on this report to examine the research enterprise over a decade from 2003 to 2012 of three different geographies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): West & Central Africa (WC), East Africa (EA), Southern Africa (SA). The research performance of these regions is compared to that of South Africa (ZA), Malaysia, and Vietnam; the latter two countries had a comparable research base to the SSA regions at the beginning of the period of analysis. The report analyzes all science disciplines, but with a special emphasis on research in the Physical Sciences & Science, Technology, Engineering, …

Apopo Annual Report 2014, Apopo

Global CWD Repository

APOPO is an organization geared for positive social impact through the energy and dedication of our people. In 2014, with over 800 staff we nurtured and supported new, diverse and passionate talent from all over the world. As Chairwoman of APOPO I am pleased to introduce you to them, as well as share with you the news of our successes and challenges.

Sustainability is integral to our work and we aim to improve people’s lives by breaking down the barriers to development. Testament to this is almost two and half million square meters of mine-free land we handed back in …

Short And Long-Term Lifestyle Coaching Approaches Used To Address Diverse Participant Barriers To Weight Loss And Physical Activity Adherence, Elizabeth M. Venditti, Judith Wylie-Rosett, Linda M. Delahanty, Lisa L. Mele, Mary A. Hoskin, Sharon Edelstein

GW Biostatistics Center

Background

Individual barriers to weight loss and physical activity goals in the Diabetes Prevention Program, a randomized trial with 3.2 years average treatment duration, have not been previously reported. Evaluating barriers and the lifestyle coaching approaches used to improve adherence in a large, diverse participant cohort can inform dissemination efforts.

Methods

Lifestyle coaches documented barriers and approaches after each session (mean session attendance = 50.3 +/- 21.8). Subjects were 1076 intensive lifestyle participants (mean age = 50.6 years; mean BMI = 33.9 kg/m2; 68% female, 48% non-Caucasian). Barriers and approaches used to improve adherence were ranked by the percentage of …

Perceived Barriers Among Pregnant Women Towards Cervical Cancer Screening, Visavilwa Vincent Lamuka

Master of Medicine in Family Medicine

Background: Cervical cancer remains the most common cancer in women in Eastern Africa in general and Tanzania in particular. However, to a large extent cervical cancer is preventable by effective screening programmes as has been demonstrated in many developed countries. Developing countries lack formal national screening programmes. Screening is usually mainly done opportunistically. Objective: To assess the perceived barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two hospitals in Dar es Salaam. Methodology: This was a qualitative study, conducted at two hospitals in Dar es salaam, a government facility (Amana District Hospital) and a …

An Assessment Of Whether Medical Doctors Have The Knowledge That Would Enable Them To Competently Deliver Tobacco Cessation Services, Miriam Miima Khamonya

Master of Medicine in Family Medicine

Background: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. The international community recognizes this epidemic and compelling evidence exists on the significant contribution of the health care provider in propagating the success of tobacco cessation. The World Health Organization highlights minimal implementation of tobacco control policies by Tanzania despite a rise in tobacco use prevalence. Medical doctors’ competence is a reflection on our commitment to tobacco cessation service delivery. Main Objectives: To assess whether medical doctors have the knowledge that would enable them to competently deliver tobacco cessation services. Specific Objectives 1. To assess medical doctors’ …

Pediatric Cerebral Palsy In Africa: Where Are We?, Kirsten A. Donald, Angelina M. Kakooza, Robinson D. Wammanda, Macpherson Mallewa, Pauline Samia, Haydar Babakir, David Bearden, Annette Majnemer, Darcy Fehlings, Michael Shevell, Harry Chugani, Jo M. Wilmshurst

Paediatrics and Child Health, East Africa

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability in children worldwide. However, little is reported on this condition in the African context. Doctors from 22 countries in Africa, and representatives from a further 5 countries outside Africa, met to discuss the challenges in the evaluation and management of children with cerebral palsy in Africa and to propose service needs and further research. Basic care is limited by the poor availability of diagnostic facilities or medical personnel with experience and expertise in managing cerebral palsy, exacerbated by lack of available interventions such as medications, surgical procedures, or even regular …

Exploring How Head Teachers Monitor Teaching And Learning: A Case Of A Secondary School In Trans-Nzoia West District In Kenya, Josiah Kinyua Joel

Master of Education

The study sought to explore the role of head teachers (HTs) in monitoring teaching and learning (MTL) in secondary schools in Kenya, with specific reference to a secondary school in Trans-Nzoia County. The study adopted a case study design where participants were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data collection was through the use of interviews, focus group discussion (FGD) and document analysis. Collected data was sorted, coded and analysed using Hyper Research 3.5.2 qualitative data analysis software. Study findings were analysed and discussed. Findings revealed that HTs employ use of teachers’ professional documents, monitoring by walking around (MBWA), delegating to …

An Exploration Of The Strategies Used By Teachers In Teaching Reading Skills To Learners In Lower Primary: A Case Study Of A Public Primary School In Western Kenya, Mary Susan Anyiendah

Master of Education

A strong foundation in beginning reading is needed for learners who use English as a second language. This is important because it will enhance the learners’ success in school and their later advancement in life. However, some strategies used for teaching reading skills to learners in lower primary do not enhance acquisition of reading skills to the learners in the Kenyan context. This study, therefore, explores the strategies used by teachers in teaching reading skills to learners in lower primary in a public primary school in Western Kenya. The study employed a qualitative case study design that involved three teachers …

Understanding The Barriers To Contraceptive Use In Hiv-Positive Women Of Child Bearing Age In Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania, Tabitha-Alexandria Njeri Nyanja

Master of Family Medicine

Title: Understanding the barriers to contraceptive use among HIV-positive women of child bearing age in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania- a multi-site study Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceived barriers to contraceptive use and identify the factors that influence contraceptive choice, as well as the relationship of these among HIV-positive women living in an urban population in Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania. Goals and Objectives: To determine the perceived barriers to contraceptive use among HIV-positive women of child-bearing age attending the Care Treatment Centres (CTCs) Tanzania and in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) supported CTCs within Dar-es-salaam. Methodology: …

Big Ideas: Annual Report 2013, Population Council

Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

Implementation Of A Secondary School Strategic Plan: A Case Study, Gabriel Wafula Nyongesa

Master of Education

Strategic planning is an age-long phenomenon that mankind has engaged in from time immemorial in an effort to ensure that one's future is assured. The contemporary society which is characterized by uncertainties and volatility has warranted even a more future-oriented eye for the world citizenry in order to successfully navigate the seemingly rough socio-economic, political and cultural terrain. This study sought to investigate how secondary schools in Kenya are engaging in the process of strategic plan implementation (SPI). The study took a qualitative case study design approach and was carried out in a secondary school that was purposively sampled. The …

Integration Of Ict In Teaching And Learning: An Exploratory Study On The Use Of Video In Science Class Of One Primary School In Zanzibar, Mwanapili Mwinyi Kambi

Master of Education

Research shows that effective use of video can support the development of understanding in primary science lessons. This study has the aim of exploring the use of video for primary science teachers in their lessons in a public primary school in Zanzibar. It was motivated by an Educational ICT policy in Zanzibar which has an objective of integrating ICT in primary education (MoEVT, 2007). The study adapted a qualitative case study design through employing interviews with teachers, classroom observations and focus group discussions with pupils to collect data on how science teachers use video in their science lessons. The study …

Challenges Faced By Hearing Impaired Adolescent Schoolgirls In Western Kenya: The Need For School Leadership To Respond., Miriam Makungu Makokha

Master of Education

While many countries have made progress towards achieving equality in education among the Hearing Impaired (HI), HI adolescent schoolgirls in Kenya continue to face many obstacles that impede their path to learning. They experience double discrimination based on their gender and disability. These concerns are complicated by the fact that few strong, positive and successful female HI role models exist within their communities and at school. While a number of studies have been conducted to investigate HI girls’ challenges in schools, very little is known about how school leadership addresses these challenges especially in the Kenyan context. This research therefore …

Exploring The Leadership Practices Of A Novice Principal: A Case Of A Secondary School In Suba Sub- Country, Kenya, Moses Buriri Mukowa

Master of Education

The study sought to explore the leadership practices of a novice principal in a public secondary during the two year period after appointment. This was motivated by the problem of principals being demoted every year in secondary schools occasioned by demands for good performance in schools. The study employed a qualitative approach using a case study design. A novice principal, deputy principal, Board of Management chairperson, six teachers and six parents were selected as participants in this study. Data was collected using one-one semi structured interviews and focus group discussions. A digital audio recorder was used to record the interviews …

Head Teacher’S Role In Fostering School- Community Partnership: A Case Of Government Aided Primary School In Abin District- Uganda, Omara Polycarp

Master of Education

SCP is crucial in the realization of quality learning that leads to the achievement of educational outcomes by pupils in academic and other relevant life skills like creative thinking and problem solving. The study explored head teacher’s role in fostering school-community partnership in a government aided primary school in Abim district, North Eastern Uganda and was grounded on the theory of overlapping spheres of influence. The study was guided by a qualitative case study, with semi-structured interviews with the head teacher, chairpersons of the school management committee and Parent-teachers’ association and focus group discussions with seven teachers, seven parents and …

Exploration Of Assessment Literacy Of Lower Primary Mathematics Teachers: A Case Of One Public Primary School In Kilifi Country, Kenya., Jane Kariuki

Master of Education

Performance in Mathematics has remained poor for long, in Kenya like in many other countries in the world. Among the many factors that have been associated with achievement in Mathematics, are teacher- related factors. In spite of efforts by the government to develop teachers’ capacity through such programs as SMASE, the performance has not changed significantly. Findings of other studies indicate however, such professional development programs give more emphasis to content and methodology than to assessment which is plays a key role to quality education. Assessment is not only a measure of learning but also a tool for learning. When …

The Role Of School Leadership In Retention Of Students From Low Socio-Economic Background In School, A Case Study Of A Co-Educational, Government Aided Day Secondary School In Palisa District, Eastern Uganda., Anneth Loyce Khainza

Master of Education

The role that school leadership plays in retention of students from low socio economic background in school cannot be underestimated. This study aimed at establishing the role that school leadership plays as well as strategies used in retention of students from LSEB in school. A qualitative case study approach was used in the study and it was done in one government aided co-educational day secondary school in Pallisa district-Eastern Uganda. Semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion and document analysis were used to establish the strategies school leadership used in retention of students from LSEB in school. The participants in this study …

The Role Of The Head Teacher In Ensuring Public Retention Through School Feeding Programme: A Case Study Of A Government Aided Primary School In Uganda, Mugabi Milton

Master of Education

School feeding programme has been used as an intervention by poor countries to relieve hunger among school going age children and as an instrument for achieving millennium development goals. It has been claimed that SFPs increase school enrolment, class participation and retention of pupils in primary schools targeting low social economic families and schools that face poor attendance and enrolment of pupils. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate roles of the head teacher in ensuring pupils retention through SFP in a rural government aided primary school in Kabale district, South Western Uganda. The study was conducted using …

Teacher’S Level Of Preparedness To Utilize Room To Read Innovations In Public Primary Schools In Tanzania, Khalima Rashid Ludanga

Master of Education

Literacy development is very important especially to young learners because it is not only for the purpose of reading, writing, listening and speaking. Literacy development rather is about development in many practices learners are exposed to, through the interaction with others and the environment in which they live. Therefore, school and home based environment are importance in promoting learners’ literacy development. Room to Read organization intervened in school settings by providing story books which are the useful resource in teaching process Literature appears to concentrate on the usefulness of using story books in literacy development to learners though very little …

Exploring Teachers’ Classroom Practices In Teaching Reading Skills To Young Learners: A Comparative Study Of Two Selected Public Primary Schools In Mvomero District, Tanzania, Modesta Kaluwa

Master of Education

Teachers in a school meet for the purpose of teaching, share resources while implementing the curriculum. Also teachers in a school setting interact and learn from one another as they conduct their professional routines. Thus the interaction facilitates collaboration with a focus of improving pupils’ performance. When teachers interact and learn from one another they practice community of practice. Therefore the study was to find out the forms of interactions the teachers engaged in a school and how the interactions supported their professional growth. The study adapted a qualitative case study approach focusing on one public primary school. The main …

Epidemiology Of Malaria In A Village In The Rufiji River Delta, Tanzania: Declining Transmission Over 25 Years Revealed By Different Parasitological Metrics, Anna Färnert, Victor Yman, Manijeh Vafa Homann, Grace Wandell, Leah Mhoja, Marita Johansson, Salome Jesaja, Johanna Sandlund, Kazuyuki Tanabe, Ulf Hammar, Matteo Bottai, Zul Premji, Anders Björkman, Ingegerd Rooth

Pathology, East Africa

Background: Assessments of the epidemiology of malaria over time are needed to understand changes in transmission and guide control and elimination strategies.

Methods: A longitudinal population study was established in 1985 in Nyamisati village in the Rufiji River Delta, Tanzania. A physician and research team lived in the village 1984–2000. Parasite prevalence by microscopy and two PCR methods, spleen rates and haemoglobin levels were measured in repeated cross-sectional surveys between 1985 and 2010. Passive surveillance of malaria cases was maintained until end 1999. Bed nets were distributed after the surveys 1993, 1999 and 2010.

Results: In 1985, overall parasite prevalence …

Impaired Fasting Glucose Level And Diabetes In Kaoma And Kasama Rural Districts Of Zambia: Prevalence And Correlates In 2008-2009 Population Based Surveys, Olesegun A. Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Adamson S. Muula, David Mulenga, Mazyanga L. Mazaba-Liwewe, Idah Ndumba, Freddie Masaninga, Seter Siziya

Faculty Publications

Background: Impaired fasting glucose level has been associated with increased incidence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, and diabetes is becoming a major public health problem in developing countries. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and correlates for impaired fasting glucose level/diabetes in Kaoma and Kasama rural districts of Zambia. Methods and Findings: A cross sectional study using modified World Health Organization (WHO) global non communicable diseases (NCD) surveillance initiative NCD STEPwise approach was used in the study. Proportions were compared using the Yates’ corrected Chi-square test, and a result yielding a p value of less than …

Special Administrative Measures And The War On Terror: When Do Extreme Pretrial Detention Measures Offend The Constitution?, Andrew Dalack

Michigan Journal of Race and Law

Our criminal justice system is founded upon a belief that one is innocent until proven guilty. This belief is what foists the burden of proving a person’s guilt upon the government and belies a statutory presumption in favor of allowing a defendant to remain free pending trial at the federal level. Though there are certainly circumstances in which a federal magistrate judge may—and sometimes must—remand a defendant to jail pending trial, it is well-settled that pretrial detention itself inherently prejudices the quality of a person’s defense. In some cases, a defendant’s pretrial conditions become so onerous that they become punitive …

Mothers, Daughters, And The Intent To Breastfeed, Aquila Brooke Mendez-Valdez

Communication & Leadership Dissertations and Theses

The decision to breastfeed is a deeply personal one for every woman. There are often factors such as family and medical support that are outside a new mother's control and can influence her in how she views the nourishment of her infant. Previous studies have documented the effect doctors, nurses, and lactation consultants have on breastfeeding success. Less popular, however, is investigating how familial support and interpersonal communication plays a role in encouraging or discouraging the practice. This study examines how mothers and daughters communicate about breastfeeding, and the role it plays in both Mexico and the United States in …

The Nature Of Examination Malpractice In A Secondary School In Uganda, Fatumah Sserwanja

Master of Education

This study investigated the nature of examination malpractice in a secondary school in Uganda. The study used a sequential mixed research design. The study was conducted in phases where a survey in the first phase was administered to 100 students. The sample was picked from classes of three, four and six. In the second phase, interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to collect qualitative data. The study also analyzed documents regarding the rules and regulations against examination malpractice, cases of examination malpractice registered and the form it takes. The selection of participants in the study was purposive in nature …

Early Childhood Education: Exploring The Relationship Between The Headteacher Of A Public Primary School And The On- Site Kindergarten Classes In Kenya, Catherine Kathini Wambua

Master of Education

Early childhood education is one of the basic levels of education practises in Kenya. It lays the foundation to the child at the early ages between zero and five years. These children learn in kindergarten centres, nursery or pre-primary schools which are managed by the faith organisations, private individuals, and community. The children pay fee to facilitate for the teacher’s salary and buying of the stationery to sustain the centre. The centres provided none academic education but were meant for care and health of the children. The kindergarten schools have been under the Ministry of Health for long and then …